Anmerkung: Front Cover -- FELDMAN AND PIKE'S VITAMIN D -- FELDMAN AND PIKE'S VITAMIN D: Volume Two: Health, Disease and Therapeutics -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- In memoriam -- Preface to the fifth edition -- List of abbreviations -- Relevant lab values in adults and children -- 51 - Defining thresholds for vitamin D I: scientific rationale for serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D cutoffs of 25 and 50nmol/L -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Justification for serum 25(OH)D concentration 25nmol/L -- 2.1 The UK scientific advisory committee on nutrition -- 3. Justification for serum 25(OH)D concentration 50nmol/L -- 3.1 The US/Canada Institute of Medicine -- 3.2 European food safety agency and nordic guidelines -- 4. Issues with reaching 25(OH)D thresholds for specific groups -- 5. Other issues surrounding definition of thresholds for vitamin D -- 6. Conclusion -- 7. Summary points -- References -- 52 - Defining thresholds for vitamin D II -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Human biology -- 3. Nutrition clinical trials cannot match the quality of evidence achieved with drugs -- 4. Cancer -- 5. Mortality -- 6. Cardiovascular -- 7. Toxicity -- 8. Multiple sclerosis -- 9. COVID-19 -- 10. Conclusion -- 11. Summary points -- References -- 53 - Methods of evaluating population studies of vitamin D: strengths and weaknesses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods of assessing vitamin D status -- 2.1 Conceptual framework of assessing long-term vitamin D status -- 2.2 Measures of circulating 25(OH)D -- 2.3 Measures of vitamin D intake -- 2.4 Measures of sun exposure as a surrogate of vitamin D status -- 2.5 Measures of predicted 25(OH)D levels -- 2.6 Measure of genetic variation of circulating 25(OH)D -- 3. Main challenges in the epidemiologic study of vitamin D and disease. , 3.1 The time period for the assessment of vitamin D status covered should be based on the pathogenesis of the disease end point ... -- 3.2 Studies ideally should assess the dose-response relationship -- 3.3 Biases should be reduced or eliminated to the extent possible -- 3.4 Confounding should be limited to the extent possible -- 4. Summary of study designs of vitamin D -- 4.1 Ecologic studies -- 4.2 Cohort studies -- 4.3 Case-control studies -- 4.4 Interventional studies (randomized controlled trials) -- 4.5 Mendelian randomization studies -- 5. Conclusions -- 6. Summary points -- References -- Further reading -- 54 - Worldwide vitamin D status -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Assessment of vitamin D status -- 3. Study selection -- 3.1 Vitamin D status in North America (including Canada and Mexico) -- 3.2 Vitamin D status in South America -- 3.3 Vitamin D status in Europe -- 3.4 Vitamin D status in Middle East -- 3.5 Vitamin D status in Asia -- 3.6 Vitamin D status in Africa -- 3.7 Vitamin D status in Oceania -- 4. Multicenter and global studies using a central laboratory facility -- 5. Ethnicity/migration -- 6. Nutrition -- 7. Risk groups -- 8. Trends in vitamin D status -- 9. Implications -- 10. Conclusions -- 11. Summary points -- References -- 55 - Vitamin D in food-Compounds, stability, sources -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemical structure of vitamin D vitamers -- 2.1 Which chemical structures have vitamin D activity? -- 3. Stability of vitamin D -- 3.1 What can happen to the antirachitic compounds vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 in crystal form and when dissolved in organic solvents? -- 3.2 Exposure to light -- 3.3 Thermal treatment -- 3.4 Treatment at different pH -- 3.5 Oxidants and singlet oxygen -- 3.6 Solvents and vitamin D -- 4. Analytical methodology. , 4.1 Principle for the extraction, detection, and quantification of vitamin D (vitamin D3, 25(OH)D3, vitamin D2, and 25(OH)D2) i ... -- 5. Vitamin D in food -- 5.1 Vitamin D in food from wild fish and animal -- 5.2 Vitamin D in food farmed by man-fish, eggs, milk, meat (pork/beef/chicken), mushrooms, and plants -- 5.2.1 Pork -- 5.2.2 Chicken -- 5.2.3 Beef -- 5.2.4 Organs -- 5.2.5 Mushrooms -- 5.2.6 Bread and other alternative vitamin D products -- 5.3 Fortified food -- 5.4 Processing of food-effects on degradation of vitamin D -- 5.4.1 Effect of exposure to light-not UVB -- 5.4.2 Effect of temperature -- 5.4.3 Storage oxygenation -- 5.4.4 Relative humidity -- 5.4.5 Processing treatments -- 5.4.6 Cooking-antioxidant/pH -- 5.4.7 Food processing summary -- 5.5 Distribution of vitamin D vitamers in food and calculation of total vitamin D activity -- 6. Conclusion -- 7. Summary points -- References -- Further reading -- 56 - Determinants of vitamin D levels from sun exposure: a global perspective -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Vitamin