Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Air Pollution and Plant Health -- 1.2 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Air Quality: Global and Regional Emissions of Particulate Matter, SOx, and NOx -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Air Quality and Its Implications -- 2.1.2 Air Pollutants -- 2.2 Particulate Matter -- 2.2.1 Global and Regional Emissions of Particulate Matter -- 2.3 Oxides of Sulfur -- 2.3.1 Global and Regional Emissions of Oxides of Sulfur -- 2.4 Oxides of Nitrogen -- 2.4.1 Global and Regional Emissions of Oxides of Nitrogen -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- 3: Urban Air Pollutants and Their Impact on Biota -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Results of Monitoring -- 3.3.2 The Influence of Air Pollution on Plants -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Mechanisms of Plant Pollutant Uptake as Related to Effective Biomonitoring -- 4.1 Introduction -- Air Pollution and Biomonitoring -- Plants as Bioindicators -- 4.2 Comparison of PAH Accumulation in Plants -- PAH Accumulation in Pine Needles and Mosses -- Characteristics of PAHs -- Differences in PAH Accumulation in Pine Needles and Mosses -- PAH Proportions -- PAH Isomer Ratios -- 4.3 Influence of Plant Uptake Mechanisms on Their PAH Accumulation -- What Causes the Differences in the Accumulation of PAHs? -- Leaf Structure -- Uptake Mechanisms -- Influence of Soil Particles -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- 5: Role of Global Warming and Plant Signaling in BVOC Emissions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 BVOC Emissions: Why and How -- 5.2.1 Mechanism of BVOC Emission -- 5.2.2 Role of Isoprene Synthase -- 5.3 Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of BVOCs -- 5.3.1 Production of Tropospheric Ozone -- 5.3.2 Secondary Aerosol Formation -- 5.4 Factors Affecting BVOC Emission. , 5.4.1 Taxonomic Characteristics -- 5.4.2 Temperature -- 5.4.2.1 Thermotolerance -- 5.4.3 Soil Moisture -- 5.5 BVOC Emission and Global Warming -- 5.6 BVOCs and Plant Signaling (Plant-Plant and Plant-Insect Herbivory) -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- 6: Biochemical Effects of Air Pollutants on Plants -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Effect on Pigment Content -- 6.3 Effect on Sugar Content -- 6.4 Effect on Proline Content -- 6.5 Effect on Enzymatic Activities and Role of Antioxidants -- 6.5.1 Enzymatic Activity and Peptide Defense -- 6.5.1.1 Catalase and Peroxidase -- 6.5.1.2 Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR) -- 6.5.1.3 Ascorbate Reductase (APX) and Glutathione Reductase (GR) -- 6.5.2 Metabolic Compounds' Defense -- 6.5.2.1 Phenolic Compounds -- 6.5.2.2 Nitrogen Compounds -- Alkaloids -- Polyamines -- Amino Acids and Amines -- 6.5.2.3 Other Compounds -- Ascorbic Acid -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Air Pollutants and Photosynthetic Efficiency of Plants -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Leaf Damage -- 7.3 Effects of Gaseous Pollutants on the Photosynthetic Apparatus -- 7.3.1 Ozone -- 7.3.2 Sulphur Dioxide -- 7.3.3 Carbon Dioxide -- 7.3.4 Nitrogen Oxides -- 7.3.5 Pollutant Mixtures -- 7.4 Effect of Other Pollutants on the Photosynthesis -- 7.4.1 Peroxyacyl Nitrates -- 7.4.2 Fluorides -- 7.4.3 Acidic Rain and Fog -- 7.4.4 Particulate Matter -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8: Effect of Air Pollutants on Plant Gaseous Exchange Process: Effect on Stomata and Respiration -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Plant Responses to Air Pollutants -- 8.3 Entry and Effects of Pollutants on Plants -- 8.3.1 Uptake of Pollutants -- 8.3.2 Effect on Cuticle and Stomata -- 8.3.3 Effect on Plant Water Balance -- 8.3.4 Effect on Respiration -- 8.3.4.1 Respiratory Response to High Concentration of Pollutants. , 8.3.4.2 Respiratory Response