Keywords:
Polyfluorenes.
;
Electronic books.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (182 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9783642218729
Series Statement:
The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Series ; v.17
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=3067258
DDC:
620.192
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Polyfluorinated Chemicals and Transformation Products -- Series Preface -- Volume Preface -- Contents -- Chemistry, Properties, and Uses of Commercial Fluorinated Surfactants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemistry of Fluorinated Surfactants -- 2.1 Electrochemical Fluorination -- 2.2 Telomerization: Fluorotelomers -- 2.3 Per- and Poly- Fluorinated Ethers -- 2.4 Fluorinated Oxetanes -- 2.5 Spacers -- 3 Properties -- 4 Commercial Uses -- 4.1 Aqueous Film-Forming Foams -- 4.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery -- 4.3 Coatings -- 4.4 Industrial and Institutional -- 4.5 Electroplating and Electrowinning -- 4.6 Electronics -- 4.7 Paper -- 4.8 Mining -- 4.9 Photographic Films -- 4.10 Fluoropolymer Polymerization Aid -- 4.11 Pesticide Application -- 5 Summary -- References -- Perfluorinated Compounds: Occurrence and Uses in Products -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Family of PFCs -- 3 Physical Properties of PFC -- 4 Historic Emissions of PFCs -- 5 PFCs in Articles and Their Exposure -- References -- Mass Spectrometric Approaches to Reveal Biotransformation Products from Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemicals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Properties of Fluorine and Fluorinated Organic Compounds and the Implications for Analytical Purposes and Environmental Behavior -- 3 Instrumental Setup -- 3.1 Biodegradation Setup -- 3.2 Chromatographic Separations -- 3.3 Mass Spectrometry -- 3.3.1 Atmospheric Pressure Ionization -- 3.3.2 Mass Analyzers -- 4 Approaches to Detect Novel Metabolites -- 4.1 General Modus Operandi -- 4.2 GC-MS -- 4.3 LC-MS(/MS) -- 4.3.1 Single Quadrupole Instruments -- 4.3.2 Triple Quadrupole Instruments -- 5 Structure Determination of Unknown Compounds -- 5.1 General Modus Operandi -- 5.2 MS Modes Used to Determine Structures -- 5.3 Fragmentation of Fluorinated Compounds -- References -- Sorption and Leaching Behavior of Perfluorinated Compounds in Soil.
,
1 Introduction -- 2 Sorption and Soil Passage -- 2.1 Laboratory Sorption Experiments -- 2.2 Sorption and Distribution in the Environment -- 2.3 Soil Passage -- 3 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Polyfluorinated Chemicals in European Surface Waters, Ground- and Drinking Waters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 PFC Concentrations in Surface Waters in Europe -- 2.1 Northern Europe -- 2.2 Central Europe -- 2.3 Southern Europe -- 2.4 Western Europe (United Kingdom) -- 2.5 Eastern Europe -- 3 PFC Concentrations in Groundwater -- 3.1 PFCs in Groundwater at Severely Polluted Sites -- 3.2 Monitoring Campaigns for PFCs in Groundwater -- 4 PFCs in Drinking Water -- 4.1 Occurrence of PFCs in Drinking Water -- 4.2 Behavior of PFCs During Drinking Water Preparation -- 5 Summary -- References -- Treatment Options for the Removal and Degradation of Polyfluorinated Chemicals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physical Treatment -- 2.1 Adsorption -- 2.2 Membrane Filtration -- 3 Oxidative Chemical and Physicochemical Treatment -- 3.1 Incineration -- 3.2 Sonolysis -- 3.3 Advanced Oxidation -- 3.4 Alternative Oxidation Systems -- 3.4.1 Sulfate Radical Anions -- 3.4.2 Electrolysis -- 3.4.3 Photolysis -- 4 Reduction -- 5 Biological Degradation -- 6 Promising Approaches for Combined Treatment Techniques -- 6.1 PAC-MF/UF -- 6.2 Ozone-AC -- 6.3 PAC-Activated Sludge -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Perfluorinated Compounds in Food -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Overview of Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Food -- 2.1 Storage and Conservation of Food Samples for PFC Analysis -- 2.2 Food Sample Pretreatment, Extraction and Clean-Up -- 2.3 Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of the Determination -- 3 Sources of Food Contamination -- 4 Food Contamination: Daily Intakes and Safety Limits -- 4.1 Fish Contamination -- 4.2 Foodstuff Studies -- 5 Conclusions and Future Trends -- References.
,
Human Biomonitoring of Perfluorinated Compounds -- 1 General Aspects on Human Biomonitoring -- 1.1 Perfluorinated Compounds Studied in HBM -- 2 Determination of PFC in Human Biomonitoring -- 3 PFC Concentrations in Blood Plasma/Serum -- 3.1 Exposure of German Residents in Arnsberg to PFC-Contaminated Drinking Water -- 3.2 Exposure of U.S. American Residents in the Mid-Ohio Valley to PFC: C8 Health Project -- 4 Elimination Half-Life -- 5 Time Trends of PFC Levels in HBM -- 6 How to Interpret PFC Levels in HBM? -- References -- Index.
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