Note: Intro -- PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH IN NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Introduction -- Part I Background -- Chapter 1 Approaches to Resource Conservation -- Traditional Scientific Approaches -- Conventional Methods of Intervention for Natural Resource Management -- Participatory Approaches -- Evaluation of an Alternative -- Chapter 2 Participatory Action Research -- Action Research: A Brief History -- Applications of Participatory Action Research for Natural Resource Management -- Is Participatory Action Research Scientific? -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Conceptual Framework -- The Interpretationist Tradition -- An Interpretative Model -- The Extended Rationality Postulate -- The Constructivist Model -- Case Study Methods -- Chapter 4 The Resource Management Problem -- Tropical Deforestation -- The Setting -- PAET: Programa Agro-Ecologico da Transamazônica -- Part II The Participatory Action Research Experience -- Chapter 5 The Partnership with Farmers' Organizations -- The Starting Point -- Development of the PAET Program -- Activities Undertaken -- Results of the Partnership with Farmers' Organizations -- Chapter 6 Case Studies of the Multiple Stakeholders Platform Method -- Assumptions About the Multiple Stakeholders Platform Method Used in Municipal Participatory Planning -- Case I: Uruará -- Case II: Porto de Moz -- Case III: Altamira -- Lessons from the Case Studies -- Conclusions on the Platform Method of Participatory Planning -- The Potential of Participatory Action Research for Testing Methods -- Photo Essay -- Chapter 7 Results at the Farm Level -- Research Development on Perennial Crops and Agroforestry -- The Credit Debate -- Evaluation of PAET from the Farmers' Point of View -- The Learning Process -- Conclusion -- Part III Lessons from the Participatory Action Research in the Transamazônica. , Chapter 8 The Relationship Between Farmers and Researchers: Why There Was No Common Strategy -- Lack of MPST Interest in Sustainable Development and Better Management of Natural Resources -- The Farmers' Perspective -- Failure to Communicate? -- Evaluation of the Partnership Between Researchers and Farmers -- Chapter 9 Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: A Comparison of Conventional Diagnoses and Diagnoses Based on PAR -- Conventional Diagnoses -- Proposals to Mitigate Deforestation -- Overview of Conventional Analyses and Solutions -- The LAET Diagnosis -- Proposals for Improving Farming Systems -- Summary of LAET's Diagnosis -- Comparison of PAR and Conventional Diagnoses -- Identification of Applied Research Priorities -- Chapter 10 Evaluation of the Participatory Action Research Approach -- Diagnosis -- Methods of Intervention -- Process Analysis -- Linking Action Research and Basic Research -- Results at the Field Level -- Scaling Up to the National Level -- Conditions for Developing New Participatory Action Research Projects -- Conclusions on Participatory Action Research -- References -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 Acronyms and Abbreviations -- Appendix 2 LAET Publications -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 THE RATCHET EFFECT -- The Mechanical Round -- The Chemical Round -- The Genetic Round -- The Tightening Ratchet -- 2 THE PROBLEM OF SCALE -- Interaction with Technology -- Meat and Dairy Production -- Scale and Forestry -- Irrigation and Scale -- Scale and Loss of Species Diversity -- 3 AN ALTERNATIVE PHILOSOPHY -- Working with Nature -- Economic Feasibility -- Conclusion -- 4 THE BOTTOMS-UP APPROACH -- 5 PLANT-PLANT INTERACTIONS -- Negative Interactions -- Positive Interactions -- Intercropping in Agriculture -- Mixed Species Forest Plantations -- Management for Facilitation and Complementarity -- 6 INTERACTIONS IN THE SOIL -- Functions of Soil Organisms -- Changes in the Soil System Following Cultivation -- How We Compensate for the Loss of Nature's Services -- Conclusion -- 7 PEST AND DISEASE INTERACTIONS -- Pests -- Disease -- Integrated Pest Management -- Economic Analysis -- Environmental Disturbance, and Pests and Disease -- Conclusion -- 8 INTERACTIONS DURING SUCCESSION -- Factors Influencing Succession -- Trends During Succession -- Fighting Succession -- Working with Succession -- Conclusion -- 9 THE TOP-DOWN APPROACH -- An Alternative Approach -- Energy and Power Output -- Guiding Principle for Resource Management -- 10 CASE STUDIES OF RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -- Transition from Sustainability to Unsustainability -- Transition from Unsustainability to Sustainability -- Factors Causing Transitions -- 11 CONCLUSION -- Literature Cited -- Subject Index -- Author Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: A Systems (Holistic) Approach to Sustainable Agriculture -- 1.1 Energy Efficiency -- 1.2 A Systems Definition of Agricultural Sustainability -- 1.3 Is Energy Efficiency the Key to Sustainability? -- 1.4 Why Does Agriculture Need Energy Subsidies? -- 1.5 Energy as a Limiting Factor -- 1.6 Other Views of Sustainability -- 1.6.1 Critique of the Definitions -- 1.6.2 Panarchy -- 1.7 What Is a System? -- 1.7.1 Mechanical Systems -- 1.7.2 Biological Systems -- 1.7.2.1 Human Bodies -- 1.7.2.2 Feedback in Human Bodies -- 1.7.2.3 Ecological Systems -- 1.8 Control in Ecological Systems -- 1.8.1 Homeostasis -- 1.8.2 Optimum Efficiency for Maximum Power Output -- 1.9 Boundaries of Ecological Systems -- 1.10 The Value of a Systems (Holistic) Approach -- 1.10.1 Holism: The Foundation for Ecosystem Analysis -- 1.11 Holistic Properties of Sustainable Systems -- 1.11.1 Energy Use Efficiency -- 1.11.2 Stability -- 1.11.2.1 Resistance and Resilience -- Natural Ecosystems -- Agricultural Ecosystems -- 1.11.3 Nutrient Cycling Efficiency -- 1.11.4 Diversity and Stability -- 1.11.5 Succession -- 1.11.5.1 Succession in the Piedmont -- 1.11.6 Productivity -- 1.11.7 Respiration and Decomposition -- 1.11.8 Pollution Discharge -- References -- Chapter 2: A History of Unsustainability in Agriculture -- 2.1 Pre-History -- 2.2 Mesopotamia -- 2.3 The Mediterranean -- 2.4 The Middle Ages and Medieval Europe -- 2.5 The Mayan Civilization -- 2.6 The Industrial Revolution - Energy Intensification -- 2.6.1 Plows -- 2.6.2 Dams and Levees - Formations Used to Store and Divert Energy -- 2.7 The Agricultural Revolution in North America -- 2.7.1 The Nineteenth Century -- 2.7.2 Subsidies -- 2.7.3 Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations -- 2.8 The Green Revolution -- 2.8.1 Commercial Nitrogen Fixation -- 2.8.2 Pesticides. , 2.8.3 Herbicides -- 2.8.4 Social Aspects of the Green Revolution -- 2.9 The Second Green