to Low Concentration of Pollutants -- 8.3.4.3 Effect of Pollutants on Photorespiration -- 8.3.4.4 Changes in Respiration in Association with Photosynthesis -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9: Tropospheric Ozone: Impacts on Respiratory and Photosynthetic Processes -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ozone Uptake and Effects -- 9.3 Effect of Ozone on Carbon Metabolism -- 9.3.1 Case of Woody Plants -- 9.3.2 Case of Herbaceous Plants -- 9.4 Ozone and Primary Metabolism -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Air Pollution Stress and Plant Response -- 10.1 The Cuticle and Its Interaction with Atmospheric Pollutants -- 10.2 Structural Changes Under the Effect of Air Pollution on Plants -- 10.2.1 Case Study 1 -- 10.2.2 Case Study 2 -- 10.3 Relationship Between Pollution and Fluctuating Asymmetry -- References -- 11: Biomonitoring and Remediation by Plants -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Significance of Biomonitoring -- 11.1.2 Definition of Biomonitoring and Terminology -- 11.2 Biomonitoring by the Deposition/Accumulation of Air Pollutants in Plant Tissue -- 11.2.1 Biomonitoring of Nitrogen Deposition -- 11.2.2 Biomonitoring for Sulfur Deposition -- 11.2.3 Biomonitoring for Dust Deposition -- 11.2.4 Biomonitoring of the Chemical Component of Dust -- 11.2.4.1 Dustfall Fluxes of SO42- and NO3− on Foliar Surfaces -- 11.2.5 Biomonitoring of Deposition of Heavy Metals -- 11.2.6 Biomonitoring of Gaseous Pollutants Due To Changes Through Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Plants -- 11.2.6.1 Monitoring of Crops, Vegetables, and Trees Damaged by Air Pollution -- 11.2.6.2 Biomonitoring of Dust Particles Through Foliar Surface Morphology Observation -- 11.3 Phytoremediation of Atmospheric Pollutants -- 11.3.1 Principles of Phytoremediation -- 11.3.2 Two-Compartment Model for Phytoremediation. , 11.3.3 Properties of Air Phytoremediators: Ornamental Plants and Woody Trees -- 11.3.4 Examples of Phytoremediation of Various Air Pollutants -- 11.3.4.1 Particulate Matter -- 11.3.4.2 Heavy Metals -- 11.3.4.3 Inorganic Pollutants -- NOX and particulate N -- SO2 -- 11.3.4.4 Organic Pollutants -- 11.4 Applications of Genetic Engineering for Phytoremediation -- 11.4.1 Transgenic Plants for NO2 and VOC Pollution Control -- 11.4.2 Gas-Gas-Converting Plants That Convert Nitrogen Dioxide to Gaseous Nitrogen -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- 12: Air Pollution Control Policies and Regulations -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Control Method of Air Pollution -- 12.2.1 Source Emission Control -- 12.2.1.1 Replacement of Raw Material -- 12.2.1.2 Modification of Equipment -- 12.2.2 Pollution Control Equipment -- 12.2.2.1 Control Devices for Particulate Contaminants -- 12.2.2.2 Control Devices for Gaseous Contaminants -- Absorption -- Adsorption -- Condensation -- Combustion -- 12.2.3 Rules and Regulations -- 12.2.4 Bharat/Euro Emission Standards -- 12.2.5 Steps of Enforcement of Environmental Legislation -- 12.2.6 Case Study -- 12.3 IPCC and IPPC Recommendation for Plant Health -- References -- 13: Pollution and Plants: Changing Policy Paradigms -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Air Pollution: A Stinking Killer -- 13.2.1 Transportation Sector -- 13.2.2 Domestic Sector -- 13.2.3 Industrial Sector -- 13.2.4 Energy Sector -- 13.3 Need for Policies for Plants -- 13.3.1 National Forest Policy, 1988 -- 13.3.1.1 Green Belts as Sinks of Gases -- 13.3.2 Green India Mission -- 13.3.3 Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) -- 13.3.4 Compensatory Afforestation -- 13.4 Changing Policy Paradigm -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14: Tropospheric O3: A Cause of Concern for Terrestrial Plants -- 14.1 Introduction. , 14.2 Ozone Formation -- 14.3 Variations in Ozone Concentrations: Present Scenario and Future