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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 70 (1999), S. 2140-2149 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: A spherical field meter has been developed to measure the atmospheric electric field vector above the ground surface. Its calibrations in the radial and linear electric fields and the method to find out the distortion coefficients are described. Extensive measurements of the components of the atmospheric electric field and the resulting electric field vector in fair weather and during the passage of a small dust devil over the spherical field meter are reported. Observations made at Pune (18°32′ N, 73°51′ E, 559 m above msl), show that in fair weather the horizontal component of the electric field may be upto 5% of the vertical component. Variations in the horizontal components of the electric field when averaged over an interval of more than 4 s are small and are generally but not always identical to its vertical components. However, at a frequency of few Hertz, variations in the horizontal components may be comparatively larger and generally independent of the vertical components. Observations made during the passage of a small dust devil over the spherical field meter show the development of appreciable horizontal component of electric field above the ground surface. These observations demonstrate the capability and reliability of the spherical field meter to measure the magnitude and direction of the electric field vector. They also demonstrate that the movement of small space charge pockets close to the surface may cause the development of horizontal component of the electric field. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Review of Scientific Instruments 62 (1991), S. 1078-1083 
    ISSN: 1089-7623
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics , Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology
    Notes: An apparatus has been developed that can separate various particles near the ground surface under a rainshower into three different size categories and can measure the electric charge of each category. The apparatus consists of three stages. In the first stage, raindrops of millimeter size are collected by their gravitational fall in a funnel. In the second stage, air containing smaller particles is circulated through a helical tube so that particles of the size of cloud droplet (∼100 μm) are collected by centrifugal force acting on them. In the third stage air is passed through an absolute filter that entraps particles larger than 0.3 μm with 99.97% efficiency. The three stages are insulated from each other and from the ground. The signal received from each stage is amplified and recorded on a strip chart recorder. Laboratory tests and preliminary measurements made with the apparatus under rainshowers are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 240 (1972), S. 143-144 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The observations reported here consisted of measurements of atmospheric electric potential gradient with a radioactive probe at ground level, space charge by the filtration technique suggested by Obolensky1 and Moore et al.2, and wind speed with a three-cup anemometer, at 1.25 m above the ground. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Während der Sonnenfinsternis vom 7. März 1970 wurden im östlichen Teil der USA an fünf Bodenstationen und mittels dreier Serien von aerologischen Messungen das luftelektrische Feld, der Vertikalstrom, die Raumladung und die Leitfähigkeit gemessen. Die Frage, ob die beobachteten luftelektrischen Folgen der Sonnenfinsternis durch bodennahe Vorgänge (im Zusammenhang mit dem Austausch) erzeugt werden oder auch durch Prozesse in großer Höhe, kann immer noch nicht sicher beantwortet werden. Es war jedoch möglich, eine spekulative Hypothese vorzuschlagen, mit der — auf Grund der erstgenannten Annahme —die Mehrzahl der Beobachtungen erklärbar wird. Der vielleicht wichtigste Gewinn aus dieser Beobachtungsreihe ist eine bessere Abschätzmöglichkeit für die bei solchen Messungen zu stellenden Anforderungen. Wie es außerdem scheint, können einfache Modelle die Aufeinanderfolge des beobachteten Verlaufs nicht erklären.
    Notes: Summary Measurements of the electric field, the vertical current density, space charge and conductivity have been carried out at five ground stations and three series of free-air measurements during the 7 March 1970 solar eclipse in and near the totality zone. The problem whether the observed variations in electric parameters are caused by near-ground processes (related to eddy diffusion) or by highaltitude processes is not yet solved. It was possible, however, to offer a speculative explanation with the first assumption for the majority of the observations. The most important conclusion is the ecquisition of a better understanding of the requirements for measurements made for investigating solar eclipse effects. Also, it seems that simple models are not sufficient to explain the sequence of variations seen in the data.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 32 (1983), S. 145-153 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Auf der Bergstation Mahabaleshwar, die in der Zeit des Südwest-Monsuns meist ganz mit Stratus- und Stratocumuluswolken bedeckt ist, wurden Ladungen der Regentropfen, das elektrische Feld, die Raumladung und die Regenintensität gemessen. Dabei wurden negative Potentialgradienten kleiner als −300 V/m, nur wenig schwankende Raumladungen und negative Ladungen an 71% der Gesamtzahl von geladenen Tropfen als vorherrschend beobachtet. Die Gesamtladung, die durch den Niederschlag zum Boden gebracht wird, wurde als negative Ladung festgestellt. Die Analyse der elektrischen Charakteristiken von fünf Schauern weisen auf keine unterschiedlichen Gruppen hin, in die diese Schauer eingeteilt werden müßten.