Revolution -- 2.9.1 Thermodynamic Considerations -- 2.9.2 Sustainability of Green Revolutions -- 2.9.3 A Tale of Two Botanies -- References -- Chapter 3: Political and Economic Challenges to Creating a Sustainable Agriculture -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Dilemmas of Two Farmers -- 3.3 The Large Scale Commodity Farmer -- 3.3.1 Subsidies -- 3.3.1.1 Is a Completely Free Market the Answer? -- 3.3.2 Tariffs -- 3.3.3 Cultural/Mindset -- 3.3.4 Social -- 3.3.5 Transition Costs -- 3.3.6 Lack of Evidence -- 3.3.7 Risk Aversion -- 3.4 The Small Scale Organic Farmer -- 3.4.1 Regulations -- 3.4.1.1 How USDA Regulations Hurt Small Sustainable Farmers -- 3.4.2 Financing -- 3.4.3 Access to Land -- 3.4.4 Competition -- 3.4.4.1 Specialization and Quality Control -- 3.4.5 Marketing -- 3.4.6 Information -- 3.5 Some Intractable Barriers -- 3.5.1 Vested Interests -- 3.5.2 Reductionistic Science -- 3.5.3 Misdirected Government Policies -- 3.5.4 Failure of the Economic System -- 3.5.5 The Law of Supply and Demand -- 3.5.6 A Short-Term Economic Horizon -- 3.5.7 The Abundance of Resources -- 3.5.8 Attitude Toward Nature -- 3.5.8.1 Are Farmers Environmentalists? -- 3.5.9 The Tragedy of the Commons -- 3.5.10 Irrational Exuberance -- References -- Chapter 4: Energetic Services of Nature that Increase Agricultural Sustainability -- 4.1 Types of Value -- 4.2 Nutrient Recycling - A Market Value -- 4.2.1 The Service Rendered: Increasing the Efficiency of Nutrient Cycling -- 4.2.2 Source of the Service: Soil Organic Matter -- 4.2.3 The Community of Soil Organisms -- 4.2.3.1 Energy Flow Through the Soil Ecosystem -- Nutrients in the Soil Organic Matter -- 4.2.3.2 Why Food Webs Differ -- The Soil Community and Compost -- 4.2.4 How Is Nutrient Cycling Efficiency Increased by Soil Organic Matter?. , 4.2.4.1 Synchronization -- 4.2.4.2 Phosphorus Solubilization -- 4.2.4.3 Nitrogen Fixation -- 4.2.4.4 Nutrient Uptake by Mycorrhizae -- 4.2.4.5 Physical Properties of Soil -- 4.2.4.6 Increased Vigor of Plants -- 4.2.5 The Energetic and Economic Value of Soil Organic Matter -- 4.2.5.1 Value of Soil Organic Matter -- 4.2.6 Energy Subsidies Replaced by Soil Organic Matter -- 4.3 Pest Control - An Attributable Value -- 4.3.1 The Service Rendered - Controlling Insect Pests -- 4.3.2 Source of the Services -- 4.3.2.1 Beneficial Insects -- 4.3.2.2 Complexity and Diversity of Crop Systems -- 4.3.2.3 Natural Insecticides -- 4.3.3 The Energetic and Economic Value of Insect Pest Control -- 4.3.4 Energy Subsidies Replaced by Nature's Insect Control -- 4.4 Weed Control - An Attributable Value -- 4.4.1 The Service Rendered - Fighting Succession -- 4.4.2 Source of the Services -- 4.4.2.1 Allelopathy -- The Energetic and Economic Value of Weed Control -- 4.4.2.2 Fire -- Fire Research -- 4.5 Pollution Abatement - An Attributable Value -- 4.5.1 The Service Rendered: Prevention of Stream Pollution -- 4.5.1.1 Source of the Service: Bottomland Forests -- 4.6 Pollination - An Attributable Value -- 4.6.1 The Service Rendered - Fertilizing the Ovary of Plants -- 4.6.1.1 Source of the Service - Birds, Bees, Bats -- 4.7 Biodiversity - An Intangible Value -- 4.7.1 The Service Rendered - Increasing Sustainability -- 4.7.2 Source of the Service - Genetic Diversity -- 4.7.2.1 Selective Breeding and Reduction of the Genetic Pool -- 4.7.2.2 Insect