Projections -- 14.3.1 Worldwide O3 Distribution -- 14.3.2 Ozone Concentration: An Indian Perspective -- 14.3.3 Future Projections in O3 Concentrations -- 14.4 Ozone-Generated Oxidative Stress and Related Responses -- 14.4.1 Ozone-Induced ROS Formation and Signal Transduction -- 14.4.2 ROS Detoxification Mechanisms: Antioxidative Defense Responses -- 14.5 Physiological Responses -- 14.5.1 Photosynthetic Rate, Stomatal Conductance, and Photosynthetic Efficiency -- 14.5.2 Photosynthetic Pigments -- 14.5.3 RuBisCO Content -- 14.5.4 Secondary Metabolism -- 14.6 Secondary Responses -- 14.6.1 Herbs, Grasses, and Native Species -- 14.6.2 Plant Communities -- 14.6.3 Change in Competitive Hierarchies -- 14.6.4 Changes in Forage Quality and Herbivory Pattern -- 14.6.5 Induction and Suppression of Pathogenicity -- 14.7 Yield Response -- 14.8 IPCC Projections for O3 Concentrations and Yield Losses -- 14.9 Conclusions -- References.

Note: Includes bibliographical references at the end of each chapters and index , Major Issues of Air PollutionAir Quality Issues -- Needs and Perspectives of Sustainable Air Pollution Management -- Fundamentals of Treatment, and Process Design for Air Pollution Control -- Sustainable Industrial Air Pollution Management -- Sustainable Air Pollution Management in Transportation Sector -- Sustainable Fuel Management -- Air Pollution and Disasters -- Safety Issues in Sustainable Air Pollution Management.

Note: Intro -- Coping with Climate Change -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Tables -- List of Figures -- List of Boxes -- Chapter 1: The History of Climate -- 1.1 Changing the Climate for Development -- 1.2 Formation of Asia -- 1.3 Climate in the Pre-pottery Neolithic -- 1.4 Climate, the First Technological Revolution and Urbanization -- 1.5 Asian Climate After Kyoto Protocol -- References -- Chapter 2: Industrial Revolutions, Climate Change and Asia -- 2.1 Industrial Revolution and Asia -- 2.2 Air Pollution and CO2 -- References -- Chapter 3: Changing Environment: Where Will This Lead to? -- 3.1 Changing Environment and Impact on Biodiversity in Asian Context -- 3.2 Climate Change and Asian Economics -- 3.3 Transcending the Tensions Between Climate and Development -- References -- Chapter 4: Greenhouse Gas Inventory -- 4.1 Green House Gases and Asia -- 4.2 Countrywise Scenario in Asia -- References -- Chapter 5: Climate Change and Hydro-Meteorological Risks in Asia -- 5.1 Introduction to Hydro-Meteorological Disasters -- 5.2 Effect of Climate Change on Hydro-Meteorological Risk -- References -- Chapter 6: Asian Geological Settings: Its Effect on Climate Change and Disaster -- 6.1 Geological Setting and Common Disasters in Asia -- 6.1.1 Main Geographical Features -- 6.2 Climate Change and Disasters After Industrialization -- References -- Chapter 7: Climatic and Non Climatic Hazards: Asian Context -- 7.1 Land Movement Disasters -- 7.2 Water related Disasters -- 7.3 Weather Disasters -- 7.4 Fire -- 7.5 Health and Disease -- 7.6 Cumulative Effect of Man Made and Climatic Hazards -- References -- Chapter 8: Predicting Disaster: Asian Scenario -- 8.1 Non-climate Induced Risks -- 8.2 Climate Induced Disasters -- References -- Chapter 9: Early Warning Systems and Their Effectiveness in Asia -- 9.1 Biological Warning Systems -- 9.2 Man-Made Warning Systems. , References -- Chapter 10: Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation in Asia -- 10.1 Adaptation and Adoption: Human Strategy -- 10.2 Adaptation and Adoption: Strategy of Other Species -- 10.3 Adaptation to Climate Change in the Context of Sustainable Development and Equity -- References -- Chapter 11: Prediction of Regional Climate Change -- 11.1 Factors Affecting Asian Regional Climate -- 11.2 Future Emphasis -- References -- Chapter 12: Capacity Assessment: Is Asia Ready to Face Climate Change -- 12.1 Climate Forecast and Data Products That