Note: Cover Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- INTRODUCTION -- Discovering the Timetree of Life -- Timetrees: beyond cladograms, phenograms, and phylograms -- The geologic time scale -- Calibrating and constraining molecular clocks -- TIMETREES -- Life -- SUPERKINGDOMS -- Archaebacteria -- Eubacteria -- Eukaryotes (Eukaryota) -- PROTISTS -- Haptophyte algae (Haptophyta) -- Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) -- PLANTS -- Land plants (Embryophyta) -- Mosses (Bryophyta) -- Liverworts (Marchantiophyta) -- Ferns -- Gymnosperms -- Flowering plants (Magnoliophyta) -- Magnoliids -- Eudicots -- Asterids -- Eurosid I -- Eurosid II -- Monocots -- FUNGI -- Fungi -- ANIMALS -- Animals (Metazoa) -- INVERTEBRATES -- Cnidarians (Cnidaria) -- Scaphopod mollusks (Scaphopoda) -- Cephalopod mollusks (Cephalopoda) -- Nematodes (Nematoda) -- Arthropods (Arthropoda) -- Spiders (Araneae) -- Holometabolous insects (Holometabola) -- Bees, ants, and stinging wasps (Aculeata) -- True flies (Diptera) -- Beetles (Coleoptera) -- Lacewings (Neuroptera) -- Crabs, shrimps, and lobsters (Decapoda) -- Stalked and acorn barnacles (Thoracica) -- Sea urchins (Echinoidea) -- VERTEBRATES -- Vertebrates (Vertebrata) -- FISHES -- Jawless fishes (Cyclostomata) -- Cartilaginous fishes (Chondrichthyes) -- Ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) -- Sturgeons and paddlefishes (Acipenseriformes) -- Teleost fishes (Teleostei) -- Notothenioid fishes (Notothenioidei) -- Labyrinth fishes (Anabantoidei) -- Lungfishes (Dipnoi) -- AMPHIBIANS -- Amphibians (Lissamphibia) -- Frogs and toads (Anura) -- Salamanders (Caudata) -- Caecilians (Gymnophiona) -- AMNIOTES -- Amniotes (Amniota) -- REPTILES -- Lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians (Squamata) -- Snakes (Serpentes) -- Turtles (Testudines) -- Crocodylians (Crocodylia) -- BIRDS -- Birds (Aves). , Ratites and tinamous (Paleognathae) -- Waterfowl and gamefowl (Galloanserae) -- Advanced birds (Neoaves) -- Passerine birds (Passeriformes) -- Shorebirds (Charadriiformes) -- Diurnal birds of prey (Falconiformes) -- Cranes, rails, and allies (Gruiformes) -- Woodpeckers, toucans, barbets, and allies (Piciformes) -- Owls (Strigiformes) -- Swifts, treeswifts, and hummingbirds (Apodiformes) -- MAMMALS -- Mammals (Mammalia) -- Monotremes (Prototheria) -- Marsupials (Metatheria) -- Placental mammals (Eutheria) -- Armadillos, anteaters, and sloths (Xenarthra) -- Tenrecs and golden moles (Afrosoricida) -- Primates (Primates) -- Pikas, hares, and rabbits (Lagomorpha) -- Rodents (Rodentia) -- Hedgehogs, shrews, moles, and solenodons (Eulipotyphla) -- Bats (Chiroptera) -- Carnivores (Carnivora) -- Rhinoceroses, tapirs, and horses (Perissodactyla) -- Whales and even-toed ungulates (Cetartiodactyla) -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Biochemistry of Brain -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1. STRUCTURE, FUNCTION AND METABOLISM OF GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS -- INTRODUCTION -- STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE OF SPHINGOSINE AND RELATED BASES -- CLASSIFICATION OF SPHINGOLIPIDS -- CHEMICAL STRUCTURES AND OCCURRENCE -- ISOLATION OF GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS -- BIOSYNTHESIS OF GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS -- CATABOLISM OF GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS -- PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2. METABOLIC DISORDERS IN SPHINGOLIPIDOSES -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS OF SPHINGOLIPID STORAGE DISORDERS -- TAY-SACHS AND