D production from solar UVB exposure -- 3. Factors affecting 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations -- 3.1 Seasonal changes in 25-hydroxyvitamin D -- 3.2 Geographic location and ultraviolet B doses: seasonal variations -- 3.3 Meteorological factors -- 3.4 Urban versus rural residence -- 3.5 Travel to sunny locations in winter -- 4. Endogenous characteristics -- 4.1 Effect of age -- 4.2 Obesity -- 4.3 Genetics -- 5. Behavioral determinants -- 5.1 Use of sunscreen -- 5.2 Shade -- 5.3 Messages to get UV exposure mornings and afternoons (the shadow rule) -- 5.4 Sun avoidance because of concern about skin cancer, melanoma -- 5.5 Occupation (outdoors vs. indoors) -- 5.6 Outdoor recreational activities -- 5.7 Lack of knowledge of the benefits of vitamin D -- 5.8 Lifestyle factors associated with reduced sun exposure -- 5.9 Migration/migrants. , 6. Predicting vitamin D deficiency -- 7. Nonvitamin D benefits from solar UV exposure -- 8. Conclusion -- 9. Summary points -- References -- 57 - Vitamin D supplement use as a public health strategy to augment diet and sustain population adequacy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Thresholds for 25(OH)D -- 3. Country-level guidelines for supplements use -- 4. Supplement use improves vitamin D status: Canada as a case study -- 5. Characteristics of vitamin D supplement users -- 6. Considerations when choosing to take a vitamin D supplement -- 6.1 Type of vitamin D: D3 or D2 -- 6.2 Sources of vitamin D3 -- 6.3 Coingestion with a lipid source -- 6.4 Coingestion with another micronutrient -- 6.5 Taking vitamin D supplements daily versus bolus dosing -- 6.6 Product quality -- 7. Safety of vitamin D supplements -- 8. Guidance is needed for use of vitamin D supplements -- 9. Conclusion -- 10. Summary points -- References -- 58 - Vitamin D and food fortification -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Prevalence of low vitamin D status -- 1.2 Dietary recommendations to meet the status gap -- 1.3 Sources of vitamin D and the role of food in meeting nutritional requirements -- 1.4 Are dietary supplements the solution? -- 1.5 Food-based strategies are required -- 2. Current intakes of vitamin D in young and adult populations in North America and Europe and how these compare against dieta ... -- 3. Dietary strategies for increasing vitamin D intake: bridging the gap by food fortification -- 3.1 Traditional food fortification with vitamin D-what is the evidence? -- 3.2 A national case study-Finland -- 3.3 Hierarchy of evidence-randomized controlled trials and metaanalyses -- 4. Consideration of other vitamin D-fortified foods -- 4.1 Additional considerations in relation to forms of vitamin D and addition amounts for traditional fortification -- 4.2 Vitamin D2 versus vitamin D3. , 4.3 25-Hydroxyvitamin D metabolites -- 5. Vitamin D-biofortified foods -- 6. Safety considerations and prerequisite data required prior to initiating public health measures -- 7. Conclusions -- 8. Summary points -- References -- Further reading -- 59 - Bariatric surgery, vitamin D, and bone loss -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for obesity -- 1.2 Indications for bariatric surgery -- 1.3 Bariatric surgery procedures -- 1.3.1 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass -- 1.3.2 Sleeve gastrectomy -- 1.3.3 Adjustable gastric band -- 1.3.4 Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch -- 2. Skeletal effects of bariatric surgery -- 2.1 Bone turnover markers -- 2.2 Bone mass -- 2.2.1 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass -- 2.2.2 Sleeve gastrectomy -- 2.2.3 Adjustable gastric band -- 2.2.4 Biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch -- 2.3 Bone microstructure -- 2.4 Fracture risk -- 2.5 Comparison with nonsurgical weight loss -- 3. Potential mechanisms of bone loss -- 3.1 Nutritional deficiencies: vitamin D and calcium -- 3.1.1 Vitamin D -- 3.1.2 Calcium -- 3.2 Mechanical unloading -- 3.3 Loss of muscle mass -- 3.4 Adipokines -- 3.4.1 Leptin -- 3.4.2 Adiponectin -- 3.5 Sex steroids -- 3.6 Gut-derived hormones -- 3.6.1 Peptide YY -- 3.6.2 Ghrelin -- 3.6.3 Glucagon-like Peptide-1 -- 3.6.4 Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide -- 3.7 Bone marrow adipose tissue -- 4. Prevention and treatment of skeletal effects -- 4.1 Universal recommendations -- 4.2 Management of osteoporosis after bariatric surgery -- 5. Summary points -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 1. Introduction -- 2. 25(OH)D synthesis and metabolism -- 3. Heritability of serum 25(OH)D levels -- 4. Genome-wide association studies of 25(OH)D -- 5. Variants with evidence for replicated association with 25(OH)D -- 6. Gene-environment interaction. , 7. Applications and practical implications.