Support Decision-Making -- 12.2 Making Decision-Support Information Responsive to Decision-Maker -- 12.3 Looking Toward the Future -- References -- Chapter 13: Hazard and Risk Assessment -- 13.1 Aerial Mapping and Surveying -- 13.2 Riverine Flooding Analyses -- 13.3 Coastal Flooding Analyses and Mapping -- 13.4 Shallow Flooding Analyses and Mapping -- 13.5 Ice-Jam Analyses and Mapping -- 13.6 Alluvial Fan Flooding Analyses and Mapping -- 13.7 Mapping of Areas Protected by Levee Systems -- References -- Chapter 14: Preventing and Mitigation of Disasters -- 14.1 Coping with Natural Hazards -- 14.2 Planning and Preparation for Different Time Scales -- 14.3 Planning for Environmental Emergencies and Climate Change -- 14.4 Being Prepared Saves Lives -- References -- Chapter 15: Sea Level Change and Asia -- 15.1 History and Reality of Sea level Change -- 15.2 Impact on Flora and Fauna -- 15.3 Impact on Asian Society -- References -- Chapter 16: Impact on Biodiversity: Asian Scenario -- 16.1 Changing Species Demography -- 16.2 Vanishing Species -- References -- Chapter 17: Changing Livelihood Due to Climate Change: Asian Perspective -- 17.1 Difficulties in Agriculture -- 17.1.1 Rice -- 17.1.2 Potato -- 17.1.3 Wheat -- 17.1.4 Maize -- 17.1.5 Tomato -- 17.1.6 Cassava -- 17.1.7 Rubber -- 17.1.8 Sugar Cane. , 17.1.9 Groundnut -- 17.1.10 Garlic -- 17.1.11 Onion -- 17.1.12 Oil Palm -- 17.1.13 Asparagus -- 17.1.14 Cocoa -- 17.1.15 Horticultural Crops -- 17.1.16 Livestock -- 17.1.17 Pests and Diseases -- 17.2 Dropping Fish Reserves -- 17.3 Diminishing Forest -- References -- Chapter 18: Accelerating Innovation and Decelerating Climate Change -- 18.1 The Tools, Technologies, and Institutions -- 18.2 International Collaboration -- 18.3 Kyoto Protocol and Asia -- 18.4 Public Programs, Policies, and Innovation -- 18.5 Existing Climate-Finance Instruments -- 18.5.1 Uncertain Environmental Integrity -- 18.5.2 Inadequate Contribution to Sustainable Development -- 18.5.3 Weak Governance and Inefficient Operation -- 18.5.4 Limited Scope -- 18.5.5 Uncertainty About Market Continuity -- 18.5.6 Cash and Carbon May Not Move in Same Direction -- References -- Appendix A: Glossary -- Appendix B: Abbreviation Used in This Book -- Appendix C: Impact of Climate Change on Individual Asian Countries -- Afghanistan -- Armenia -- Azerbaijan -- Bahrain -- Bangladesh -- Bhutan -- Brunei Darussalam -- Cambodia -- China -- East Timor -- India -- Indonesia -- Iran -- Iraq -- Israel -- Japan -- Jordan -- Kazakhstan -- Korea, Dem. People´s Republic -- Korea, Republic of -- Kuwait -- Kyrgyzstan -- Lao -- Lebanon -- Malaysia -- Mongolia -- Myanmar -- Nepal -- Oman -- Pakistan -- Papua New Guinea -- Philippines -- Saudi Arabia -- Singapore -- Sri Lanka -- Syria -- Tajikistan -- Thailand -- Turkey -- Turkmenistan -- United Arab Emirates -- Uzbekistan -- Vietnam -- Yemen -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Boxes -- 1 Major Issues of Air Pollution -- Abstract -- 1.1 Acid Rain -- 1.2 Global Warming and Climate Change -- 1.3 Ozone Layer Depletion -- 1.4 Atmospheric Brown Cloud -- 1.5 Impact on Flora and Fauna -- 1.6 Impact on Crop Yield -- 1.7 Impact on Material -- 1.8 Impact on Human Health -- 1.9 Black Snow and Muddy Snow -- 1.10 Water Pollution -- 1.11 Soil Pollution -- 1.12 Loss of Economy -- 1.13 Visibility -- References -- 2 Air Quality Issues -- Abstract -- 2.1 Types of Air Pollutants -- 2.1.1 Natural Air Pollutants -- 2.1.2 Anthropogenic Air Pollutants -- 2.2 Regulatory Issues -- 2.3 Standards and Consents -- 2.3.1 Ambient Air Quality Standards -- 2.3.2 Emission Standards -- 2.4 Agriculture and Air Pollution -- 2.5 Indoor Air Pollution -- 2.6 Air Pollution Management for Wildlife Conservation -- 2.7 Zoning Atlas for Urban Development -- 2.8 Air Pollution Management in Urban Settlement -- 2.9 Air Pollution in Rural Areas -- 2.10 Air Quality Deterioration -- 2.11 