SANDHOFF'S DISEASES -- FABRY'S DISEASE -- METACHROMATIC LEUKODYSTROPHY (SULFATIDE LIPIDOSIS) -- NIEMANN-PICK DISEASE -- GAUCHER'S DISEASE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3. MYELIN BASIC PROTEIN: WHAT DOES IT DO? -- I. STRUCTURE OF THE BASIC PROTEIN -- II. ORIENTATION OF THE BASIC PROTEIN WITHINTHE MYELIN SHEATH -- III. BASIC PROTEIN-LIPID INTERACTIONS -- IV. METHYLATION OF THE BASIC PROTEIN -- V. PHOSPHORYLATION AND DEPHOSPHORYLATIONOF THE BASIC PROTEIN -- VI. PRESENCE OF TWO DIFFERENT BASIC PROTEINSIN THE CNS MYELIN OF SOME RODENTS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4. THE BIOCHEMICAL ANDMORPHOLOGICAL HETEROGENEITY OFMYELIN AND MYELIN-RELATED MEMBRANES -- INTRODUCTION -- SUBFRACTIONATION OF PURIFIED MYELIN -- MYELIN-RELATED MEMBRANES WHICH ARE DISCARDEDDURING THE PURIFICATION OF MYELIN -- POSSIBLE MORPHOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCEOF MYELIN SUBFRACTIONS -- OLIGODENDROGLIAL DERIVED FRACTIONS ASPOSSIBLE PRECURSORS OF MYELIN -- MYELIN-SUBFRACTIONS IN PATHOLOGICAL STATES -- CURRENT STATUS AND POSSIBLE DIRECTIONSFOR FURTHER RESEARCH -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- ADDENDUM -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5. FOLATE METABOLISM IN BRAIN -- INTRODUCTION -- 1. GENERAL ASPECTS OF FOLATE BIOCHEMISTRY. , 2. TRANSPORT OF FOLATE INTO THE CENTRALNERVOUS SYSTEM -- 3. FOLATE AND RELATED ENZYMES IN BRAIN -- 4. INBORN ERRORS OF FOLATE METABOLISM -- 5. FOLATE DEFICIENCY -- 6. CONVULSANT EFFECTS OF FOLATE ADMINISTRATION -- ADDENDUM -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6. VITAMIN B12 AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. CLINICAL SYNDROMES: FETUS, INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD -- 3. CLINICAL SYNDROMES: ADULTS -- 4. PREVALENCE OF NERVOUS SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT -- 5. INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM -- 6. CONGENITAL DISORDERS OF INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM -- 7. CONCLUSIONS -- ADDENDUM -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7. BRAIN BIOGENIC AMINES IN MENTALDYSFUNCTIONS ATTRIBUTABLE TOTHYROID HORMONE ABNORMALITIES -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. HORMONAL IMPACT ON BIOCHEMICAL MATURATIONOF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM -- 3. CRETINISM-PHYSICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL MANIFESTATIONS -- 4. NEONATAL HYPOTHYROIDISM AND CHANGESIN CENTRAL AMINE METABOLISM -- 5. THYROID HORMONES-VULNERABLE PERIODSOF BRAIN DEVELOPMENT -- 6. THYROID DYSFUNCTION AND AFFECTIVE DISORDERS -- 7. THYROID-IMIPRAMINE INTERACTION AND THE USE OFTHYROID HORMONE IN DEPRESSIVE ILLNESS -- 8. THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE:AN ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT -- 9. HYPERTHYROIDISM VS. MANIA -- 10. HYPERTHYROIDISM-PHYSICAL ANDBEHAVIOURAL MANIFESTATIONS -- 11. NEONATAL HYPERTHYROIDISM-IMPACT ON BRAINBIOGENIC AMINE METABOLISM -- 12. INFLUENCE OF ADULT HYPERTHYROIDISM ONCENTRAL AMINE METABOLISM -- 13. EFFECT OF LITHIUM IN NEONATALLY HYPERTHYROID RATS -- SUMMARY AND PERSPECTIVE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- TRIVIAL NAMES OF ENZYMES -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8. BRAIN SPECIFIC PROTEINS -- INTRODUCTION -- S-100 PROTEIN -- NP PROTEIN -- 14-3-2 PROTEIN -- ANTIGEN-a -- ^-GLYCOPROTEIN -- OLFACTORY BULB PROTEIN -- OTHER PROTEINS -- CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- NOTE ADDED IN THE PROOF -- CHAPTER 9. BRAIN NUCLEIC ACIDS -- THE CONTENT OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN THE BRAIN. , THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF NUCLEOTIDES IN THE BRAIN -- THE LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME -- THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN THE BRAIN -- DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF DNA METABOLISM -- DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF RNA SYNTHESIS -- CHARACTERISTICS OF BRAIN RNAs -- THE RNA OF BRAIN MITOCHONDRIA AND OF SYNAPTOSOMES -- CHARACTERISTICS OF BRAIN POLYSOMES -- THE TRANSLATION OF SPECIFIC MESSENGERS FROM THE BRAIN -- DIVERSITY OF RNAs IN THE BRAIN -- CHANGES IN RNA CONTENT AND COMPOSITION DUE TO CHEMICALINFLUENCES, ENVIRONMENT, AND TRAINING AND/OR MEMORY -- THE CURRENT STATUS OF RNA AS ENGRAM -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10. FREE NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEIC ACIDSDURING BRAIN DEVELOPMENT -- INTRODUCTION -- FREE NUCLEOTIDES, PRECURSORS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS -- DNA AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT -- RNA AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT -- CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 11. TRANSFER RNA's IN BRAIN -- INTRODUCTION -- PURIFICATION OF tRNA -- CHARACTERIZATION OF tRNA -- ISOACCEPTOR tRNAS -- PROCESSING OF tRNA -- METHYLATION OF tRNA -- OTHER tRNA MODIFICATIONS -- SPECIAL FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS -- EFFECTS OF HORMONES, DRUGS AND ELICITED STATES -- FINAL REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 12. MOLECULAR BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OFDEGENERATION OF THE NERVOUSSYSTEM CAUSED BY AGING ANDSENSORY DEPRIVATION -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. NERVOUS SYSTEM AS A COMPONENT IN THE AGING PROCESS -- 3. AGE RELATED CHANGES AT THE LEVEL OF TRANSCRIPTION -- 4. AGE RELATED CHANGES AT THE LEVEL OF TRANSLATION -- 5. AGE RELATED QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVECHANGES IN PROTEINS -- 6. AGE RELATED CHANGES IN MITOCHONDRIA ANDSYNAPTIC REGIONS -- 7. STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES RELATED TOSENSORY DEPRIVATION -- 8. SENSORY DEPRIVATION AND AGING -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13. NUTRITION AND AMINO ACIDIMBALANCE AS FACTORS INFLUENCINGBRAIN DEVELOPMENT -- CELL PROLIFERATION IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX -- DEVELOPMENT OF THE CEREBELLUM. , NEURONAL CONNECTIVITY -- NEUROTRANSMITTER ENZYMES -- CHARACTERISTIC INFANT AND JUVENILE BRAIN ENZYMES -- UNDERNUTRITION -- UNDERNUTRITION AND METABOLIC COMPARTMENTATION -- EFFECTS OF UNDERNUTRITION AT THE CELLULAR LEVEL -- DIVISION LINKED TO DIFFERENTIATION -- BUdR AND MYELINATION -- REQUIREMENT FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS DURING THECELL CYCLE -- SEX HORMONES AND PROTEIN SYNTHESISIN REGIONAL DIFFERENTIATION -- THE MECHANISM OF STEROID ACTION -- RIBOSOMES, mRNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS -- POLYRIBOSOMES, PROTEIN SYNTHESISAND HYPERPHENYLALANINAEMIA -- THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE INHIBITION OF BRAIN PROTEINSYNTHESIS TO THE STATE OF POLYRIBOSOMAL AGGREGATION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 14. BRAIN AMINO ACIDS -- DISTRIBUTION AND CONTENT OF AMINO ACIDS IN THE BRAIN -- TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS INTO THE BRAIN -- PATHWAYS OF AMINO ACID METABOLISM IN BRAIN -- METABOLIC ERRORS OF AMINO ACID METABOLISMWITH NEUROLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES -- AMINES AND OTHER AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 