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- FELDMAN AND PIKE'S VITAMIN D -- FELDMAN AND PIKE'S VITAMIN D: Volume One: Biochemistry, Physiology and Diagnostics -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of contributors -- In memoriam -- Preface to the fifth edition -- List of abbreviations -- Relevant lab values in adults and children -- 1 - Book introduction: Major trends in vitamin D research -- 1. History of the Vitamin D book -- 2. Major trends in the vitamin D field -- 3. Mechanism of action -- 3.1 Historical progression of the mechanisms of action of vitamin D -- 3.2 Current state of VDR genomic actions -- 3.3 Mechanistic homeostasis of vitamin D metabolism -- 4. Mutations in the VDR and critical metabolic enzymes cause childhood rickets -- 5. Vitamin D assays -- 6. Extra-skeletal actions -- 7. Population studies and clinical trials -- 8. Controversy: what constitutes normal or adequate concentrations of vitamin D? -- 9. Vitamin D and autoimmune disease -- 10. Vitamin D and COVID-19 -- 11. Vitamin D and cancer -- 12. Is vitamin D useful for the prevention or treatment of colorectal cancer? -- 12.1 Background -- 12.2 Vitamin D molecular actions in CRC and various cancers to reduce cancer risk, progression, and improve survival -- 12.3 Observational studies of vitamin D and the risk/incidence of developing CRC -- 12.4 Recent RCTs on risk/incidence and overall survival/mortality -- 12.5 Conclusions on the colorectal cancer section -- 13. Closing comments with thanks and appreciation to the many authors, the critical Elsevier staff, and the many readers that m ... -- References -- 2 - Evolution of human skin pigmentation and vitamin D -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The solar context of human skin color evolution -- 3. The nature of the selective factors leading to the evolution of skin pigmentation in early Homo. , 4. Folate conservation and the evolution of permanent protective pigmentation -- 5. Early hominin dispersal out of the tropics and vitamin D production -- 6. The evolution of skin pigmentation in Homo sapiens -- 7. The effects of cultural buffering, rapid migrations, and modern lifestyles on skin color and vitamin D -- 8. Summary points -- References -- Further reading -- 3 - Photobiology of vitamin D -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical perspective -- 3. Photobiology of vitamin D -- 3.1 Photosynthesis of vitamin D3 -- 3.2 Regulation of vitamin D synthesis by sunlight -- 3.3 Influence of latitude, season, and time of day on vitamin D synthesis -- 3.4 Influence of sunscreen use, melanin, clothing, glass, and plastics on vitamin D synthesis -- 3.5 Optimizing sunscreen formulation to enhance vitamin D production with minimal erythemal risk -- 4. Role of sunlight and dietary vitamin D in bone health, overall health, and well-being -- 5. Ultraviolet devices for producing vitamin D -- 6. Alternative pathways generating noncanonical active forms of vitamin D and their photoderivatives -- 7. Sunlight, vitamin D, and skin cancer -- 8. Conclusions -- 9. Summary points -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Further reading -- 4 - The activating enzymes of vitamin D metabolism (25- and 1α-hydroxylases) -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General information regarding vitamin D hydroxylases -- 3. Vitamin D3-25-hydroxylases -- 3.1 CYP2R1 -- 3.2 CYP27A1 -- 3.3 Other CYPs -- 4. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-1α-hydroxylase -- 5. Additional topics -- 5.1 Crystal structures and homology models of vitamin D-related CYPs -- 5.2 Inhibitors of vitamin D-related CYP enzymes -- 5.3 Future directions -- 6. Conclusions -- 7. Summary points -- References -- Further reading -- 5 - CYP24A1: structure, function, and physiological role -- 1. Introduction -- 2. CYP24A1-catalyzed pathways. , 3. C24-oxidation pathway -- 4. C23-hydroxylation pathway -- 5. CYP24A1, a multifunctional enzyme -- 6. Biological relevance of the C24-oxidation pathway -- 7. Structure-function relationships -- 8. Mutations of CYP24A1 in infantile hypercalcemia type 1 -- 9. Preclinical models of infantile hypercalcemia type 1 -- 10. CYP24A1 involvement in other systems -- 11. 