Resistance and Genetic Variation -- The Evolutionary Race -- 4.7.2.3 Increasing Efficiency of Ecosystem Function -- Overyielding -- Facilitation and Mutualism -- 4.8 Soil Rehabilitation - An Intangible Value -- 4.8.1 The Service Rendered: Improving Structure of Georgia Red Clay -- 4.8.2 Source of the Service. , 4.9 Ecosystem Services in an Energy-Scarce Future -- References -- Chapter 5: Applied Tools and Practices for Sustainable Agriculture -- 5.1 Combating Soil Erosion -- 5.1.1 Cover Crops -- 5.1.2 Conservation Tillage -- 5.1.3 Contour Plowing -- 5.1.4 Hedge Rows -- 5.1.5 Wind Breaks -- 5.1.6 Kudzu ( Pueraria sp.) -- 5.1.7 Perennial Grains -- 5.2 Increasing Soil Fertility -- 5.2.1 Manuring -- 5.2.2 Composting -- 5.2.3 Other Organic Amendments -- 5.2.4 Liming -- 5.2.5 Microbial Priming -- 5.2.6 Crop Rotations -- 5.2.7 Tightening the Nutrient Cycle -- 5.3 Suppressing Weeds -- 5.3.1 Herbicides -- 5.3.2 Plastic Weed Barriers -- 5.3.3 Flaming -- 5.3.4 Soil Solarization (Sterilization) -- 5.4 Controlling Insect Pests -- 5.4.1 Crop Management -- 5.4.2 Beneficial Interactions -- 5.4.3 Natural Pesticides -- 5.4.3.1 Before You Use Pesticides -- 5.5 Increasing Resource Use Efficiency -- 5.5.1 Mixed Species Agriculture -- 5.5.2 Mixed Species Forest Plantations -- 5.5.3 Mixed Species Grazing -- 5.6 Improving Pastures -- 5.6.1 Intensive Grazing Management -- 5.6.2 Rotational Grazing -- 5.7 Increasing Efficiency of Irrigation Systems -- 5.8 Farmscaping -- 5.8.1 Farmscaping at Spring Valley Ecofarm -- 5.8.2 Working with Nature -- 5.9 Organic Agriculture -- 5.9.1 Why Do People Buy Organic? -- 5.9.2 Is It Sustainable? -- 5.9.3 Are High Yields the Answer? -- 5.10 Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 6: An Economic, Ecological, and Cultural Evaluation of Agriculture in the American South -- 6.1 The Invisible Hand of the Marketplace -- 6.2 Why Focus the South? -- 6.3 An Agricultural History of the South -- 6.3.1 The Cultural Context -- 6.3.2 The Colonial Period -- 6.3.2.1 Jamestown -- 6.3.2.2 The Migration Westward -- 6.3.2.3 The Coastal Plain -- 6.3.2.4 The Piedmont -- Piedmont Soils -- 6.3.2.5 The Mountains -- 6.3.3 Carolina and Georgia. , 6.3.3.1 The Rice Plantations -- 6.3.4 The Post-revolutionary War Period -- 6.3.4.1 Agricultural Decline -- 6.3.4.2 The Agricultural Revival: A Reprieve from the Downward Spiral -- Soil Amendments -- 6.3.5 King Cotton -- 6.3.5.1 Settlement of Central Georgia -- 6.3.5.2 The Movement Westward -- Slavery as a Subsidy -- 6.3.6 The Civil War -- 6.3.7 Reconstruction: 1865-1900 -- 6.3.7.1 Pharsalia -- 6.3.8 Southern Agriculture Since 1900 -- 6.3.8.1 Corn -- 6.3.8.2 Tobacco -- 6.3.8.3 Cotton -- 6.3.8.4 Legumes -- 6.3.8.5 Vegetable Crops -- 6.3.8.6 Fruit Trees -- 6.3.8.7 Timber Trees -- 6.3.8.8 Cattle -- 6.3.8.9 Poultry -- 6.3.8.10 Hogs -- 6.3.9 Agriculture in Georgia: 2012 -- 6.4 Southern Conservatism -- 6.5 An Economic Evaluation of Agriculture in the Old South -- 6.5.1 The Colonial Period -- 6.5.1.1 Tobacco -- 6.5.1.2 Subsistence Agriculture -- 6.5.1.3 Rice -- 6.5.2 Settlement of the Georgia Colony -- 6.5.2.1 Early Settlers -- 6.5.2.2 The Cotton Era -- 6.5.2.3 Alabama and Mississippi Territories -- 6.5.3 "How Well did the Invisible Hand Work in the Old South?" -- 6.6 An Economic Evaluation of Agriculture in the New South -- 6.6.1 Agricultural Crops -- 6.6.2 Fruit