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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Nanofibre production in spiders without electric charge
    The Company of Biologists ; 2017
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists
    Abstract: Technical nanofibre production is linked to high voltage, because they are typically produced by electrospinning. Spiders on the contrary have evolved a way to produce nanofibres without high voltage. These spiders are called cribellate spiders and produce nanofibres within their capture thread production. It is suggested that their nanofibres are frictionally charged when being brushed over a continuous area on the calamistrum, a comb-like structure at the metatarsus of the fourth leg. Although there are indications that electrostatic charges are involved in the formation of the threads structure, final proof is missing. We proposed three claims to validate this hypothesis: 1. The removal of any charge during or after thread production has an influence on the structure of the thread, 2. The characteristic structure of the thread can be regenerated by charging, and 3. The thread is attracted to, respectively repelled from differently charged objects. None of these three claims were proven true. Furthermore, mathematical calculations reveal that even at low charges, the calculated structural assembly of the thread does not match the observed reality. Electrostatic forces are therefore not involved in the production of cribellate capture threads.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.157594
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Uncoiling springs promote mechanical functionality of spider cribellate silk
    The Company of Biologists ; 2020
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists
    Abstract: Composites, both natural and synthetic, achieve novel functionality by combining two or more constituent materials. For example, the earliest adhesive silk in spider webs – cribellate silk – is composed of stiff axial fibers and coiled fibers surrounded by hundreds of sticky cribellate nanofibrils. Yet little is known of how fiber types interact to enable capture of insect prey with cribellate silk. To understand the roles of each constituent fiber during prey capture, we compared the tensile performance of native-state and manipulated threads produced by Psechrus clavis, and the adhesion of native threads along a smooth surface and hairy bee thorax. We found that the coiled fiber increases the work to fracture of the entire cribellate thread by up to 20-fold. We also found that the axial fiber breaks multiple times during deformation, an unexpected observation that indicates: i) the axial fiber continues to contribute work even after breakage, ii) the cribellate nanofibrils may perform a previously unidentified role as a binder material that distributes forces throughout the thread. Work of adhesion increased on surfaces with more surface structures (hairy bee thorax) corresponding to increased deformation of the coiled fiber. Together, our observations highlight how the synergistic interactions among the constituents of this natural composite adhesive enhance functionality. These highly extensible threads may serve to expose additional cribellate nanofibrils to form attachment points with prey substrata while also immobilizing prey as they sink into the web due to gravity.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1477-9145 , 0022-0949
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.215269
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2020
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Biocompatible Micron‐Scale Silk Fibers Fabricated by Microfluidic Wet Spinning
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Advanced Healthcare Materials Vol. 10, No. 20 ( 2021-10)
    Details
    In: Advanced Healthcare Materials, Wiley, Vol. 10, No. 20 ( 2021-10)
    Abstract: For successful material deployment in tissue engineering, the material itself, its mechanical properties, and the microscopic geometry of the product are of particular interest. While silk is a widely applied protein‐based tissue engineering material with strong mechanical properties, the size and shape of artificially spun silk fibers are limited by existing processes. This study adjusts a microfluidic spinneret to manufacture micron‐sized wet‐spun fibers with three different materials enabling diverse geometries for tissue engineering applications. The spinneret is direct laser written (DLW) inside a microfluidic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chip using two‐photon lithography, applying a novel surface treatment that enables a tight print‐channel sealing. Alginate, polyacrylonitrile, and silk fibers with diameters down to 1 µm are spun, while the spinneret geometry controls the shape of the silk fiber, and the spinning process tailors the mechanical property. Cell‐cultivation experiments affirm bio‐compatibility and showcase an interplay between the cell‐sized fibers and cells. The presented spinning process pushes the boundaries of fiber fabrication toward smaller diameters and more complex shapes with increased surface‐to‐volume ratio and will substantially contribute to future tailored tissue engineering materials for healthcare applications.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2192-2640 , 2192-2659
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/adhm.v10.20
    DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100898
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2021
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2645585-7
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Physico-chemical properties of functionally adhesive spider silk nanofibres
    Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) ; 2023
    In:  Biomaterials Science Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2023), p. 2139-2150
    Details
    In: Biomaterials Science, Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC), Vol. 11, No. 6 ( 2023), p. 2139-2150
    Abstract: Currently, synthetic fibre production focuses primarily on high performance materials. For high performance fibrous materials, such as silks, this involves interpreting the structure–function relationship and downsizing to a smaller scale to then harness those properties within synthetic products. Spiders create an array of fibres that range in size from the micrometre to nanometre scale. At about 20 nm diameter spider cribellate silk, the smallest of these silks, is too small to contain any of the typical secondary protein structures of other spider silks, let alone a hierarchical skin-core-type structure. Here, we performed a multitude of investigations to elucidate the structure of cribellate spider silk. These confirmed our hypothesis that, unlike all other types of spider silk, it has a disordered molecular structure. Alanine and glycine, the two amino acids predominantly found in other spider silks, were much less abundant and did not form the usual α-helices and β-sheet secondary structural arrangements. Correspondingly, we characterized the cribellate silk nanofibre to be very compliant. This characterization matches its function as a dry adhesive within the capture threads of cribellate spiders. Our results imply that at extremely small scales there may be a limit reached below which a silk will lose its structural, but not functional, integrity. Nano-sized fibres, such as cribellate silk, thus offer a new opportunity for inspiring the creation of novel scaled-down functional adhesives and nano meta-materials.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2047-4830 , 2047-4849
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1039/D2BM01599D
    Language: English
    Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2693928-9
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Video_1.MP4
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2023
    In:  Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution Vol. 11 ( 2023-3-8)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 11 ( 2023-3-8)
    Abstract: Due to their excellent surface-to-volume ratio, nanofibers (i.e., fibers with a diameter of approximately 10 to 800 nm) are of increasing interest to engineers and scientists in a broad spectrum of applications. However, due to van der Waals forces, these nanofibers tend to adhere strongly to any surface, which makes further processing very challenging. In nature, we find animals that can easily handle nanofibers: Cribellate spiders use a comb-like structure, the so-called calamistrum, to produce, handle, and process nanofibers. Due to a fingerprint-like surface nanostructure, nanofibers do not adhere to the calamistrum. The principle interaction between this fingerprint-like surface nanostructure and single nanofibers has recently been described in a publication. The fingerprint-like surface structure was replicated on a technical metal surface using laser-induced periodic surface structures, which resulted in material properties resembling those of the natural model. Methods We went a step further and took a closer look on an additional structural feature of the calamistrum much larger than the fingerprint-like surface structure. A theoretical approach to describing the influence of a fiber preload, which may become a dominant effect if the fiber dimensions are small compared to the surface structure dimensions, on the adhesion of the fiber to these large surface structures was derived. Our theory was verified experimentally for artificial electrospun polyamide 6 nanofibers on surface-structured samples made of titanium alloy. Results and Conclusion A dramatic reduction in adhesion compared to unstructured, flat surfaces was proven. Therefore, such a surface structure can be used for tools or parts of tools during nanofiber production (e.g., as part of the electrospinning process) to reduce the adhesion of the nonwoven fabric and thus facilitate the handling and processing of the nanofibers during production.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2296-701X
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1099355
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1099355.s001
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1099355.s002
    Language: Unknown
    Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
    Publication Date: 2023
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2745634-1
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Same Principles but Different Purposes: Passive Fluid Handling throughout the Animal Kingdom
    Oxford University Press (OUP) ; 2019
    In:  Integrative and Comparative Biology Vol. 59, No. 6 ( 2019-12-01), p. 1673-1680
    Details
    In: Integrative and Comparative Biology, Oxford University Press (OUP), Vol. 59, No. 6 ( 2019-12-01), p. 1673-1680
    Abstract: Everything on earth is subject to physical laws, thus they influence all facets of living creatures. Although these laws restrain animals in many ways, some animals have developed a way to use physical phenomena in their favor to conserve energy. Many animals, which have to handle fluids, for example, have evolved passive mechanisms by adapting their wettability or using capillary forces for rapid fluid spreading. In distinct animals, a similar selection pressure always favors a convergent development. However, when assessing the biological tasks of passive fluid handling mechanisms, their diversity is rather surprising. Besides the well-described handling of water to facilitate drinking in arid regions, observed in, e.g., several lizards, other animals like a special flat bug have developed a similar mechanism for a completely different task and fluid: Instead of water, these bugs passively transport an oily defense secretion to a region close to their head where it finally evaporates. And again some spiders use capillary forces to capture prey, by sucking in the viscous waxy cuticle of their prey with their nanofibrous threads. This review highlights the similarities and differences in the deployed mechanisms of passive fluid handling across the animal kingdom. Besides including well-studied animals to point out different mechanisms in general, we stretch over to not as extensively studied species for which similar mechanisms are described for different tasks. Thus, we provide an extensive overview of animals for which passive fluid handling is described so far as well as for future inspiration.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 1540-7063 , 1557-7023
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz018
    Language: English
    Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
    Publication Date: 2019
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 2159110-6
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Adhesion enhancement of cribellate capture threads by epicuticular waxes of the insect prey sheds new light on spider web evolution
    The Royal Society ; 2017
    In:  Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 284, No. 1855 ( 2017-05-31), p. 20170363-
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 284, No. 1855 ( 2017-05-31), p. 20170363-
    Abstract: To survive, web-building spiders rely on their capture threads to restrain prey. Many species use special adhesives for this task, and again the majority of those species cover their threads with viscoelastic glue droplets. Cribellate spiders, by contrast, use a wool of nanofibres as adhesive. Previous studies hypothesized that prey is restrained by van der Waals' forces and entrapment in the nanofibres. A large discrepancy when comparing the adhesive force on artificial surfaces versus prey implied that the real mechanism was still elusive. We observed that insect prey's epicuticular waxes infiltrate the wool of nanofibres, probably induced by capillary forces. The fibre-reinforced composite thus formed led to an adhesion between prey and thread eight times stronger than that between thread and wax-free surfaces. Thus, cribellate spiders employ the originally protective coating of their insect prey as a fatal component of their adhesive and the insect promotes its own capture. We suggest an evolutionary arms race with prey changing the properties of their cuticular waxes to escape the cribellate capture threads that eventually favoured spider threads with viscous glue.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0962-8452 , 1471-2954
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0363
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Royal Society
    Publication Date: 2017
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1460975-7
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    SSG: 25
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Age-Resilient Stickiness of Capture Threads
    MDPI AG ; 2023
    In:  Arthropoda Vol. 1, No. 3 ( 2023-07-06), p. 342-349
    Details
    In: Arthropoda, MDPI AG, Vol. 1, No. 3 ( 2023-07-06), p. 342-349
    Abstract: Typical orb webs with glue droplets are renewed regularly, sometimes multiple times per night. Such behaviour, however, is rarely found with cribellate spiders. The adhesive portion of their capture threads consist of nanofibres instead of glue, and the fibres interact with the cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) of their insect prey for adhesion. Many of these spiders often only add new threads to their existing webs instead of completely reconstructing them. In testing the adhesion force of aged capture threads of three different cribellate species, we indeed did not observe an overall decline in adhesion force, even after a period of over a year. This is in line with the (formulated but so far never tested) hypothesis that when comparing gluey capture threads to nanofibrous ones, one of the benefits of cribellate capture threads could be their notable resistance to drying out or other ageing processes.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 2813-3323
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3390/arthropoda1030011
    Language: English
    Publisher: MDPI AG
    Publication Date: 2023
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  • 9
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Mechanoreceptive sensillum fields at the tarsal tip of insect legs
    Wiley ; 2018
    In:  Journal of Morphology Vol. 279, No. 11 ( 2018-11), p. 1654-1664
    Details
    In: Journal of Morphology, Wiley, Vol. 279, No. 11 ( 2018-11), p. 1654-1664
    Abstract: Groups of mechanoreceptive sensilla form small sensory fields on the ventral rim of the most distal tarsomeres in insects. Within these fields two or three sensilla are located closely together. Anterior and posterior fields are found in all three pairs of legs with only a few exceptions. The composition, exact location, and morphology of the fields were studied in representative species of several insect orders using light and scanning electron microscopy. There was no obvious correlation between field morphology and insect phylogenetic relationships.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0362-2525 , 1097-4687
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/jmor.v279.11
    DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20898
    Language: English
    Publisher: Wiley
    Publication Date: 2018
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1479991-1
    SSG: 12
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  • 10
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    Online Resource
    Insect cuticular hydrocarbon composition influences their interaction with spider capture threads
    The Company of Biologists ; 2022
    In:  Journal of Experimental Biology Vol. 225, No. 5 ( 2022-03-01)
    Details
    In: Journal of Experimental Biology, The Company of Biologists, Vol. 225, No. 5 ( 2022-03-01)
    Abstract: Insects represent the main prey of spiders, and spiders and insects co-diversified in evolutionary history. One of the main features characterizing spiders is their web as a trap to capture prey. Phylogenetically, the cribellate thread is one of the earliest thread types that was specialized to capture prey. In contrast to other capture threads, it lacks adhesive glue and consists of nanofibres, which do not only adhere to insects via van der Waals forces but also interact with the insects' cuticular hydrocarbon (CHC) layer, thus enhancing adhesion. The CHC layer consists of multiple hydrocarbon types and is highly diverse between species. In this study, we show that CHC interaction with cribellate capture threads is affected by CHC composition of the insect. We studied the interaction in detail for four insect species with different CHC profiles and observed a differential migration of CHCs into the thread. The migration depends on the molecular structure of the hydrocarbon types as well as their viscosity, influenced by the ambient temperature during the interaction. As a consequence, adhesion forces to CHC layers differ depending on their chemical composition. Our results match predictions based on biophysical properties of hydrocarbons, and show that cribellate spiders can exert selection pressure on the CHC composition of their insect prey.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    ISSN: 0022-0949 , 1477-9145
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242514
    Language: English
    Publisher: The Company of Biologists
    Publication Date: 2022
    detail.hit.zdb_id: 1482461-9
    SSG: 12
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