24,25(OH)2D3 and chondrocyte maturation -- 12. 24,25(OH)2D3 and fracture repair -- 13. Conclusions -- 14. Summary points -- References -- 6 - Alternative pathways for vitamin D metabolism -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cytochrome P450scc (CYP11A1): an overview -- 3. Introduction to the skin in a photobiology context -- 4. CYP11A1 mediated metabolism of 7DHC with local and systemic implications -- 5. CYP11A1-mediated metabolism of vitamin D -- 6. Enzymatic activation of lumisterol and tachysterol -- 7. Phenotypic activity of CYP11A1-derived hydroxyderivatives and their mechanism of action -- 7.1 Phenotypic activity -- 7.2 Mechanism of action -- 8. C3-epimerization of vitamin D metabolites -- 9. Phase II conjugation of vitamin D metabolites -- 10. Conclusions -- 11. Summary points -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 7 - Vitamin D-binding protein -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Vitamin D-binding protein: gene and protein structure -- 2.1 Gene -- 2.2 Protein structure -- 2.3 Polymorphisms of vitamin D-binding protein -- 2.4 Post-translational modifications to DBP -- 2.5 Vitamin D-binding protein: synthesis and turnover -- 3. Functions of vitamin D-binding protein -- 3.1 Vitamin D transport -- 3.2 Measurement of vitamin D-binding protein in serum -- 3.3 Vitamin D-binding protein-null mice -- 3.4 Vitamin D-binding protein-null humans -- 3.5 Megalin- and megalin-related proteins-null mice -- 3.6 Free 25(OH)D and vitamin D status -- 4. The vitamin D-binding protein-actin complex. , 4.1 Role of vitamin D-binding protein in the actin-scavenger system -- 4.2 General features of the vitamin D-binding protein-actin structure -- 4.3 Implications for the actin-scavenger system -- 4.4 Implications for intracellular actin binding -- 5. DBP binds fatty acids -- 6. The role of vitamin D-binding protein in inflammatory processes and in the immune system -- 7. Conclusions -- 8. Summary points -- References -- 8 - Regulation of renal vitamin D metabolism -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Major physiologic regulators of renal vitamin D metabolism -- 2.1 Substrate 25(OH)D3 bioavailability -- 2.2 Parathyroid hormone -- 2.3 Fibroblast growth factor 23 -- 2.4 The vitamin D hormone 1,25(OH)2D3 -- 3. Genomic structure and deletion of the CYP27B1 and CYP24A1 genes -- 4. Genomic mechanisms for CYP27B1 regulation -- 5. Genomic mechanisms for CYP24A1 regulation -- 6. Conclusions -- 7. Summary points -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 - Regulation of extra-renal synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D -- 1. Introduction -- 2. 1α-OHase and the CYP27B1 gene -- 2.1 Subcellular localization, substrate selectivity, and kinetics of 1α-OHase -- 3. Macrophage 1α-OHase -- 3.1 Effects of parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphate on macrophage 1α-OHase -- 3.2 Effects of FGF23 on macrophage 1α-OHase -- 3.3 Vitamin D binding protein and 25(OH)D substrate bioavailability in macrophages -- 3.4 Vitamin D catabolism and macrophage 1,25(OH)2D production -- 4. Macrophage 1α-OHase and responsiveness to immune cell regulators -- 4.1 Pathogen-associated molecular patterns -- 4.2 Cytokines -- 5. Molecular mechanisms for regulation of extrarenal 1α-OHase -- 5.1 Transcriptional regulation -- 5.2 Immune regulation of nitric oxide and electron transport -- 5.3 MicroRNAs as regulators of 1α-OHase -- 6. 