15. MOLECULAR NEUROBIOLOGY OF MEMORY -- INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO THE PROBLEM -- BEHAVIORAL BIOASSAYS -- ISOLATION OF ACTIVE SUBSTANCES -- TOWARDS A MOLECULAR CODE OF MEMORY -- FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 16. NEURAL TISSUE CULTURE: A BIOCHEMICAL TOOL -- INTRODUCTION -- I. NEURAL TISSUE CULTURE: ORGAN AND ORGANOTYPIC -- II. DISSOCIATED NEURAL CELL CULTURES -- III. NEOPLASTIC NEURAL CELL LINES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 17. NEUROTOXIC EFFECTS OF HEAVYMETALS AND METALLOIDS -- INTRODUCTION -- LEAD -- MERCURY -- ARSENIC -- MANGANESE -- ALUMINUM -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 18. AMINOTRANSFERASES AND THE DEVELOPING BRAIN -- II. AMINOTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY AND MATURATION -- III. REGULATION OF ENZYMATIC ACTIVITYIN THE IMMATURE AND ADULT BRAIN -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 19. ROLE OF CYCLIC AMP INDEVELOPING BRAIN -- INTRODUCTION. , ROLE OF CYCLIC AMP IN NEURAL INDUCTION -- ROLE OF CYCLIC AMP IN REGULATIONOF NEURAL DIFFERENTIATION -- REGULATION OF NEUROTRANSMITTER METABOLIZING ENZYMES -- REGULATION OF ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE -- REGULATION OF GLUCOSE METABOLIZING ENZYMES -- REGULATION OF GANGLIOSIDE METABOLIZING ENZYMES -- REGULATION PROTEASE ACTIVITY -- CHANGES IN NUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEIN SYNTHESISDURING DIFFERENTATIQN -- CHANGES IN POLY A-CONTAINING mRNADURING DIFFERENTIATION -- CHANGES IN THE SYNTHESIS AND PHOSPHORYLATIONOF HISTONE AND NONHISTONE PROTEINS DURINGDIFFERENTIATION -- CHANGES IN ADENYLATE CYCLASE ACTIVITYDURING DIFFERENTIATION -- CHANGES IN INTRACELLULAR LEVEL OF CYCLIC AMP -- CHANGES IN INTRACELLULAR LEVEL OF CYCLIC GMP -- CHANGES IN CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHODIESTERASEACTIVITY DURING DIFFERENTIATION -- CHANGES IN THE CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE BINDING PROTEINSAND CYCLIC AMP-DEPENDENT PHOSPHORYLATION ACTIVITYDURING DIFFERENTIATION -- HYPOTHESIS OF CANCER OF NERVE CELLS -- NERVE GROWTH FACTOR AND CYCLIC AMP -- MECHANISM OF INDUCTION AND DIFFERENTIATION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 20. PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION-INVOLVEMENTIN BRAIN FUNCTION -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THE INVOLVEMENT OF PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATIONIN BRAIN FUNCTION -- III. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 21. NERVE GROWTH FACTOR -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. MOLECULAR PROPERTIES -- III. NGF AND THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM -- IV. EFFECTS OF NGF IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS -- V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 22. BRAIN LYSOSOMES AND LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES -- INTRODUCTION -- PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF LYSOSOMAL ISOENZYMES -- PHYSICOCHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS OF LYSOSOMAL HYDROLASES DURING INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT -- BIOSYNTHESIS, TRANSPORT, GLYCOSYLATION AND PACKAGING OF LYSOSOMAL GLYCOPROTEINS -- SYNTHESIS AND TURNOVER OF LYSOSOMAL GLYCOPROTEINS.RELATION TO pi's. , PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF BRAIN ACID HYDROLASES IN NERVE ENDING AND LYSOSOMAL FRACTIONS.