Air Quality Monitoring and Inventorization -- 2.11.1 Sampling -- 2.11.1.1 Passive Sampling -- 2.11.2 Source Apportionment Study -- 2.11.3 Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System -- 2.11.4 Air Quality Modelling -- 2.11.5 Scale of Model -- 2.11.5.1 Global -- 2.11.5.2 Continental -- 2.11.5.3 Regional -- 2.11.5.4 Mesoscale -- 2.11.5.5 Microscale -- 2.11.6 Trajectories -- 2.11.7 Mathematical Principles -- 2.11.7.1 Box Model -- 2.11.7.2 Gaussian Model -- 2.11.7.3 Eulerian Model -- 2.11.7.4 Lagrangian Model -- References -- 3 Needs and Perspectives of Sustainable Air Pollution Management -- Abstract -- 3.1 History of Air Pollution and Its Management -- 3.2 Air Pollution Sources -- 3.2.1 Unsustainable Characteristics -- 3.3 Air Pollution Control Systems -- 3.4 Influence of Meteorology on Air Pollution. , 3.4.1 Lapse Rate and Dispersion -- 3.4.2 Pressure System and Dispersion -- 3.5 Winds and Dispersion -- 3.6 Economics of Air Pollution -- 3.7 Integrated Air Pollution Management -- 3.7.1 Afforestation -- 3.7.2 Urban Planning -- 3.7.3 Pollution Tax -- 3.7.4 Pollution Trading -- 3.7.5 International Laws -- 3.7.6 National and Regional Laws -- 3.8 Population Control -- 3.9 Air Pollution Management by Citizens Initiative -- 3.9.1 Public Interest Litigation -- 3.9.2 Complaints and Letters -- 3.9.3 Website and Blogs -- 3.9.4 Agitation -- 3.10 Air Pollution Management by Initiative of Mass Media -- References -- 4 Fundamentals of Treatment, and Process Design for Air Pollution Control -- Abstract -- 4.1 History of Air Pollution Regulatory Issues Across the World -- 4.1.1 Low-Tech Versus Hi-Tech -- 4.1.2 Low Cost Versus High Cost -- 4.2 Design Principles for Sustainable Air Pollution Management -- 4.2.1 Low Carbon -- 4.2.2 Low Energy -- 4.2.3 Low Chemical -- 4.2.4 Modelling of Treatment Processes to Attain Sustainability -- 4.2.5 Operation, Management, Financial, Socio-economic Aspect -- 4.3 Air Pollution Control Equipment for Stationary Sources -- 4.3.1 Settling Chamber -- 4.3.2 Centrifugal Collectors -- 4.3.3 Filter -- 4.3.4 Scrubber and Absorption Towers -- 4.3.5 Biofilters -- 4.3.6 Electrostatic Precipitator -- 4.3.7 Adsorption -- 4.3.8 Condensation, Refrigeration and Cryogenics -- 4.3.9 Combustion -- 4.3.10 Catalytic System -- 4.3.11 Thermal Oxidation -- 4.4 Air Pollution Control in Mobile Sources -- 4.4.1 Positive Crankcase Ventilation System -- 4.4.2 Diesel Particulate Filters -- 4.4.3 Advanced Diesel Engine Technologies -- 4.4.4 Adsorption System -- 4.4.5 Catalytic Systems -- 4.4.5.1 Electrically/Chemically Heated Catalytic Systems -- 4.4.5.2 Close-Coupled Catalyst -- 4.4.5.3 Lean NOx Catalysts -- 4.4.5.4 Diesel Oxidation Catalyst. , 4.4.5.5 New Catalysts -- 4.4.6 Other Control Technologies and Future Trends -- 4.5 Needs of Electrical, Instrumentation and Mechanical Equipments -- 4.5.1 Electrical Equipment and Energy Requirement -- 4.5.2 Instrumentation in Air Pollution Control Equipment -- 4.5.3 Introduction to Piping and Instrumentation (P& -- I) Diagram -- 4.5.4 Mechanical Equipment Requirements and Related Issues -- 4.5.5 Systems and Operational Issues -- 4.5.6 Real Time Control -- 4.5.7 Indicators of Sustainable Performance -- Systems Approach for Sustainability Assessment of Air Infrastructure -- 4.5.8 Trouble Shooting -- 4.5.9 Operational Checks for the Air Pollution Control Equipment -- 4.5.10 Odour Management -- References -- 5 Sustainable Industrial Air Pollution Management -- Abstract -- 5.1 Sustainable Principles in Industrial Air Pollution Management -- 5.1.1 Extended Producer Responsibility -- 5.1.2 Extended Polluters Responsibility -- 5.2 Zoning Atlas for Siting Industry -- 5.3 Green Technology -- 5.4 Green Belt -- 5.5 Environmental Impact Assessment -- 5.6 Environmental Management System -- 5.7 Awareness -- 5.8 Incentives -- 5.9 Enforcement -- 5.9.1 Industries/Activities with High Particulate Emissions -- 5.9.1.1 