1α-OHase in cells other than macrophages -- 6.1 Dendritic cells -- 6.2 Lymphocytes. , 6.3 Keratinocytes -- 6.4 The placenta -- 6.5 Endothelial cells -- 6.6 The parathyroid gland -- 6.7 The growth plate and bone -- 6.8 The brain -- 7. Dysregulated synthesis of 1,25(OH)2D and human disease -- 7.1 1α-OHase and inflammatory disease -- 7.2 Extrarenal 1α-OHase and cancer -- 8. Conclusions and future prospects -- 9. Summary points -- References -- 10 - Structural basis for ligand activity in vitamin D receptor -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 recognition by vitamin D receptor -- 1.1.1 Crystal structure of human vitamin D receptor ligand-binding domain in complex with 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 -- 1.1.2 Rat and zebrafish vitamin D receptor ligand-binding domain-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 complexes -- 1.1.3 Insights into the apo vitamin D receptor ligand binding-domain structure -- 1.2 Ligand recognition of natural metabolites -- 1.3 Other vitamin D receptor natural ligands -- 1.4 Crystal structures of vitamin D receptor ligand-binding Domain with lithocholic acid -- 1.4.1 An alternative lithocholic acid-binding site revealed by the zebrafish vitamin D receptor ligand-binding domain-lithocholic ... -- 1.5 Structural implications of VDR mutants manifesting in hereditary vitamin d-resistant rickets phenotypes -- 1.6 Recent development of synthetic VDR ligands -- 1.7 Secosteroidal analogs of 1,25(OH)2D3 -- 1.7.1 LCA derivatives -- 1.8 Mimics of 1,25(OH)2D3 -- 1.9 Allosteric effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 within intact VDR-RXR and coregulatory function -- 2. Conclusions and perspectives -- 3. Summary points -- References -- 11 - Genome-wide perspectives on vitamin D receptor actions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Target genes involved in the regulation of mineral metabolism -- 3. The production of 1,25(OH)2D3 in diverse nonrenal target cells -- 4. Transcriptional mechanism of action of 1,25(OH)2D3. , 5. New insights into transcriptional activation of vitamin D.

Anmerkung: Energy Policies in the European Union -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1. Energy Policy as a Strategic Element of Economic Policy in Dynamic Open Economies -- 2. Phasing out Nuclear Energy and Core Elements of Sustainable Energy Strategy -- 3. Ecological Tax Reform: Theory, Modified Double Dividend and International Aspects -- 4. The Policy Framework in Europe and Germany -- 5. Optimal Ecological Tax Reform: Options and Recommendations for an EU-Action Plan -- 6. Conclusions -- Appendix -- Bibliography -- List of Tables -- List of Figures.

Anmerkung: Front Cover -- Elementary Medical Biophysics -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Introduction -- SECTION I: BASIC PRINCIPLES -- CHAPTER 1. Graphical and mathematical representation of scientific problems -- Introduction -- Straight line -- Hyperbola -- Parabola -- Inverse square equation -- Equations with more than two variables -- CHAPTER 2. Units -- Introduction -- Derived units of the SI -- Multiples and submultiples of the SI units -- Rules for the usage and writing of the SI -- Calibration -- Errors in measurement -- Measurement of temperature -- CHAPTER 3. Forces -- Introduction -- Gravitational force -- Centrifugal force -- Equilibrium between the gravitational force and the centrifugal force -- Electrical forces -- Magnetic forces -- Forces caused by differences in chemical concentration -- Chemotactic forces -- Frictional forces -- Resultant forces -- Work, energy and power -- SECTION II: ELECTRICITY -- CHAPTER 4. The Origin of Electricity and the Flow of Electricity in Conductors -- Introduction -- Atoms and molecules -- Ions -- Isotopes -- Free electrons in a metal -- 'Flow1 of electrons -- Electromotive force -- Opposing electrical force -- Electrical current intensity and resistance -- Resultant resistance -- The flow of electricity through liquids -- Movement of ions in liquids -- Equipotential lines and surfaces -- CHAPTER 5. Production of Electricity in Electrical and Living Cells -- Introduction -- Production of electricity by the living cells of the body-resting membrane potential -- Action potential -- Transmission of the action potential along nerves -- Resultant dipoles in different tissues -- The electrical activity of the heart -- CHAPTER 6. Variation and Measurement of Electrical Currents -- Introduction -- Capacitors -- Time constant -- Electromagnetism. , Production of an alternating current -- Semiconductors -- The oscilloscope -- CHAPTER 7. Bio-Electronic Equipment -- Introduction -- Input devices -- Output devices -- Electrical pacemakers and defibrillators -- Compound apparatus -- SECTION III: LIQUIDS, GASES AND HEAT -- CHAPTER 8. Common Properties of Liquids, Gases and Heat -- Introduction -- States of matter -- The flow of fluids and of heat -- Application of the laws of flow to the human body -- Pressures in fluids caused by gravitational forces -- Measurement of pressures -- CHAPTER 9. Gases and Respiration -- Introduction -- Pressures caused by intermolecular forces -- Principles of pulmonary function -- Partial gas pressures and the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood -- Artificial respirators -- CHAPTER 10. Liquids and the Circulatory System -- Introduction -- Hydromotive force -- The heart as a pump -- Heart valves -- CHAPTER 11. Fluid Mixtures -- Introduction -- Solutions -- Other mixtures -- Diffusion -- Osmosis -- Filtration -- Exchange of fluids between the capillaries and the tissues -- Active transport -- Dialysis and the artificial kidney -- CHAPTER 12. Heat and the Regulation of Body Temperature -- Introduction -- Quantity of heat and temperature -- The production of heat -- Regulation of body temperature -- Diathermy -- SECTION IV: RAYS AND WAVES -- CHAPTER 13. Electromagnetic Radiation -- Introduction -- General aspects -- Heat waves -- Ultraviolet radiation -- Radio waves -- Gamma radiation -- Lasers -- CHAPTER 14. Light and Sight -- Introduction -- Laws of light -- Lenses -- Optical apparatus -- The eye -- Faulty image formation in the eye -- CHAPTER 15. Radioactivity -- Introduction -- Principles of radioactivity -- Diagnostic uses of radioactivity -- Therapeutic uses of radioactivity -- CHAPTER 16. Sound and Hearing -- Introduction -- Properties of sound. , Production of sound -- Perception of sound by the ear -- Hearing abnormalities -- Sound amplifiers -- Ultrasonics -- SECTION V: MECHANICS -- CHAPTER 17. Machines -- Introduction -- Levers -- Pulleys -- Body mechanics -- APPENDICES -- APPENDIX A: The Elements and their Symbols -- APPENDIX B: Examples of Examination Questions.

Anmerkung: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Global transitions in proteins -- 1.1 Defining a global state -- 1.2 Equilibrium between two global states -- 1.3 Global transitions induced by temperature -- 1.4 Lysozyme unfolding -- 1.5 Steepness and enthalpy -- 1.6 Cooperativity and thermal transitions -- 1.7 Transitions induced by other variables -- 1.8 Transitions induced by voltage -- 1.9 The voltage sensor of voltage-gated channels -- 1.10 Gating current -- 1.11 Cooperativity and voltage-induced transitions -- 1.12 Compliance of a global state -- Problems for Chapter 1 -- Chapter 2 Molecular forces in biological structures -- 2.1 The Coulomb potential -- 2.2 Electrostatic self-energy -- 2.3 Image forces -- 2.4 Charge-dipole interactions -- 2.5 Induced dipoles -- 2.6 Cation-phi interactions -- 2.7 Dispersion forces -- 2.8 Hydrophobic forces -- 2.9 Hydration forces -- 2.10 Hydrogen bonds -- 2.11 Steric repulsions -- 2.12 Bond flexing and harmonic potentials -- 2.13 Stabilizing forces in proteins -- 2.14 Protein force fields -- 2.15 Stabilizing forces in nucleic acids -- 2.16 Lipid bilayers and membrane proteins -- Problems for Chapter 2 -- Chapter 3 Conformations of macromolecules -- 3.1 n-Butane -- 3.2 Configurational partition functions and polymer chains -- 3.3 Statistics of random coils -- 3.4 Effective segment length -- 3.5 Nonideal polymer chains and theta solvents -- 3.6 Probability distributions -- 3.7 Loop formation -- 3.8 Stretching a random coil -- 3.9 When do molecules act like random coils? -- 3.10 Backbone rotations in proteins: secondary structure -- 3.11 The entropy of protein denaturation -- 3.12 The helix-coil transition -- 3.13 Mathematical analysis of the helix-coil transition -- 3.14 Results of helix-coil theory -- 3.15 Helical propensities -- 3.16 Protein folding. , 3.17 Cooperativity in protein folding -- Problems for Chapter 3 -- Chapter 4 Molecular associations -- 4.1 Association equilibrium in solution -- 4.2 Cooperativity -- 