Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Overview and Key Messages -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 A Modeling Approach for Tackling Climate Change -- 1.3 Book Structure -- 1.4 Key Messages -- References -- Chapter 2: Implications of the Paris Agreement in the Context of Long-Term Climate Mitigation Goals -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methodology -- 2.2.1 AIM/CGE -- 2.2.2 AIM/PLUM -- 2.2.3 SCM4OPT -- 2.2.4 Scenarios -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 GHG Emissions -- 2.3.2 Primary Energy Supply and Final Energy Consumption -- 2.3.3 Mitigation Cost -- 2.3.4 Land-Use and Land-Based CO2 Emissions Reduction -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Risks from Global Climate Change and the Paris Agreement -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Global Mean Temperature Increase and Risks from Climate Change Assessed in IPCC-AR5 -- 3.2.1 Temperature Increase Under the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emission Scenarios of Extending the INDCs -- 3.2.2 Reasons for Concern in IPCC-AR5: Global Mean Temperature Increase and Its Risks -- 3.2.3 Climate Risks in Asia and Global Mean Temperature Increase -- 3.3 Studies Relevant to the PA Temperature Goals Published after IPCC-AR5 -- 3.4 Future Research Needs -- References -- Chapter 4: Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Global Mitigation Cost: INDCs and Equity -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methodology -- 4.2.1 AIM/CGE -- 4.2.2 Scenarios -- 4.2.3 Analytical Methods -- 4.2.3.1 Ramsey Rule and the Discount Rate -- 4.2.3.2 Equity Principles -- 4.3 Results -- 4.3.1 Main Indicators -- 4.3.1.1 GHG Emissions -- 4.3.1.2 Carbon Price -- 4.3.1.3 Mitigation Cost -- 4.3.2 Intergenerational Equity -- 4.3.3 Interregional Equity -- 4.3.4 Stringent INDC Scenario Analysis -- 4.4 Discussion and Conclusions -- 4.4.1 Interpretations and Policy Implications -- 4.4.2 Limitations and Future Steps -- References. , Chapter 5: The Effectiveness of the International Emissions Trading under the Paris Agreement -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Model -- 5.2.2 Scenario Framework -- 5.3 Results -- 5.3.1 Welfare Change and Mitigation Cost Under INDCs -- 5.3.2 Financial Flow -- 5.3.3 Energy Supply and Power System in 2030 for INDCs and Baseline -- 5.3.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Achieving Carbon Emissions Peak in China by 2030: The Key Options and Economic Impacts -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.2.1 The CGE Model -- 6.2.2 Data -- 6.2.3 Scenario Matrix Design -- 6.3 Results -- 6.3.1 An Overview of the Future Socioeconomic Trends -- 6.3.2 Carbon Emission Reduction: The Key Options and Sectors -- 6.3.3 Energy Mix Change -- 6.3.4 Economic Impacts of Climate Mitigation -- 6.3.5 Co-benefits of Climate Mitigation -- 6.4 Discussion -- 6.4.1 Key Findings and Policy Implications -- 6.4.2 Limitations and Future Work -- 6.5 Conclusion -- Appendix 1: The CGE Model -- Production -- Basic Sectors -- Energy Transformation Sector (Except Power Generation) -- Power Generation Sector -- Household Consumption -- Government -- Investment and Savings -- International Transaction -- Substitution Between Imports and Domestic Goods -- Transformation Between Exports and Domestic Goods -- Interprovincial Trade -- Substitution Commodity Between Local Market and Inflow from Other Provinces -- Transformation Between Goods Sold in Local Market and Outflowing to Other Provinces -- Market Clearance Conditions -- Macro Closure -- Appendix 2: The Decomposition Method -- References -- Chapter 7: India INDC Assessment: Emission Gap Between Pledged Target and 2 C Target -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Assessment Methodology: Model and Scenarios -- 7.2.1 Model -- 7.2.1.1 AIM/CGE -- 7.2.2 Scenario Description -- 7.2.2.1 Reference Scenario. , 7.2.2.2 INDC Scenario -- 7.2.2.3 Two-Degree (2C) Scenario -- 7.3 Results and Analysis -- 7.3.1 Primary Energy Demand and Energy Mix -- 7.3.2 Power Generation Mix -- 7.3.3 GHG Emissions -- 7.3.4 Cost of Mitigation -- 7.3.5 Emission Intensity -- 7.