Tree Crops -- 6.6.3 Forest Products -- 6.7 How Well Is the Invisible Hand Working in the New South? -- 6.8 An Ecological Evaluation of Agriculture in the South -- 6.9 Maximum Power vs. The Invisible Hand (H.T. Odum vs. Adam Smith) -- 6.9.1 Verdict at the Frontier -- 6.9.2 Verdict Beyond the Frontier -- References -- Chapter 7: Case Studies of Contemporary, Sustainable Farms in the South -- 7.1 Sustainable Specialties -- 7.1.1 Free Ranging Livestock -- 7.1.1.1 White Oak Pastures, Bluffton, Georgia -- 7.1.1.2 Polyface Farm, Shenandoah Valley, Virginia -- 7.1.1.3 Grass Roots Farm, Walton County, Georgia -- 7.1.2 Heritage Breeds -- 7.1.2.1 Grove Creek Farm, Crawford Georgia. , 7.1.2.2 Broad River Pastures, Elberton, Georgia.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- Part I: Theory -- To Understand Economics, Follow the Money -- To Understand Ecosystems, Follow the Energy -- Chapter 1: Two Views of Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation -- 1.1 Why I Wrote this Book -- 1.1.1 Dualities Still Impede Conservation Efforts -- 1.2 The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) -- 1.2.1 Targets for Conservation -- 1.3 Evolving Objectives -- 1.3.1 Literature Review -- 1.3.2 Updating Ecosystem Ecology -- References -- Chapter 2: What Can We Learn by Studying Ecosystems that We Can't Learn from Studying Populations? -- 2.1 The Predator-Prey Conundrum -- 2.2 The Serengeti Ecosystem -- 2.2.1 Evolution in the "Ecological Theater" -- 2.2.2 Predator-Prey Interactions Tell Only Part of the Story -- 2.2.3 Evolution in the "Thermodynamic Theater" -- 2.2.3.1 Ruminants -- 2.2.3.2 Adaptation of Ruminants in the Serengeti -- 2.2.3.3 Productivity in the Serengeti -- 2.2.3.4 Fitness Results from Synchronous Evolution -- 2.2.3.5 What Have We Learned? -- References -- Chapter 3: A Thermodynamic Definition of Ecosystems -- 3.1 Ecosystems in the Twentieth Century -- 3.1.1 Cycling of Strontium-90 -- 3.1.2 Cesium-137 in Food Chains -- 3.1.3 Recycling of Isotopes in Norwegian Sheep -- 3.2 Ecological Energetics -- 3.2.1 Is it Time to Bury the Ecosystem Concept? -- 3.2.2 A Thermodynamic Definition of Life -- 3.2.3 A Thermodynamic Definition of Ecosystems -- 3.2.4 The Phase Transition Between Order and Chaos -- References -- Chapter 4: Thermodynamic Characteristics of Ecosystems -- 4.1 Equilibrium -- 4.1.1 The Equilibrium Law -- 4.1.2 Thermodynamic Equilibrium -- 4.2 Open Thermodynamic Systems -- 4.2.1 Ecosystems Are Thermodynamically Open Non-Equilibrium Systems -- 4.2.2 Work Is Performed by Non-equilibrium Systems. , 4.2.3 Advantage of a Thermodynamically Open System -- 4.3 Ecosystems Are Entropic -- 4.4 Ecosystems Are Cybernetic -- 4.4.1 Cybernetic Systems -- 4.4.2 Economic Systems Are Cybernetic -- 4.4.3 The Ecosystem Feedback Function -- 4.4.4 Indirect vs. Direct Feedback -- 4.4.5 Deviation Dampening and Amplifying Feedback -- 4.4.6 Set Points -- 4.5 Ecosystems Are Autocatalytic -- 4.6 Ecosystems Have Boundaries -- 4.7 Ecosystems Are Hierarchical -- 4.7.1 Hierarchy in Physical Systems -- 4.7.2 Hierarchy in Ecological Systems -- 4.7.3 Common Currencies -- 4.7.4 Macro- and Micro-system Models -- 4.7.5 Why an Ecosystem Model that Includes Everything Is Not Possible -- 4.7.6 A Nested Marine Community -- 4.8 Ecosystems Are Deterministic -- 4.9 Ecosystems Are Information Rich -- 4.9.1 An Engineering