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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of stopping smoking on cervical Langerhans'cells and lymphocytes (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    BJOG 108 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Objective To investigate the effects of stopping smoking on cervical Langerhans’ cells and lymphocytes.Design Prospective intervention study.Setting A large family planning clinic in central London.Population Women volunteers prepared to attempt to give up smoking for six months. Their most recent cervical smear showed no abnormality greater than mild dyskaryosis.Methods The women were seen at three-month intervals for six months. Reduction in smoking was assessed by self-reporting and validated by salivary cotinine concentrations. Colposcopy and a biopsy of a normal area were performed at the first and last visits. Any area of abnormality was also biopsied at the final visit. Langerhans’ cells and lymphocytes were counted.Main outcome measures Proportional changes in counts of Langerhans’ cells and lymphocytes with reduction in smoking.Results Reduction in smoking by 20 to 40 cigarettes per day was significantly associated with a reduction of between 6% and 16% in counts of Langerhans cells, CD8 and total lymphocytes. Heavy smoking was significantly associated (P= 0.02) with an increased chance of persistent human papillomavirus infection. The presence of candida was associated with significantly higher counts of between 41% and 47% in total lymphocytes and CD8 lymphocytes. In contrast, the presence of anaerobic vaginosis was associated with significantly lower counts of between 16% and 30% in Langerhans cells, CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes.Conclusions This large intervention study has demonstrated a clear relationship between reduction in smoking and changes in cervical immune cell counts. Future studies need to take into account cytokine interactions, which recent studies suggest may be significant in the immune response to both human papillomavirus and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and the ever-increasing complexity of the cell-mediated immune system of the cervix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.2001.00074.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Parental smoking cessation and children's smoking—problems of interpretation remain: commentary on Bricker et al. (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Addiction 98 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.t01-6-00396.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine absorption and dependence in unlicensed lozenges available over the counter (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Carfax Publishing Limited
    Addiction 93 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Aim. To demonstrate the nicotine absorption and dependence potential from unlicensed nicotine containing lozenges . Design. A single case report of dependence on nicotine lozenges, plus measurements of nicotine levels before and after consumption of eight nicotine lozenges over 2 hours in volunteers. Setting. Hospital Smokers' Clinic. Participants. One male patient suffering from schizophrenia who had consumed 150 "Stoppers" lozenges per day for the previous 5 years, plus seven non-smoker volunteers . Measurements. Blood nicotine concentration . Findings. The patient's low expired carbon monoxide level (5 p.p.m.) and high plasma nicotine (32 ng/ml) and cotinine levels (947 ng/ml) were consistent with very heavy lozenge consumption. The non-smoker volunteers obtained nicotine concentrations of around 11 ng/ml by consuming eight Stoppers lozenges over 2 hours. Other brands of nicotine lozenges produced lower initial levels, but also produced delayed intestinal absorption and vomiting after food consumption . Conclusion. Nicotine lozenges are a potential aid to smoking cessation but their safety, efficacy and abuse potential remain to be properly evaluated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.939142713.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Monitoring cigarette smoking prevalence in Britain in a timely fashion (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
    Addiction 98 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Background  Available estimates of cigarette smoking prevalence from the General Household Survey (GHS), the source of official smoking data in Britain, can be over a year out of date. With a number of policy initiatives being undertaken at national level, it would be useful to be able to track changes in a more timely manner.Aims and design  We compared prevalence estimates from the Omnibus Survey, a monthly survey conducted by the Office for National Statistics, with those from the General Household Survey in order to examine whether they may provide a complementary and more timely source of cigarette smoking prevalence data.Findings  The age and socio-economic structure of the samples from the Omnibus and GHS surveys was very similar. When data from monthly Omnibus Surveys for the year 2000 were combined, prevalence estimates were within 1% point of those from the GHS for 2000, and overall sample sizes were also similar. The Omnibus data show a significant linear decline in prevalence between 1999 and 2002 of about 0.4% per year. This coincides with the introduction of a national strategy for reducing smoking prevalence.Conclusions  The Omnibus Survey can be a useful additional tool for assessing changes in smoking prevalence.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00528.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A profile of tobacco smoking (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Addiction 89 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1360-0443
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Psychology
    Notes: Cigarette smoking has for years been declining slowly in a number of major Western countries. It nevertheless remains highly prevalent, with one-quarter to one-third of adults being current smokers in the USA and Britain, and only some 40 per cent of those who have ever smoked cigarettes regularly have given up. Smoking is increasingly becoming a marker for deprivation and for a stressful life-style, and is also associated with consumption of other drugs. There is abundant and convincing evidence that, far from being confined to a minority of problem users, high levels of dependence on tobacco are experienced by a majority of smokers in the general population, with an onset early in the smoking career. The rewards which underpin continued smoking are unclear, but it may be that avoidance of the unpleasantness of not smoking is more significant than positively rewarding effects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03732.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine withdrawal and accident rates (1998)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 394 (1998), S. 137-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] It is well known that when regular smokers quit smoking, their mood and cognitive performance typically deteriorate within a few hours of abstaining,. But do these psychological deficits, readily measured in the laboratory, cause major disruption in everyday activities, such as performance at ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/28076