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: An Assessment of Indonesia´s Intended Nationally Determined Contributions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 National Circumstances -- 8.2.1 General National Circumstances -- 8.2.2 Energy Resources and Trends -- 8.2.3 Current Agriculture and Land Use -- 8.2.4 Current GHG Emissions -- 8.3 Methods -- 8.3.1 Model -- 8.3.2 Scenario -- 8.4 Results -- 8.4.1 Overall Emission Reduction -- 8.4.2 Energy System -- 8.4.3 Land Use Abatement -- 8.5 Discussion and Policy Implications -- References -- Chapter 9: Quantitative Analysis of Japan´s 2030 Target Based on AIM/CGE and AIM/Enduse -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Models to Assess Japan´s NDC -- 9.2.1 Structure of AIM/Enduse [Japan] -- 9.2.2 Structure of AIM/CGE [Japan] -- 9.3 Results and Discussions -- 9.3.1 Results of AIM/Enduse [Japan] -- 9.3.1.1 Cases -- 9.3.1.2 Assessment of Feasibility and Robustness of the Government´s NDC -- 9.3.1.3 Implications for the Long-Term Decarbonization Pathways -- 9.3.2 Results of AIM/CGE [Japan] -- 9.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Asian INDC Assessments: The Case of Thailand -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Background of Thailand and Energy System -- 10.2.1 About Thailand -- 10.2.2 Energy Situation in Thailand -- 10.2.3 Renewable Energy Resources in Thailand -- 10.2.4 Power Generation in Thailand -- 10.2.5 Thailand´s Power Development Plan -- 10.3 Thailand´s INDC Commitments Under the Paris Agreement -- 10.4 Methodology -- 10.4.1 AIM/CGE Model -- 10.4.2 Input Data -- 10.4.3 Scenario Description -- 10.5 Results -- 10.5.1 The Future Trends of Socioeconomic Indicators. , 10.5.2 Primary Energy Mix -- 10.5.3 GHG Emissions -- 10.5.4 Economic Implications -- 10.5.4.1 GHG Price -- 10.5.4.2 GDP Loss and Welfare Loss -- 10.5.4.3 Co-benefits of Other GHG Emissions and Other Air Pollutants -- 10.6 Discussion -- 10.6.1 Implication of the Modeling Results, Policy Implication, and Limitation -- 10.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Realizing the Intended Nationally Determined Contribution: The Role of Renewable Energies in Vietnam -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 AIM/CGE Model -- 11.2.2 Scenario Settings -- 11.3 Results -- 11.3.1 Outlook for Vietnam in 2030: The Base Scenario -- 11.3.1.1 Primary Energy Supply -- 11.3.1.2 Final Energy Demand -- 11.3.1.3 Electricity Generation -- 11.3.1.4 GHG Emissions -- 11.3.2 Implication of Vietnam´s INDC and the Role of Renewable Energies -- 11.3.2.1 Change in Primary Energy Supply -- 11.3.2.2 Change in Final Energy Demand -- 11.3.2.3 Change in Electricity Generation -- 11.3.2.4 Welfare Loss and GDP Loss -- 11.3.2.5 Carbon Price -- 11.4 Discussion -- 11.4.1 Implications -- 11.4.2 Limitations -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: AIM/CGE V2.0 Model Formula -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Social Accounting Matrix (Used in the Model) -- 12.2.1 Social Accounting Matrix Framework -- 12.2.2 Sector Classification -- 12.3 Model Structure -- 12.3.1 Activity Production and Factor Markets -- 12.3.2 Institutions -- 12.3.3 Commodity Market -- 12.3.4 Land Allocation and Its Market -- 12.3.5 Macroeconomic Balances -- 12.3.6 Air Pollutants and GHG Emissions -- 12.4 Mathematical Statement -- 12.4.1 Price Block -- 12.4.2 Production Block -- 12.4.3 Land Block -- 12.4.4 Institution Block -- 12.4.5 International Trade Block -- 12.4.6 Biomass Consumption as Fuel Combustion -- 12.4.7 Air Pollutants and GHG Emissions -- 12.4.8 System Constraint Block. , 12.4.9 Activity Constraint Block -- 12.4.10 End-Use Energy Device Module -- Mathematical Statement -- Sets -- Parameters -- Latin Letters -- Greek Letters -- Exogenous Variables -- Endogenous Variables -- Equation -- References -- Chapter 13: AIM/CGE V2.0: Basic Feature of the Model -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Demographic and Macroeconomic Change -- 13.2.1 Population and Labor Participation -- 13.2.2 Macroeconomic Change -- 13.3 Energy Supply -- 13.3.1 Fossil Fuel Extraction -- 13.3.2 Power Generation -- 13.3.3 Biomass Energy Supply -- 13.3.4 Other Energy Transformation Sectors -- 13.4 Energy Demand -- 13.4.1 Conventional Approach -- 13.4.1.1 Production Sectors -- 13.4.1.2 Residential Sectors -- 13.4.2 Utilizing Detailed Energy Device Information -- 13.5 Agriculture and Land Use -- 13.5.1 Agricultural Commodities Production -- 13.5.2 Demand of Agricultural Commodities -- 13.5.3 Land Competition and Allocation Mechanism -- 13.6 GHG Reduction Measures Other than Changing Energy System -- 13.6.1 CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) -- 13.6.2 Non-CO2 Reduction -- 13.6.3 Land Use-Related Countermeasures -- 13.7 How to Implement New Production Sectors or Goods (Not Accounted in the Base Year) -- 13.8 List of Regions and Industries -- References.