4.2.1 Concerted binding -- 4.2.2 Sequential binding -- 4.2.3 Nearest neighbor interactions -- 4.3 Thermodynamics of associations -- 4.4 Contact formation -- 4.5 Statistical mechanics of association -- 4.6 Translational free energy -- 4.7 Rotational free energy -- 4.8 Vibrational free energy -- 4.9 Solvation effects -- 4.10 Configurational free energy -- 4.11 Protein association in membranes - reduction of dimensionality -- 4.12 Binding to membranes -- Problems for Chapter 4 -- Chapter 5 Allosteric interactions -- 5.1 The allosteric transition -- 5.2 The simplest caseone binding site and one allosteric transition -- 5.3 Binding and response -- 5.4 Energy balance in the one-site model -- 5.5 G-protein coupled receptors -- 5.6 Binding site interactions -- 5.7 The Monod-Wyman-Changeux (MWC) model -- 5.8 Hemoglobin -- 5.9 Energetics of the MWC model -- 5.10 Macroscopic and microscopic additivity -- 5.11 Phosphofructokinase -- 5.12 Ligand-gated channels -- 5.13 Subunit-subunit interactions: the Koshland-Nemethy-Filmer (KNF) model -- 5.14 The Szabo-Karplus (SK) model -- Problems for Chapter 5 -- Chapter 6 Diffusion and Brownian motion -- 6.1 Macroscopic diffusion: Fick's laws -- 6.2 Solving the diffusion equation -- 6.2.1 One-dimensional diffusion from a point -- 6.2.2 Three-dimensional diffusion from a point -- 6.2.3 Diffusion across an interface -- 6.2.4 Diffusion with boundary conditions -- 6.3 Diffusion at steady state -- 6.3.1 A long pipe -- 6.3.2 A small hole -- 6.3.3 A porous membrane -- 6.4 Microscopic diffusion - random walks -- 6.5 Random walks and the Gaussian distribution -- 6.6 The diffusion equation from microscopic theory -- 6.7 Friction -- 6.8 Stokes' law. , 6.9 Diffusion constants of macromolecules -- 6.10 Lateral diffusion in membranes -- Problems for Chapter 6 -- Chapter 7 Fundamental rate processes -- 7.1 Exponential relaxations -- 7.2 Activation energies -- 7.3 The reaction coordinate and detailed balance -- 7.4 Linear free energy relations -- 7.5 Voltage-dependent rate constants -- 7.6 The Marcus free energy relation -- 7.7 Eyring theory -- 7.8 Diffusion over a barrier - Kramers' theory -- 7.9 Single-channel kinetics -- 7.10 The reaction coordinate for a global transition -- Problems for Chapter 7 -- Chapter 8 Association kinetics -- 8.1 Bimolecular association -- 8.2 Small perturbations -- 8.3 Diffusion-limited association -- 8.4 Diffusion-limited dissociation -- 8.5 Site binding -- 8.6 Protein-ligand association rates -- 8.6.1 Evolution of speed -- 8.6.2 Acetylcholinesterase -- 8.6.3 Horseradish peroxidase -- 8.7 Proton transfer -- 8.8 Binding to membrane receptors -- 8.9 Reduction in dimensionality -- 8.10 Binding to DNA -- Problems for Chapter 8 -- Chapter 9 Multi-state kinetics -- 9.1 The three-state model -- 9.2 Initial conditions -- 9.3 Separation of timescales -- 9.4 General solution to multi-state systems -- 9.5 The three-state model in matrix notation -- 9.6 Stationarity, conservation, and detailed balance -- 9.7 Single-channel kinetics: the three-state model -- 9.8 Separation of timescales in single channels: burst analysis -- 9.9 General treatment of single-channel kinetics: state counting -- 9.10 Relation between single-channel and macroscopic kinetics -- 9.11 Loss of stationarity, conservation, and detailed balance -- 9.12 Single-channel correlations: pathway counting -- 9.13 Multisubunit kinetics -- 9.14 Random walks and "stretched kinetics -- Problems for Chapter 9 -- Chapter 10 Enzyme catalysis -- 10.1 Basic mechanisms - serine proteases -- 10.2 Michaelis-Menten kinetics. , 10.3 Steady-state approximations -- 10.4 Pre-steady-state kinetics -- 10.5 Allosteric enzymes -- 10.6 Utilization of binding energy -- 10.7 Kramers' rate theory and catalysis -- 10.8 Proximity and translational entropy -- 10.9 Rotational entropy -- 10.10 Reducing E: transition state complementarity -- 10.11 Friction in an enzyme-substrate complex -- 10.12 General-acid-base catalysis and Brønsted slopes -- 10.13 Acid-base catalysis in Beta-galactosidase -- 10.14 Catalysis in serine proteases and strong H-bonds -- 10.15 Marcus' theory