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Cigarette withdrawal symptoms in adolescent smokers (1986)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 90 (1986), S. 533-536 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Cigarette smoking ; Withdrawal ; Adolescents ; Cotinine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract One hundred and sixteen female adolescent smokers were asked about withdrawal symptoms experienced during past attempts to give up smoking for good. Sixty-three percent reported difficulties during abstinence of the kind experienced by adult smokers. Daily smokers were more likely to report withdrawal effects than non-daily smokers (74% versus 47%, P〈0.005). Reported experience of withdrawal symptoms was positively related to self-reports of cigarette consumption and depth of inhalation and nicotine intake as indexed by salivary cotinine concentrations. Reported occurrence of at least one withdrawal effect correlated positively with nicotine intake after controlling for behavioural variables. Our results indicate that teenage smokers are likely to suffer withdrawal symptoms when they try to give up. Behavioural factors and expectations based on observations of adults may have played a part in their experience of withdrawal, but it is also likely that pharmacological factors are implicated even at this early stage.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00174074
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nicotine intake and dependence in Swedish snuff takers (1992)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 108 (1992), S. 507-511 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Snuff ; Nicotine ; Cotinine ; Dependence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Two studies examining nicotine intake in users of Swedish moist oral snuff are reported. Absorption form a single pinch (2 g) in ten users after overnight abstinence was fairly rapid. The increment in plasma nicotine concentrations averaged 9.9 ng/ml (SD 6.5) after 10 min and peaked at 14.5 ng/ml (SD 4.6) shortly after discarding at 30 min. Among groups of habitual snuff takers (n=27) and cigarette smokers (n=35) studied on a day of normal snuffing/smoking, peak blood nicotine levels after use were similar [averaging 36.6 ng/ml (SD 14.4) and 36.7 ng/ml (SD 16.1), respectively], but there was a tendency to higher cotinine levels in the snuffers (399.2 ng/ml versus 306.3 ng/ml). The snuff takers and cigarette smokers reported similar levels of subjective dependence on tobacco. Epidemiological study of Swedish snuff users could clarify whether the cardiovascular risks of tobacco are attributable to nicotine or to other smoke components, as in their case nicotine intake is not accompanied by combustion products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02247429
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of subcutaneous nicotine injections on EEG alpha frequency in non-smokers: a placebo-controlled pilot study (1994)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 115 (1994), S. 163-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Nicotine ; EEG ; Alpha frequency ; Smoking ; Non-smoker ; Subcutaneous
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The effect of two subcutaneous injections of 0.6 mg nicotine, administered 40 min apart, was compared with placebo in four non-smoking subjects in a counter-balanced double-blind crossover design. The nicotine injections produced mean peak plasma nicotine concentrations of 5.3 ng/ml 10 min after the first injection and 8.5 ng/ml 10 min after the second injection. The nicotine injections produced an increase in mean dominant alpha frequency on the electroencephalogram (EEG) which was 2 Hz greater than the effect of placebo (P=0.049) and also produced a heart-rate boost which was 8 beats per minute greater than that produced by placebo (P=0.022). These effects on dominant alpha frequency and heart rate were most apparent in the 10 min following each nicotine injection. The increase in dominant alpha frequency found in non-smokers in this study was similar to that following nicotine inhalation in abstinent smokers in previous studies, and suggests that this is a primary effect of nicotine, rather than simply a reversal of withdrawal-induced EEG slowing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02244767
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Does caffeine intake enhance absolute levels of cognitive performance? (1993)
    Springer
    Psychopharmacology 110 (1993), S. 45-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2072
    Keywords: Caffeine ; Cognitive performance ; Coffee ; Tea
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between habitual coffee and tea consumption and cognitive performance was examined using data from a cross-sectional survey of a representative sample of 9003 British adults (the Health and Lifestyle Survey). Subjects completed tests of simple reaction time, choice reaction time, incidental verbal memory, and visuo-spatial reasoning, in addition to providing self-reports of usual coffee and tea intake. After controlling extensively for potential confounding variables, a dose-response trend to improved performance with higher levels of coffee consumption was observed for all four tests (P〈0.001 in each case). Similar but weaker associations were found for tea consumption, which were significant for simple reaction time (P=0.02) and visuo-spatial reasoning (P=0.013). Estimated overall caffeine consumption showed a dose-response relationship to improved cognitive performance (P〈0.001 for each cognitive test, after controlling for confounders). Older people appeared to be more susceptible to the performance-improving effects of caffeine than were younger. The results suggest that tolerance to the performance-enhancing effects of caffeine, if it occurs at all, is incomplete.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02246949
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