    Notes: Summary Raindrop charges, electric field, space charge and rainfall intensity have been measured at a mountain station, Mahabaleshwar, during the southwest monsoon season when it is almost always covered with stratus and strato-cumulus clouds. Negative potential gradients of less than −300 V/m, small fluctuating space charges and negative charges on 71% of the total number of the charged raindrops have been observed to prevail. Net charge being transported by precipitation to the ground has been observed to be negative. Analysis of the electrical characteristics of five different showers indicates no distinct groups in which these showers need be divided.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 34 (1985), S. 37-50 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Geschwindigkeitsänderungen von geladenen Wolken- und Niederschlagsteilchen infolge der Einwirkung starker elektrischer Kräfte verursachen in kleinen Regionen von Gewitterwolken eine Akkumulation dieser Teilchen verbunden mit einer intensiven elektrischen Aufladung. Diese Partikelakkumulation kann die mikrophysikalischen Eigenschaften einer solchen Region modifizieren. Für derartige Gebiete warden daher für verschiedene Werte des elektrischen Feldes, der Tropfenladungen und der Aufwinddrift die Änderungen in den Größenverteilungen der Wolken- und Niederschlagspartikel, des Regenwassergehaltes und der Regenfallintensität berechnet. Dabei zeigen modifizierte Größenverteilungen von Niederschlagspartikeln eine allgemeine Zunahme in der Konzentration von großen Teilchen. Ein Maximum erhält man für Partikel mit einer Größe, deren Geschwindigkeiten unter dem Einfluß der Schwerkraft und der elektrischen Kraft gleich groß sind wie die Aufwärtsdrift, aber in die entgegengesetzte Richtung weisen. In diesen Regionen nimmt dann der Regenwassergehalt zu, die Regenfälle nehmen jedoch ab. Der Größenbereich der Partikel, die zum Maximum des Regenwassergehaltes beitragen ist um so größer, je stärker das elektrische Feld und die Partikelladungen sind. Diese Partikel liefern aber keinen Beitrag zum Maximum der Regenfallintensität. Für jede merkliche Änderung in der Größenverteflung der Wolkenpartikel ist eine Verstärkung des elektrischen Feldes und der Partikelladungen erforderlich. Aufgrund der gewonnenen Resultate ist daher anzunehmen, daß das Schweben von Partikeln in Regionen mit starker elektrischer Aufladung einen „Platzregen” aus Gewitterwolken verursachen bzw, zu einem derartigen Phänomen beitragen kann.
    Notes: Summary Changes in the velocity of charged cloud and precipitation particles due to large electrical forces acting on them, cause them to accumulate in small regions of intense electrification in thunderclouds. These accumulations of particles can modify the microphysical properties of such regions. Here we have calculated the changes in size-distribution of the cloud and precipitation particles, the rain water content and the rainfall intensity in these regions for different values of electric field, drop charges and updraft speed. Modified size-distributions of precipitation particles show a general increase in concentrations of large particles and a maxima for particle sizes whose velocity under the influence of gravitational and electrical forces is equal and opposite to the updraft speed. Rain water content increases and the rainfall generally decreases in such regions. Size-range of the particles contributing the maximum to the rain water content is higher in higher electric fields and for large particle charges. However, size-range of particles contribute the maximum to the rainfall intensity. For any appreciable change in size-distribution of cloud particles, the electric field and the particle charges have to be very large. In view of the above results, it is suggested that levitation of the particles in regions of intense electrification may cause or contribute to the rain gush phenomenon in thunderclouds.
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-10-08
    Description: The scope of this paper is to explore the mechanisms operating over Maitri (70.76 o S, 11.74 o E, 117 m AMSL), a coastal Antarctic station, that produce an anomalous fair-weather diurnal pattern of the atmospheric electric Potential Gradient (PG) and air-Earth current density (AEC). The anomaly in the diurnal variations of AEC and the PG is displaying an ostensible minimum at ~10 UT and a diminished response to the thunderstorm over the African continent in the 14-16 UT time frame. The data sets (2005-2014, except 2012) of the PG, and to some extent, AEC, from Maitri, are used to explore this anomaly. It follows that the fair-weather electrical phenomena over Maitri can be ascribed to global electrified convection on the one hand and to regional phenomena like convection due to the replacement of warm air by katabatic winds on the other hand. The katabatic winds originate on the polar plateau, and blow from ~130° at Maitri are likely to transport various elements from the mountain slopes and space charge from the polar plateau is expected to produce various disturbances in the PG and AEC monitored over the coastal Antarctica. This mechanism may be responsible for peaks in the early UT hours and so also for the anomalous behavior of atmospheric electrical parameters observed at Maitri. Maitri data is compared with that of Carnegie cruise and Vostok to explain the source of anomaly.
    Print ISSN: 0148-0227
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
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