Mining -- 5.9.1.2 Metal Beneficiating and Extraction -- 5.9.1.3 Thermal Power Plants -- 5.9.1.4 Surface Coating -- 5.9.1.5 Drugs and Pharmaceuticals -- 5.9.1.6 Cement Industries -- 5.9.1.7 Stone Crusher -- 5.9.1.8 Solid Waste Management -- 5.9.1.9 Hot Mix Plant -- 5.9.1.10 Ready Mix Concrete -- 5.9.1.11 Construction Sites -- 5.9.1.12 Entertainment -- 5.9.1.13 Cracker/Explosive Manufacturing -- 5.9.1.14 Brick Kiln -- 5.9.1.15 Rice Mill -- 5.9.1.16 Puffed Rice -- 5.9.1.17 Diesel Generator -- 5.9.1.18 Boiler -- 5.9.1.19 Thermic Heaters -- 5.9.1.20 Tobacco Curing -- 5.9.1.21 Hotels and Restaurants -- 5.9.1.22 Food Industries -- 5.9.1.23 Glass Industry. , 5.9.1.24 Crematoria -- 5.9.1.25 Gas Turbine -- 5.9.2 Industries with Gaseous Pollutants -- 5.9.2.1 Petroleum Refineries -- 5.9.2.2 Chemical Manufacturing -- 5.9.2.3 Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing -- 5.9.2.4 Metal Industries -- 5.9.2.5 Paper Industries -- References -- 6 Sustainable Air Pollution Management in Transportation Sector -- Abstract -- 6.1 Air Transport -- 6.2 Water Transport -- 6.3 Land Transport -- 6.3.1 Shifting to Green Fuel -- 6.3.2 Improving Mass Transportation -- 6.3.3 Ensuring Good Quality Fuel -- 6.3.4 Eco Friendly Engines and Fuel -- 6.3.5 Vehicular Emission Standard -- References -- 7 Sustainable Fuel Management -- Abstract -- 7.1 Sulphur Control at the Point of Fuel Manufacturing -- 7.2 Use of Green Fuel -- 7.3 Mitigation of Fuel Adulteration -- 7.4 Improving Combustion Efficiency -- References -- 8 Air Pollution and Disasters -- Abstract -- 8.1 Floods -- 8.2 Drought -- 8.3 Wild Fire -- 8.4 Earthquake -- 8.5 Tsunami -- 8.6 Volcanic Eruption -- 8.7 Epidemics -- 8.8 Extreme Temperature -- 8.9 Insect Infestation -- 8.10 Mass Movement -- 8.11 Air Pollution Due to Anthropogenic Disasters -- 8.11.1 Wars and Conflicts -- 8.11.2 Fire Accident -- References -- 9 Safety Issues in Sustainable Air Pollution Management -- Abstract -- 9.1 Health, Safety and Sustainability -- 9.2 Safety Issues During Fabrication and Erection of Air Pollution Equipment -- 9.3 Safety Issues During Operation -- References -- Annexure I -- Glossary -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- The Indian Nitrogen Assessment -- Related titles -- The Indian Nitrogen Assessment: Sources of Reactive Nitrogen, Environmental and Climate Effects, Management Options, and Policies -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Foreword -- 1 - Technical Summary -- References -- A - Nitrogen in India in a Global Perspective -- 2 - The Indian Nitrogen Challenge in a Global Perspective -- The Global Nitrogen Challenge -- Nitrogen in Relation to Other Nutrient Cycles -- Emerging Priorities for the Indian Nitrogen Challenge -- The Economic Case for Improving NUE -- Societal Challenge of a Rapidly Growing Economy -- Science and Technological Needs -- Conclusion: India as an Emerging "Nitrogen Champion" -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 - Concepts for Considerations in the Design of an Indian Integrated Nitrogen Assessment -- Introduction -- Overview of the Development of an Integrated Science Assessment -- Evaluation of Reactive Nitrogen Assessments in the USA and Europe -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 - Trends in Fertilizer Nitrogen Production and Consumption in India -- Introduction -- Fertilizer Nitrogen Production -- History and Growth of Nitrogenous Fertilizer Industry -- Nitrogen Production Trends -- Improvement in Fertilizer Production Efficiency -- Fertilizer Nitrogen Consumption -- Skewed Product Pattern -- Zone-Wise/State-Wise Fertilizer Nitrogen Use -- Nitrogen Use by Crops -- Farm Size-Wise Nitrogen Use -- Irrigation Availability -- Impact of Fertilizer Policies -- Demand Supply Projections of Fertilizer Nutrients by 2030-31 -- Demand for Fertilizer Nitrogen -- Supply of Fertilizer Nitrogen -- Conclusion -- References -- B - Nitrogen Processes in the Biosphere -- 5 - Nitrogen Processes in Agroecosystems of India -- Introduction -- Nitrogen Inputs -- Fertilizers -- Manures and Crop Residues. , Biological Nitrogen Fixation -- Other Sources of Nitrogen -- Nitrogen Cycling -- Ammonium Fixation -- Ammonia Volatilization -- Nitrification -- Immobilization-Mineralization -- Denitrification -- N Transformations Under Submerged Agroecosystem -- Leaching -- Plant N Uptake -- Nitrogen Outputs -- Conclusion -- Future Research Needs -- References -- 6 - Nitrogen Balances of Intensively Cultivated Rice-Wheat Cropping Systems in Original Green Revolution States of India -- Introduction -- Pre-green Revolution Scenario -- Green Revolution in India -- Growth of Production Factors in Original Green Revolution States -- Fluxes of Reactive Nitrogen -- Nitrogen Inputs in Original Green Revolution States -- Losses of Nitrogen -- Gaseous Losses of Nitrogen -- Nitrate Leaching -- GroundWater Pollution -- Nitrogen Balances -- Future Scenario -- References -- 7 - Efficient Nitrogen Management Under Predominant Cropping Systems of India -- Introduction -- Soil N: Transformation and Fertility Status -- Nitrogen Application and Its Removal Under Different Cropping Systems -- Nitrogen Use Efficiency Computations -- Management Practices-to Enhance NUE -- Balanced Fertilization -- Integrated Plant Nutrient Supply -- Bulky Organic Manures in IPNS -- Green Manures in IPNS -- Inclusion of Legumes -- Crop Residues in IPNS -- Biofertilizers in IPNS -- Precision N Management for Enhancing NUE -- Right Source -- Right Rate and Time -- Right Method -- Decision Support Tools for Enhancing NUE -- Efficient N Management Under Conservation Agriculture -- Other Important Agronomic Practices for Enhancing NUE -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 - Nitrogen Inputs From Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Indian Agriculture -- Introduction -- Global N and BNF-Historical Trends -- Agrosystem and Nr -- BNF-Nr -- World Agriculture and BNF-Nr -- Indian Agriculture and BNF-Nr -- Food Crops. , Sugarcane -- Fodder Crops -- Agroforestry -- Indian Scenario for Global BNF -- Conclusion and Way Forward -- References -- 9 - Nitrogen Management Paradigm in Horticulture Systems in India -- Introduction -- Biogeochemical Processes in Horti-Ecosystems -- Toward an Ecosystem-Based Approach to Improving N Use Efficiency -- Using Plant Diversity to Restore Ecosystem Functions -- Restoration of Ecosystem Function Through Plant-Microbial Interactions -- Microbially Mediated Processes -- Conclusion -- Future Projections -- References -- 10 - Management and Use Efficiency of Fertilizer Nitrogen in Production of Cereals in India-Issues and Strategies -- Introduction -- Time Trends in Input, Output, and Balance of Nitrogen in Cropping Systems and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in India -- Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Fertilizer Nitrogen Management in Cereals -- Blanket Fertilizer Nitrogen Management Recommendations -- Evolution in the Understanding of Researchers Regarding Better Management of Fertilizer Nitrogen in Cereals -- Site-Specific Fertilizer Nitrogen Management in Cereals -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 - Plant Nitrogen Use Efficiency -- Introduction -- Uptake and Assimilation of Nitrate -- Contribution of Different Plant Parts -- Contribution of Upper Three Leaf Blades -- Pattern of Nitrate Assimilation -- Potential Nitrate Reductase Activity -- Variation in Nitrate Reductase Activity Among Genotypes -- Biochemical Basis of Differential NR Activity in Cultivars -- Physiological Basis of Split Application/Slow-Release N Fertilizers -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 - Nitrogen Nutrition in Crops and Its Importance in Crop Quality -- Introduction -- Metabolic Aspects of N Uptake, Assimilation and Crop Quality -- Nitrogen and Crop Quality -- Cereals -- Oil Seeds -- Fodder Crops -- Horticultural Crops. , Strategies to Improve Crop Quality With Efficient Use of N -- Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- 13 - Nitrogen Dynamics in Grasslands -- Introduction -- Status of Indian Grasslands -- Grassland Nitrogen: Transformations of N -- Grassland Nitrogen: Uptake of N -- Grassland Nitrogen: Forage Composition, Yield and Quality -- Forage Composition -- Forage Yield and Quality -- Grassland Nitrogen: Consumption and Utilization in Ruminant Animals -- Grassland Nitrogen: Animal Health and Production -- Ammonia-Induced Bloat -- Nitrate Toxicity -- Poor Animal Performance -- Grassland Nitrogen: Balances of N in Tropical Grasslands -- Grassland Nitrogen: Environmental Impacts -- Grassland Nitrogen: Future Research -- References -- 14 - Reactive Nitrogen in Agroforestry Systems of India -- Agroforestry and Nitrogen Cycling -- Reactive Nitrogen Addition in Agroforestry System -- Through Trees -- Through Crops and Other External Inputs -- Prospects of Nitrogen Focused Research in Agroforestry -- References -- 15 - Nitrogen and Soil Quality -- Introduction -- Effects of N Use on Soil Quality -- Long-Term Effect of Balanced Fertilization and Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Quality -- Long-Term Effect of Balanced Fertilization and Integrated Nutrient Management on Soil Quality and Crop Productivity -- How to Use N for Improving Soil Health -- Do We Overuse N? -- Conclusion -- References -- 16 - Reactive Nitrogen in Environment vis-à-vis Livestock Production System: Possible Remedies -- Introduction -- Nitrogen Cycle and Reactive Nitrogen -- Livestock Production Systems and Nitrogen Transactions -- N Emissions From Indian Livestock Sector -- Manure Management -- Implications of Other Nitrogenous Compounds -- Mitigation Options -- Productivity Enhancement -- Feed Related Interventions -- Other Interventions -- Conclusion -- References. , 17 - Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Poultry Husbandry-Indian Perspective -- Introduction -- Total Feed and Protein Requirements for Poultry -- Partitioning of Intake Protein into Meat, Eggs, Offal, and Excreta -- Dietary Sources of Proteins -- Improving Nitrogen Utilization in Poultry -- Crude-Protein Concept -- Ideal Amino Acid Concept -- Digestible Amino Acid Concept -- Use of Proteases in Diet -- Dietary Crude Protein Content and Nitrogen Excretion -- Phase Feeding and N Excretion -- Ammonia Emission in Poultry House -- Nitrogen Elimination and Pollution Problems -- Poultry Litter and Dropping as Fertilizer -- Recycling of Poultry Slaughter House Wastes -- References -- 18 - Assessment of Nitrogen in Freshwater Aquaculture in India -- Introduction -- Nitrogen in Pond Environment -- Sources of N -- Transformation of N in Freshwater Ponds -- Nitrogen Cycle -- Availability Under Different Culture Situations -- Critical Levels of N -- Addition of Nitrogen Through External Sources -- Magnitudes of Nitrogen Loss -- N Budget -- Options for Better Nitrogen Management in the Culture Systems -- Way Forward -- References -- 19 - Nitrogen Assessment and Management in Brackish-Water Aquaculture of India -- Introduction -- Brackish-Water Aquaculture and Culture Systems -- Source Waters (Creek/Sea Water) -- N Flows in Coastal Water Ecosystems -- N Flows in Brackish-Water Aquaculture Ponds -- Role of N in Brackish-Water Ecosystems -- Role as a Nutrient -- N as Nutrient Through Manures and Fertilizers -- N as Nutrient Through Feed -- N as Toxicant -- N Role in Eutrophication -- Nitrogen Transformation/Dynamics and Budgeting -- N Forms, Sources and Emissions in Brackish-Water Aquaculture Ponds -- Factors Affecting the Mineralization of Organic N in Brackish-Water Fish/Shrimp Pond Soils -- Role of Manuring, Fertilization, and Feeding on N Dynamics -- N Budgeting. , Nitrogen Management.