Keywords:
Climatic changes -- Arctic regions.
;
Climatology.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
The Arctic is now experiencing some of the most rapid and severe climate change on earth, with far-reaching consequences. This volume addresses a number of central topics including our understanding of the role of the Arctic in the global climate system.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (472 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9789400720275
Series Statement:
Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library ; v.43
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=885999
DDC:
551.69113
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Arctic Climate Change -- Dedication -- Foreword -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: The Origins of ACSYS -- References -- Part I: Observations -- Chapter 2: Advances in Arctic Atmospheric Research -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Energy Fluxes -- 2.3 The Arctic Oscillation, the PNA-Like, and Arctic Dipole Climate Patterns -- 2.4 Warm Temperatures of the 1930s and 2000s -- 2.5 Recent Climate Change -- References -- Chapter 3: Sea-Ice Observation: Advances and Challenges -- 3.1 The Arctic Marine Cryosphere in the Context of Climate -- 3.2 Objectives for the Arctic Climate System Study -- 3.3 Knowledge Base for the Arctic Climate System Study -- 3.3.1 Extent and Concentration -- 3.3.2 Drift -- 3.3.3 Thickness -- 3.3.4 Export -- 3.3.5 Atmosphere-Ice-Ocean Interaction -- 3.3.6 Sea Ice Processes -- 3.4 Achievements of the Arctic Climate System Study -- 3.4.1 Extent and Concentration -- 3.4.1.1 Operational Ice Charting -- 3.4.1.2 Historical Ice Charts -- 3.4.1.3 Hemispheric Variability -- 3.4.2 Drift -- 3.4.2.1 Satellite Tracking of Beacons -- 3.4.2.2 Kinematic Analysis of Satellite Imagery -- 3.4.2.3 Doppler Sonar -- 3.4.3 Thickness -- 3.4.3.1 In Situ Measurements -- 3.4.3.2 Top-Side Close Sensing -- 3.4.3.3 Bottom-Side Remote Sensing -- 3.4.3.4 Top-Side Remote Sensing -- 3.4.3.5 Ice Thickness from Draft or Elevation -- 3.4.4 Export -- 3.4.4.1 Fram Strait -- 3.4.4.2 Barents Sea -- 3.4.4.3 Bering Sea -- 3.4.4.4 Canadian Archipelago -- 3.4.5 Atmosphere-Ice-Ocean Interaction -- 3.4.5.1 Principal Initiatives -- 3.4.5.2 Climate Sensitivity of Level Ice -- 3.4.5.3 Freezing -- 3.4.5.4 Ice-Bottom Ablation -- 3.4.5.5 Ice-Top Ablation -- 3.4.5.6 Autonomous Monitoring of Surface Energy Balance -- 3.4.5.7 Flaw Leads and Polynyas -- 3.4.6 Sea-Ice Processes -- 3.4.6.1 Ice Thickness Redistribution -- 3.4.6.2 Stress and Strain.
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3.5 Sea Ice of the Southern Hemisphere -- 3.6 Deliverables -- 3.7 Tasks for the Future -- 3.7.1 The Seasonal Sea Ice Zone -- 3.7.2 Global Sea Ice Volume -- 3.7.3 Data Assimilation -- References -- Chapter 4: Observations in the Ocean -- 4.1 Mid 1800-1980: Exploration -- 4.2 1980-1990: Interpretation -- 4.3 The ACSYS Decade: New Insights, Variability and Change -- 4.3.1 Circulation and Transformation of Water Masses -- 4.3.1.1 Atlantic and Intermediate Water Circulation -- 4.3.1.2 Formation of the 'Lower Halocline' -- 4.3.1.3 Pacific Water -- 4.3.1.4 Shelf Processes, River Runoff, Ice Melt, Freezing and Brine Rejection -- 4.3.1.5 Tracking the Waters: Insights from Tracers -- 4.3.1.6 Mixing in the Interior -- 4.3.1.7 The Bottom Water: Stagnant or Ventilated? -- 4.3.1.8 Eddies -- 4.3.2 Change -- 4.3.2.1 The Atlantic Layer -- 4.3.2.2 Redistribution of Water Masses in the Upper Layers -- 4.3.2.3 Changes in the Halocline -- 4.3.2.4 The Intermediate Layers -- 4.3.3 Exchanges -- 4.3.3.1 Fram Strait Transports -- 4.3.3.2 The Barents Sea -- 4.3.3.3 Bering Strait -- 4.3.3.4 The Canadian Arctic Archipelago -- 4.4 The Arctic Ocean as Part of the Arctic Mediterranean Sea -- References -- Chapter 5: Observed Hydrological Cycle -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Observational Data -- 5.2.1 Precipitation -- 5.2.1.1 Systematic Gauge Measuring Error and Its Correction -- 5.2.1.2 Comparison of Gridded Precipitation Data Based on Different Data Sets -- 5.2.1.3 Comparison of Annual Precipitation and Runoff -- 5.2.2 Runoff -- 5.2.2.1 Database -- 5.2.2.2 Analysis and Results -- 5.2.2.3 Problems in Runoff -- 5.2.3 Snow Cover, Snow Depth -- 5.2.3.1 Observational Methods and Databases -- 5.2.3.2 Results -- 5.2.3.3 Conclusions -- 5.2.3.4 Problems -- 5.2.4 Atmospheric Moisture Flux, P-E Estimates -- 5.2.4.1 The Significance of the Atmospheric Moisture Flux.