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Numerical Examples -- 1 Molecular Basis of Evolution -- 1.1. Evolutionary Tree of Life -- 1.2. Mechanism of Evolution -- 1.3. Structure and Function of Genes -- 1.4. Mutational Changes of DNA Sequences -- 1.5. Codon Usage -- 2 Evolutionary Change of Amino Acid Sequences -- 2.1. Amino Acid Differences and Proportion of Different Amino Acids -- 2.2. Poisson Correction (PC) and Gamma Distances -- 2.3. Bootstrap Variances and Covariances -- 2.4. Amino Acid Substitution Matrix -- 2.5. Mutation Rate and Substitution Rate -- 3 Evolutionary Change of DNA Sequences -- 3.1. Nucleotide Differences Between Sequences -- 3.2. Estimation of the Number of Nucleotide Substitutions -- 3.3. Gamma Distances -- 3.4. Numerical Estimation of Evolutionary Distances -- 3.5. Alignment of Nucleotide Sequences -- 3.6. Handling of Sequence Gaps in the Estimation of Evolutionary Distances -- 4 Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Nucleotide Substitutions -- 4.1. Evolutionary Pathway Methods -- 4.2. Methods Based on Kimura's 2-Parameter Model -- 4.3. Nucleotide Substitutions at Different Codon Positions -- 4.4. Likelihood Methods with Codon Substitution Models -- 5 Phylogenetic Trees -- 5.1. Types of Phylogenetic Trees -- 5.2. Topological Differences -- 5.3. Tree-Building Methods -- 6 Phylogenetic Inference: Distance Methods -- 6.1. UPGMA -- 6.2. Least Squares (LS) Methods -- 6.3. Minimum Evolution (ME) Method -- 6.4. Neighbor Joining (NJ) Method -- 6.5. Distance Measures to Be Used for Phylogenetic Reconstruction -- 7 Phylogenetic Inference: Maximum Parsimony Methods -- 7.1. Finding Maximum Parsimony (MP) Trees -- 7.2. Strategies of Searching for MP Trees -- 7.3. Consensus Trees -- 7.4. Estimation of Branch Lengths -- 7.5. Weighted Parsimony -- 7.6. MP Methods for Protein Data -- 7.7. Shared Derived Characters. , 8 Phylogenetic Inference: Maximum Likelihood Methods -- 8.1. Computational Procedure of ML Methods -- 8.2. Models of Nucleotide Substitution -- 8.3. Protein Likelihood Methods -- 8.4. Theoretical Foundation of ML Methods -- 8.5. Parameter Estimation for a Given Topology -- 9 Accuracies and Statistical Tests of Phylogenetic Trees -- 9.1. Optimization Principle and Topological Errors -- 9.2. Interior Branch Tests -- 9.3. Bootstrap Tests -- 9.4. Tests of Topological Differences -- 9.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Tree-Building Methods -- 10 Molecular Clocks and Linearized Trees -- 10.1. Molecular Clock Hypothesis -- 10.2. Relative Rate Tests -- 10.3. Phylogenetic Tests -- 10.4. Linearized Trees -- 11 Ancestral Nucleotide and Amino Acid Sequences -- 11.1. Inference of Ancestral Sequences: Parsimony Approach -- 11.2. Inference of Ancestral Sequences: Bayesian Approach -- 11.3. Synonymous and Nonsynonymous Substitutions in Ancestral Branches -- 11.4. Convergent and Parallel Evolution -- 12 Genetic Polymorphism and Evolution -- 12.1. Evolutionary Significance of Genetic Polymorphism -- 12.2. Analysis of Allele Frequency Data -- 12.3. Genetic Variation in Subdivided Populations -- 12.4. Genetic Variation for Many Loci -- 12.5. DNA Polymorphism -- 12.6. Statistical Tests for Detecting Selection -- 13 Population Trees from Genetic Markers -- 13.1. Genetic Distance for Allele Frequency Data -- 13.2. Analysis of DNA Sequences by Restriction Enzymes -- 13.3. Analysis of RAPD Data -- 14 Perspectives -- 14.1. Statistical Methods -- 14.2. Genome Projects -- 14.3. Molecular Biology and Evolution -- Appendices -- A. Mathematical Symbols and Notations -- B. Geological Timescale -- C. Geological Events in the Cenozoic and Mesozoic Eras -- D. Organismal Evolution Based on the Fossil Record -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I. , L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Z.