Definition of Information -- 4.9.2 Information to Facilitate Exchange -- 4.9.3 High Energy Information -- 4.9.4 Low Energy Information -- 4.9.5 Information Theory -- 4.9.6 Genetic Information -- 4.10 Ecosystems Are Non-teleological -- 4.11 Criticisms of Ecosystem Models -- References -- Chapter 5: Ecosystem Control: A Top-Down View -- 5.1 Two Ways to Look at Systems -- 5.2 Composing and Decomposing Trophic Webs -- 5.2.1 Decomposers in Soil Organic Matter -- 5.2.2 Decomposers in Marshes and Mangroves -- 5.3 Control of Systems -- 5.3.1 Top-Down vs. Bottom-Up -- 5.3.2 Top-Down Exogenous Control -- 5.3.3 Exogenous Impacts and Stability -- 5.3.4 Top-Down Endogenous Control -- 5.4 Endogenous Control Through Nutrient Recycling -- 5.4.1 Autocatalysis -- 5.4.2 Control of Microbial Activity -- 5.4.3 Inhibition of Microbial Activity by Leaf Sclerophylly -- 5.4.4 Inhibition of Microbial Activity by Chemical Defenses -- 5.4.5 Inhibition of Microbial Activity by Ecological Stoichiometry -- 5.4.6 The Synchrony Principle -- 5.4.7 The Decay Law -- 5.4.8 Direct Nutrient Cycling. , 5.4.9 The Role of Animals -- 5.5 Marine Systems -- 5.5.1 Nutrient and Energy Recycling -- 5.5.2 Exogenous Control -- 5.6 Control in Lakes -- 5.7 Control in Managed Ecosystems -- References -- Chapter 6: Ecosystem Control: A Bottom-Up View -- 6.1 Species as Arbitrageurs of Energy -- 6.1.1 Relation Between Rate of Flow and Mass in Hydraulic Systems -- 6.1.2 Relation Between Population Biomass and Rate of Energy Flow -- 6.2 Equilibrium -- 6.2.1 Mechanisms of Adjustment -- 6.2.2 Adjustments and Climate Change -- 6.2.3 Bird Populations -- 6.2.4 Dis-equilibrium -- 6.3 Population Instability vs. Ecosystem Instability -- 6.4 Control by Interactions: Direct vs. Indirect -- 6.4.1 Indirect Interactions -- 6.5 Direct Interactions -- 6.5.1 Predator - Prey -- 6.5.2 Mutualisms -- 6.5.3 Competition -- 6.5.3.1 Competition Leads to Complementarity and Formation of Thermodynamic Niches -- 6.5.3.2 Competition in Terrestrial and Marine Systems -- 6.5.3.3 Ecosystem Competition -- 6.5.3.4 Nature, Red in Tooth and Claw -- 6.5.4 Decomposition -- 6.5.5 Parasitism and Disease -- 6.5.6 Commensalism and Amensalism -- 6.5.7 Persistence of Negative Interactions -- References -- Chapter 7: Ecosystem Stability -- 7.1 Background -- 7.2 A Thermodynamic Definition -- 7.2.1 Regime Shift -- 7.2.2 Metastability -- 7.2.3 Pulsed Stability -- 7.2.4 Resistance and Resilience -- 7.3 Species Richness and Functional Stability -- 7.4 Species Richness and Cultural Values -- 7.5 Keystone Species, and Population and Ecosystem Stability -- 7.5.1 Keystone Species in the Yellowstone Region of Wyoming -- References -- Chapter 8: Case Studies of Ecosystem Control and Stability -- 8.1 Walden -- 8.1.1 "Harmony in Nature" -- 8.1.2 Feedback Produces Nature's "Harmony" -- 8.1.3 Feedback Mechanisms -- 8.2 Perturbations in Amazonian Rain Forests -- 8.3 Top-Down Control. , 8.3.1 The San Carlos Project: A Small-scale, Low Intensity, Short Duration Disturbance -- 8.3.1.1 Nutrient Recycling -- 8.3.1.2 Feedback Control: Tree-fall Gaps -- 8.3.1.3 Feedback Control: Shifting Cultivation -- 8.3.1.4 Phosphorus Dynamics -- 8.3.1.5 Tropical Agriculture on Richer Soils -- 8.3.2 The Jarí Project: A Large-scale, High Intensity, Long Duration Disturbance -- 8.4 Bottom-Up Control -- 8.4.1 The El Verde Project -- 