and proton transfer in carbonic anhydrase -- Problems for Chapter 10 -- Chapter 11 Ions and counterions -- 11.1 The Poisson-Boltzmann equation and the Debye length -- 11.2 Activity coefficient of an ion -- 11.3 Ionization of proteins -- 11.4 Gouy-Chapman theory and membrane surface charge -- 11.5 Stern's improvements of Gouy-Chapman theory -- 11.6 Surface charge and channel conductance -- 11.7 Surface charge and voltage gating -- 11.8 Electrophoretic mobility -- 11.9 Polyelectrolyte solutions I. Debye-Hückel screening -- 11.10 Polyelectrolyte solutions II. Counterion-condensation -- 11.11 DNA melting -- Problems for Chapter 11 -- Chapter 12 Fluctuations -- 12.1 Deviations from the mean -- 12.2 Number fluctuations and the Poisson distribution -- 12.3 The statistics of light detection by the eye -- 12.4 Equipartition of energy -- 12.5 Energy fluctuations in a macromolecule -- 12.6 Fluctuations in protein ionization -- 12.7 Fluctuations in a two-state system -- 12.8 Single-channel current -- 12.9 The correlation function of a two-state system -- 12.10 The Wiener-Khintchine theorem -- 12.11 Channel noise -- 12.12 Circuit noise -- 12.13 Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy -- 12.14 Friction and the fluctuation-dissipation theorem -- Problems for Chapter 12 -- Chapter 13 Ion permeation and membrane potential. , 13.1 Nernst potentials -- 13.2 Donnan potentials -- 13.3 Membrane potentials of cells -- 13.3.1 Neurons -- 13.3.2 Vertebrate skeletal muscle -- 13.4 A membrane permeable to Na+ and K+ -- 13.5 Membrane potentials of neurons again -- 13.6 The Ussing flux ratio and active transport -- 13.7 The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz voltage equation -- 13.8 Membrane pumps and potentials -- 13.9 Transporters and potentials -- 13.10 The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz current equation -- 13.11 Divalent ions -- 13.12 Surface charge and membrane potentials -- 13.13 Rate theory and membrane potentials -- Problems for Chapter 13 -- Chapter 14 Ion permeation and channel structure -- 14.1 Permeation without channels -- 14.2 The Ohmic channel -- 14.3 Energy barriers and channel properties -- 14.4 Eisenman selectivity sequences -- 14.5 Forces inside an ion channel -- 14.6 Gramicidin A -- 14.7 Rate theory for multibarrier channels -- 14.8 Single-ion channels -- 14.9 Single-file channels -- 14.10 The KcsA channel -- Problems for Chapter 14 -- Chapter 15 Cable theory -- 15.1 Current through membranes and cytoplasm -- 15.2 The cable equation -- 15.3 Steady state in a finite cable -- 15.4 Voltage steps in a finite cable -- 15.5 Current steps in a finite cable -- 15.6 Branches and equivalent cylinder representations -- 15.6.1 Steady state -- 15.6.2 Time constants -- 15.7 Cable analysis of a neuron -- 15.8 Synaptic integration in dendrites: analytical models -- 15.8.1 Impulse responses -- 15.8.2 Realistic synaptic inputs -- 15.9 Compartmental models and cable theory -- 15.10 Synaptic integration in dendrites: compartmental models -- Problems for Chapter 15 -- Chapter 16 Action potentials -- 16.1 The action potential -- 16.2 The voltage clamp and the properties of Na+ and K+ channels -- 16.3 The Hodgkin-Huxley equations -- 16.4 Current-voltage curves and thresholds -- 16.5 Propagation -- 16.6 Myelin. , 16.7 Axon geometry and conduction.

Anmerkung: Literaturverz. S. 39 - 46. - Später zeitschr.-artige Reihe. - Später angezeigt u.d.T.: Kunststoff-Taschenbuch

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Anmerkung: Contract BMBF 0326854B; Contract BMWi BEO 31 / 26854B. - Differences between the printed and electronic version of the document arepossible. - nIndex p. 96 , Also available as printed version , Contains: Anlage , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat Reader.

Anmerkung: Förderkennzeichen BMBF 03SFK2M1 , Verbundnummer 01173379 , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden , Sprache der Zusammenfassung: Deutsch, Englisch

Anmerkung: Förderkennzeichen BMBF 01DJ15011. - Verbund-Nummer 01164326 , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden