Anmerkung: Commercial fishing: the wider ecological impacts -- Contents -- Key Points -- 1 Commercial fishing: the wider ecological impacts -- 1.1 Introduction -- 2 Fishing gears and their operation -- 2.1 Gear selectivity -- 2.2 Pelagic drifting gears -- 2.3 Bottom set gears -- 2.4 Pelagic mobile gears -- 2.5 Bottom mobile gears -- 2.6 SCUBA diving, explosives, poisons -- 3 Effects of litter from fishing gear -- 3.1 'Ghost' fishing -- 3.2 Ingestion offragments offishinggear by marine mammals, turtles and seabirds -- 4 Vulnerability of different marine habitats -- 4.1 Mud -- 4.2 Sand -- 4.3 Gravel and mixed grounds -- 4.4 Maerl -- 4.5 Coral, coralligene and rocky reef habitats -- 4.6 Seagrass meadows -- 4.7 Kelp forests -- 4.8 Sea mounts -- 4.9 Relative vunerability -- 5 Effects on non-target organisms -- 5.1 Sea birds -- 5.2 Sea mammals -- 5.3 Sea turtles -- 5.4 Sea snakes -- 5.5 Benthic scavengers -- 6 Community and ecosystem responses -- 6.1 Community diversity -- 6.2 Habitat structure -- 6.3 Benthopelagic coupling -- 6.4 Species interactions -- 6.5 Assessing fisheries effects -- 7 Conservation aspects and the way forward -- 7.1 Marine reserves -- 7.2 Practical conservation measures -- 8 Further reading -- 9 Glossary -- 10 Acronyms -- 11 Addresses of contributors.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Marine Fisheries Ecology -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Marine fisheries ecology: an introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Fisheries of the world -- 1.2.1 History of fisheries -- 1.2.2 Fishery science -- 1.2.3 Diversity of fisheries -- 1.3 Patterns of exploitation -- 1.3.1 Boom and bust -- 1.3.2 Conservation and ecosystem concerns -- 1.4 Why manage fisheries? -- 1.5 Objectives of management -- 1.5.1 Range of objectives -- 1.5.2 Balancing objectives -- 1.5.3 From objective to action -- 1.6 Meeting management objectives -- 1.7 Structure of this book -- Summary -- 2 Marine ecology and production processes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Primary production: sources and magnitude -- 2.3 Phytoplanktonic production -- 2.3.1 Links between production and physical processes -- 2.3.2 Upwellings and fronts -- 2.3.3 Rates of phytoplanktonic production -- 2.4 Non-phytoplanktonic production -- 2.4.1 Macroalgae -- 2.4.2 Mangroves -- 2.4.3 Coral reef algae -- 2.4.4 Seagrasses and marsh plants -- 2.4.5 Microphytobenthos -- 2.5 Heterotrophic production -- 2.5.1 The fate of primary production -- 2.5.2 Transfer along the food chain -- 2.5.3 Production of fished species -- 2.5.4 Linking primary production and landings -- Summary -- 3 Fished species, life histories and distribution -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fishes -- 3.3 Invertebrates -- 3.4 Life histories -- 3.4.1 Sex, sex reversal and sex ratios -- 3.4.2 Growth, maturity and longevity -- 3.4.3 Egg size, fecundity and reproduction -- 3.5 Distribution in space and time -- 3.5.1 Geographical ranges and stock structures -- 3.5.2 Migration -- 3.5.3 Larval transport, retention and dispersal -- 3.5.4 Metapopulations -- Summary -- 4 Population structure in space and time -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Recruitment -- 4.2.1 Spawner and recruit relationships -- 4.2.2 Mortality during the early life history. , 4.2.3 Depensation -- 4.2.4 Regulation in fish populations -- 4.3 Density-dependent habitat use -- Summary -- 5 Fishing gears and techniques -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 From shoreline gathering to satellites -- 5.3 Modern commercial fishing gears -- 5.3.1 Towed fishing gear -- 5.3.2 Static fishing gear -- 5.4 Other fishing techniques -- 5.5 Conservation methods -- Summary -- 6 Fishers: socioeconomics and human ecology -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Motivations for fishing -- 6.2.1 Food -- 6.2.2 Income -- 6.3 Modifications to fishing behaviour -- 6.3.1 Social -- 6.3.2 Religion -- 6.4 Conflicts and conflict resolution -- 6.4.1 Competing for fish -- 6.4.2 Fish wars -- 6.4.3 Fishers in the political process -- 6.4.4 Traditional management systems -- 6.4.5 Customary marine tenure -- 6.4.6 Co-management -- Summary -- 7 Single-species stock assessment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Balancing birth and death -- 7.3 Surplus production models -- 7.3.1 Stability -- 7.3.2 Models of population growth -- 7.3.3 Fitting models to data -- 7.3.4 Surplus production models in action -- 7.4 Delay-difference models -- 7.4.1 Delay-difference models in action -- 7.5 Virtual population analysis -- 7.5.1 Age-based cohort analysis -- 7.5.2 Length-based cohort analysis -- 7.6 Statistical catch-at-age methods -- 7.7 Yield-per-recruit models -- 7.7.1 Yield-per-recruit models in action -- 7.8 Incorporating recruitment -- 7.8.1 Replacement lines -- 7.8.2 Replacement lines in action -- 7.9 Confronting risk and uncertainty -- 7.9.1 Bayesian analysis -- 7.9.2 Resampling methods -- 7.10 Biological reference points -- Summary -- 8 Multispecies assessment and ecosystem modelling -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Multispecies surplus production -- 8.2.1 Multispecies surplus production in action -- 8.3 Multispecies yield per recruit -- 8.3.1 Multispecies yield per recruit in action. , 8.4 Multispecies virtual population analysis -- 8.4.1 Multispecies VPA in action -- 8.4.2 Applying MSVPA data to single-species models -- 8.5 Predators, prey and competitors -- 8.5.1 Predator-prey dynamics -- 8.5.2 Competition, an unexpected result -- 8.5.3 Management implications -- 8.6 Size spectra -- 8.7 Ecosystem models -- 8.7.1 Ecosystem models in action -- Summary -- 9 Getting the data: stock identity and dynamics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Stock identification -- 9.2.1 The stock concept -- 9.2.2 Methods for stock identification -- 9.3 Stock dynamics -- 9.3.1 Sampling -- 9.3.2 Length, weight and age -- 9.3.3 Growth -- 9.3.4 Maturity -- 9.3.5 Fecundity -- 9.3.6 Mortality -- 9.4 The impact of errors -- Summary -- 10 Getting the data: abundance, catch and effort -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Abundance -- 10.2.1 Survey design -- 10.2.2 Visual census methods -- 10.2.3 Acoustic methods -- 10.2.4 Trawl surveys -- 10.2.5 Depletion methods -- 10.2.6 Mark-recapture methods -- 10.2.7 Egg production methods -- 10.3 The fishery -- Summary -- 11 Bioeconomics -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 The value of fisheries -- 11.2.1 Trade in fished species -- 11.2.2 Catch values and employment -- 11.3 Bioeconomic models -- 11.3.1 Descriptive bioeconomics -- 11.3.2 Optimal fishing strategies -- 11.3.3 Bayesian methods -- 11.4 Economic vs. social management objectives -- 11.4.1 Subsidies -- 11.4.2 The case for economic efficiency -- Summary -- 12 Fishing effects on populations and communities -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Vulnerability to fishing -- 12.2.1 Behaviour -- 12.2.2 Life histories -- 12.3 Intraspecific effects -- 12.3.1 Age and size structure -- 12.3.2 Reproduction -- 12.3.3 Genetic structure -- 12.4 Community effects -- 12.4.1 Diversity -- 12.4.2 Community structure -- 12.4.3 Size structure -- 12.4.4 Competition and trophic interactions -- Summary. , 13 Bycatches and discards -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Catches, bycatches and discards -- 13.2.1 Definitions -- 13.2.2 Reasons for discarding -- 13.3 Alternatives to discarding -- 13.4 Fisheries and bycatches -- 13.5 Incidental captures -- 13.5.1 Seabirds -- 13.5.2 Sea turtles -- 13.5.3 Sea snakes -- 13.5.4 Marine mammals -- 13.6 Methods to reduce bycatches -- 13.7 Ghost fishing -- 13.8 Sociocultural differences -- Summary -- 14 Impacts on benthic communities, habitats and coral reefs -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Fishing disturbance -- 14.2.1 Fishing vs. natural disturbance -- 14.2.2 Distribution of fishing disturbance -- 14.3 Direct effects of fishing gear on the seabed -- 14.3.1 Towed fishing gear -- 14.3.2 Direct effects on the substratum -- 14.3.3 Effects on infauna -- 14.3.4 Effects on epifauna -- 14.3.5 Meta-analysis -- 14.4 Effects of static fishing gears -- 14.5 Long-term effects -- 14.6 Fishing as a source of energy subsidies -- 14.6.1 Have population changes occurred? -- 14.7 Indirect effects on habitats -- 14.7.1 Loose seabeds -- 14.7.2 Coral reefs -- Summary -- 15 Fishery interactions with birds and mammals -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Birds -- 15.2.1 Competition between birds and fisheries -- 15.2.2 Benefits of discarding -- 15.2.3 Waders and shellfish -- 15.3 Mammals -- 15.3.1 Competition between mammals and fisheries -- 15.3.2 Prey release -- Summary -- 16 A role for aquaculture? -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Aquaculture past and present -- 16.3 What is cultivated? -- 16.4 Production systems -- 16.5 Feeding constraints -- 16.6 Prospects for expansion -- 16.6.1 Cage cultivation -- 16.6.2 Stock enhancement and ranching -- 16.7 Case studies -- 16.7.1 Shrimp farming -- 16.7.2 Bivalve mariculture -- Summary -- 17 Management and conservation options -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Management objectives, strategies and actions. , 17.2.1 From objective to action -- 17.2.2 Catch control -- 17.2.3 Effort control -- 17.2.4 Technical measures -- 17.2.5 Management in action -- 17.3 Improving management -- 17.3.1 Enforcement and compliance -- 17.3.2 Co-management -- 17.3.3 Ownership of resources and harvesting rights -- 17.3.4 Uncertainty and the precautionary approach -- 17.3.5 Role of science -- 17.4 Multispecies and ecosystem-based management -- 17.4.1 What are the objectives? -- 17.4.2 What can be achieved? -- 17.5 Managing fisheries for conservation -- 17.5.1 Endangered species -- 17.5.2 Habitats -- 17.5.3 Protected areas and no-take zones -- 17.6 Future trends -- 17.6.1 Fisheries science -- 17.6.2 Fisheries management -- Summary -- References -- Appendix 1: List of symbols -- Appendix 2: Fisheries websites -- Appendix 3: Geographic index -- Index.

Anmerkung: Literatur- und URL-Verzeichnis: Seiten 450-487