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5.2.4.2 Observational and Computational Problems -- 5.2.4.3 Data and Calculations -- 5.2.4.4 Comparison of Different Results -- 5.2.4.5 Summary and Conclusion -- 5.3 Evaluation of Reanalysis Results and Observations -- 5.3.1 Description of the Reanalyses -- 5.3.1.1 ERA15 -- 5.3.1.2 ERA40 -- 5.3.1.3 NCEP Reanalysis -- 5.3.1.4 Additional Tools -- 5.3.2 The Hydrological Cycle over the Arctic Ocean Catchment -- 5.3.2.1 ERA15 Period 1979-1993 -- 5.3.2.2 Hydrological Cycle for Several Arctic Rivers in the Three ERA40 Subperiods -- 5.4 Synopsis of the Observed Arctic Hydrological Cycle: Where Are We Now? -- 5.4.1 Updated Precipitation Time Series -- 5.5 Open Questions, Future Tasks -- References -- Chapter 6: Interaction with the Global Climate System -- 6.1 The Arctic in the Global Climatic System -- 6.2 Thermohaline Convection and the "Great Conveyor Belt" -- 6.3 The Arctic Mediterranean System and Bimodal Catastrophe -- 6.4 Physical Processes Within the AM -- 6.4.1 Convection -- 6.5 Problems of Monitoring Climate Change in the AM -- 6.6 Early Twentieth Century Warming: An Example of Global Interaction? -- 6.7 Summary Statement -- References -- Part II: Modelling -- Chapter 7: Mesoscale Modelling of the Arctic Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Its Interaction with Sea Ice -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Cold-Air Outbreaks -- 7.3 On-Ice Airflow and Influence of Ridges -- 7.4 Convective Processes Over Ice-Covered Oceans -- 7.4.1 Convection Over Leads -- 7.4.2 Convection Over Sea Ice Caused by a Combination of Factors -- 7.5 Mesoscale Studies with Coupled Atmosphere-Sea Ice Models -- 7.5.1 Influence of Polar Mesoscale Cyclones on Fram Strait Sea Ice Export - Case Studies with the Mesoscale Model System METRAS/MESIM -- 7.5.2 Modelling of Sea Ice Drift in the Marginal Sea Ice Zone -- 7.6 Stable Boundary Layer Over the Greenland Ice Sheet.
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7.6.1 Simulations of Katabatic Wind Dynamics -- 7.6.1.1 Interaction Between the Katabatic Wind and the Formation of Coastal Polynyas -- 7.7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8: Arctic Regional Climate Models -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Regional Climate Models of the Arctic Atmosphere -- 8.2.1 Spatial Resolution -- 8.2.2 Domain Choice and Lateral Boundary Forcing -- 8.2.3 Lower Boundary Forcing -- 8.2.4 Physical Parameterisations -- 8.2.5 Applications -- 8.2.6 Arctic Regional Climate Model Intercomparison Project (ARCMIP) -- 8.3 Coupled Regional Models of the Arctic Climate System -- 8.3.1 Model Dynamics and Physics -- 8.3.1.1 Atmosphere -- 8.3.1.2 Ocean -- 8.3.1.3 Sea Ice -- 8.3.1.4 Land Surface and Soil -- 8.3.2 Coupling Strategy -- 8.3.3 Validation and Applications -- 8.4 Past Climate Simulations of Arctic Climate -- 8.5 Scenario Simulations of the Future Arctic Climate -- 8.6 Global Implications of Arctic Climate Processes and Feedbacks -- 8.7 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Progress in Hydrological Modeling over High Latitudes: Under Arctic Climate System Study (ACSYS) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Evolution of Land Surface Schemes -- 9.3 Arctic Hydrological Modeling During ACSYS -- 9.3.1 MAGS -- 9.3.2 BALTEX -- 9.3.3 GAME-Siberia -- 9.4 NATO Arctic Freshwater Balance Workshop -- 9.5 PILPS 2(e) -- 9.6 Freshwater Inflow to the Arctic Ocean -- 9.7 Conclusions: What Did the ACSYS Achieve? -- References -- Chapter 10: Sea-Ice-Ocean Modelling -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Sea-Ice Models -- 10.2.1 Thermodynamics -- 10.2.2 Dynamics -- 10.2.3 Model Simulations -- 10.3 Sea-Ice-Ocean Coupling -- 10.3.1 Development of Regional Ocean-Sea-Ice Simulations -- 10.3.2 Dynamical Coupling of Ocean and Sea-Ice Model Components -- 10.3.3 Sea-Ice-Ocean Coupling and Arctic Freshwater Balance -- 10.3.4 Surface Boundary Conditions.
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10.4 Synthesis and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 11: Global Climate Models and 20th and 21st Century Arctic Climate Change -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 GCM Developments Since the Beginning of the ACSYS Era -- 11.2.1 Sea Ice Component -- 11.2.2 Flux Adjustments, Ocean Parameterizations, and Grids -- 11.2.3 Atmospheric Circulation and Clouds -- 11.2.4 Ice Sheet Modeling -- 11.3 CMIP3 Model Highlights -- 11.3.1 Late 20th Century Climate -- 11.3.2 Mid-21st Century Climate Change -- 11.4 Summary and Future Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: ACSYS: A Scientific Foundation for the Climate and Cryosphere (CliC) Project -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Project Goals and Objectives -- 12.3 The CliC Main Scientific Themes -- 12.4 CliC and Cryospheric Observations -- 12.5 CliC's Role in IPY -- 12.6 Polar Research Planning (ICARP II) -- 12.7 Assessments -- 12.8 WMO Global Cryosphere Watch -- 12.9 Polar and Cryospheric Reanalysis -- 12.10 Regional and National Developments -- 12.11 Data Management and Data Services -- 12.12 Way Forward -- References -- Index.
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