8.4.1.1 Perturbation = Ionizing Radiation -- 8.4.1.2 Conclusion -- 8.4.2 The Long-Term Ecological Research Project in Puerto Rico -- 8.4.2.1 Perturbation = Hurricanes -- 8.4.2.2 Conclusion -- 8.4.3 The Lago Guri Island Project -- 8.4.3.1 Perturbation = Elimination of Top Predators -- 8.4.4 The Biological Dynamics of Tropical Rainforest Fragments Project -- 8.4.4.1 Perturbation = Deforestation -- 8.4.4.2 Changes in Intact Forests -- 8.4.4.3 Species Response to Fragmentation -- 8.4.4.4 Conclusion -- 8.5 What Have Case Studies Taught Us About Stability of Tropical Ecosystems? -- 8.5.1 Tropical Ecosystems Are Stable -- 8.5.2 Tropical Ecosystems Are Unstable -- 8.5.3 Energy Flow in Tropical Savannas and Rain Forests -- 8.5.4 Insects in Tropical Ecosystems -- 8.6 Application of Lessons to Other Regions -- 8.6.1 Relevance to Temperate Zones -- 8.6.2 Relevance to Aquatic Ecosystems -- 8.6.3 The Experimental Lakes Project (Ecosystem Control of Species) -- 8.6.4 Lake Mendota Studies (Species Control of Ecosystems) -- 8.7 Case Studies as Tests of Thermodynamic Theory -- References -- Chapter 9: Entropy and Maximum Power -- 9.1 Entropy -- 9.2 Entropy in a Steel Bar -- 9.3 Thermodynamic Equilibrium -- 9.4 Entropic Gradients -- 9.5 Capturing and Storing Entropy -- 9.5.1 Evapotranspiration and Entropy Reduction -- 9.5.2 Life Is a Balance Between Storing and Releasing Entropy -- 9.5.2.1 Potential Entropy -- 9.5.2.2 Entropy and Life. , 9.5.3 The Law of Maximum Entropy Production -- 9.5.4 Energy for Metabolism as Well as Growth -- 9.5.5 Unassisted Entropy Capture Is a Unique Characteristic of Life -- 9.6 Entropy Storage by Ecosystems -- 9.6.1 What Causes Entropy to Be Stored? -- 9.6.2 Entropy Storage by Animals -- 9.7 Capturing Pressure -- 9.8 Entropy and Time -- 9.8.1 Time's Speed Regulator -- 9.8.2 Efficiency of Energy Transformations -- 9.8.3 Passage of Time for Cats -- 9.9 The Maximum Power Principle -- 9.10 Optimum Efficiencies for a Truck and Its Driver -- 9.11 Sustainability -- References -- Chapter 10: A Thermodynamic View of Succession -- 10.1 The Population View -- 10.2 The Thermodynamic View -- 10.2.1 Leaf Area Index and Succession -- 10.2.2 Power Output as a Function of Leaf Area Index -- 10.2.3 What Causes Changes in Leaf Area Index? -- 10.2.4 Maximum Entropy Production Principle -- 10.2.5 Successional Ecosystems Move Further from Thermodynamic Equilibrium -- 10.3 The Strategy of Ecosystem Development -- 10.3.1 A Problem with Odum's Strategy -- 10.3.2 Why Power Output Continues to Increase -- 10.4 Revised Definition of Maximum Power -- 10.4.1 Costs of Ecosystem Stabilization -- 10.4.2 Transactional Costs -- 10.5 Succession, Power Output, and Efficiency -- 10.5.1 Kleiber's Law -- 10.6 Are Ecosystems Spendthrifts? -- 10.7 Interactions Between Species Facilitate Increase in Power Output -- 10.7.1 Facilitation -- 10.7.1.1 Facilitation During Primary Succession -- 10.7.1.2 Facilitation During Secondary Succession -- 10.7.2 Tolerance -- 10.7.3 Inhibition -- 10.8 Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis -- 10.9 Nutrient Use Efficiency During Succession -- 10.9.1 Succession Following Logging Versus Following Agriculture -- 10.10 Thermodynamic View of Succession: Implications for Resource Management -- References -- Chapter 11: Panarchy -- 11.1 The Universal Cycle of Systems. , 11.1.1 Panarchy.