Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 The Izatt-Christensen Award in Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 International Izatt-Christensen Award in Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry -- 1.3 International Symposium on Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry -- 1.4 Izatt-Christensen award sponsor: IBC Advanced Technologies, Inc. -- 1.5 Summary -- References -- 2 Supramolecular Chemistry with DNA -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Motifs in structural DNA nanotechnology -- 2.3 Dynamic assembly and molecular recognition with DNA -- 2.4 Supramolecular assembly with hybrid DNA materials: increasing the letters of the alphabet -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Anion, Cation and Ion-Pair Recognition by Macrocyclic and Interlocked Host Systems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Electrochemical molecular recognition -- 3.3 Anion recognition and sensing by macrocyclic and interlocked hosts -- 3.4 Halogen-bonding anion recognition -- 3.5 Ion-pair recognition -- 3.6 Metal-directed self-assembly -- 3.7 Conclusions -- 3.8 Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Perspectives in Molecular Tectonics -- 4.1 Preamble: dreams and pathway -- 4.2 Introduction -- 4.3 From tectons to networks -- 4.4 Summary and outlook -- 4.5 Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Three Tales of Supramolecular Analytical Chemistry -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Citrate sensing -- 5.3 Rapid analysis of enantiomeric excess -- 5.4 Differential sensing -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Robust Host-Guest Chemistry of Cucurbit[n]uril -- 6.1 Personal pathway to the discovery of cucurbit[n]uril and early day developments -- 6.2 Structures and physical properties of CB[n] -- 6.3 General host-guest chemistry of CB[n] -- 6.4 High-affinity host-guest pairs -- 6.5 Functionalized CBs. , 6.6 Applications of high-affinity CB[6] complexes -- 6.7 Applications of high-affinity CB[7] complexes -- 6.8 Conclusions -- 6.9 Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Molecular Recognition in Biomimetic Receptors -- 7.1 Molecular recognition in biological systems -- 7.2 Model systems to investigate fundamental forces -- 7.3 Recognition of more complex systems - into the realm of peptides -- 7.4 A general approach to peptide mimicry - targeting secondary structure -- 7.5 Super-secondary structures and beyond -- 7.6 Outlook -- References -- 8 A Lifetime Walk in the Realm of Cyclam -- 8.1 Synthesis and development of cyclam and related macrocycles -- 8.2 Macrocyclic effects and the importance of being 14-membered -- 8.3 Cyclam promotes the redox activity of the encircled metal ion -- 8.4 Scorpionands: cyclam derivatives with an aggressive tail, biting a chelated metal from the top -- 8.5 Azacyclams: cyclam-like macrocycles with built-in functionalization -- 8.6 Conclusion -- 8.7 Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Porosity in Metal-Organic Compounds -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Werner complexes -- 9.3 Hofmann clathrates -- 9.4 Coordination polymers -- 9.5 Porosity in metal-organic frameworks -- 9.6 The discovery of MOF-5: the golden age of metal-organic frameworks -- 9.7 The Cambridge Structural Database - an essential tool for MOF chemists -- 9.8 Concluding remarks -- 9.9 Acknowledgement -- References -- 10 Cyclodextrin-based Supramolecular Systems -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Cyclodextrin-containing polymers -- 10.3 CD-organometallic complexes -- 10.4 Complex formation of cyclodextrin with polymers -- 10.5 Polymerization by CDs -- 10.6 Supramolecular polymers -- 10.7 Side-chain recognition by CDs -- 10.8 CD-based molecular machines -- 10.9 Macroscopic self-assembly through molecular recognition -- 10.10 Self-healing by molecular recognition. , 10.11 Stimuli-responsive polymers -- 10.12 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Making the Tiniest Machines -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Property effects using molecular shuttles -- 11.3 Molecular motors and ratchet mechanisms -- 11.4 Small molecules that can "walk" along molecular tracks -- 11.5 Making molecules that make molecules -- 11.6 Outlook -- 11.7 Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Clipping an Angel's Wings -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Molecular clips -- 12.3 Molecular capsules -- 12.4 Outlook -- 12.5 Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 From Lanthanide Shift Reagents to Molecular Knots -- 13.1 Introduction: 1969-76 -- 13.2 Metalloporphyrins -- 13.3 Macrocycles based on cholic acid -- 13.4 Designed donor-acceptor catenanes -- 13.5 Dynamic combinatorial chemistry -- 13.6 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Texaphyrins -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Early days -- 14.3 Starting Pharmacyclics, Inc. -- 14.4 Early biological studies of texaphyrins -- 14.5 Clinical studies of texaphyrins at Pharmacyclics, Inc. -- 14.6 Changes in direction at Pharmacyclics, Inc. -- 14.7 Current research efforts involving texaphyrin -- 14.8 Texaphyrin-platinum conjugates -- 14.9 Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Macrocyclic Coordination Chemistry of Resorcin[4]arenes and Pyrogallol[4]arenes -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 History of hydrogen-bonded pyrogallol[4]arene- and resorcin[4]arene-based nanocapsules -- 15.3 Metal-seamed pyrogallol[4]arene- and resorcin[4]arene-based complexes -- 15.4 Concluding remarks -- References -- 16 Dynamic Control of Recognition Processes in Host-Guest Systems and Polymer-Polymer Interactions -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Dynamic control of crown ether functions by chemical and physical signals [2] -- 16.3 Stereochemical studies of calix[n]arene derivatives [7]. , 16.4 Ion and molecule recognition by functionalized calix[n]arenes and their application to super Na+-sensors and novel [60]fullerene isolation methods [8] -- 16.5 Molecular design of novel sugar-sensing systems using boronic acid-diol macrocyclization [14] -- 16.6 From molecular machines to allosteric effects [15] -- 16.7 From allosteric effects to aggregation-induced emission (AIE) -- 16.8 Extension of cooperative actions to polymeric and biological systems [19] -- 16.9 Summary -- 16.10 Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Cation Binders, Amphiphiles, and Membrane Active Transporters -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Conceptual development of lariat ethers for transport -- 17.3 Recognition of the ability of lariat ethers to form membranes -- 17.4 Use of lariat ethers to demonstrate cation-π interactions -- 17.5 Development of synthetic cation channels based on crown ethers -- 17.6 Development of synthetic anion channels based on amphiphilic peptides -- 17.7 Membrane active amphiphiles as biologically active and applicable compounds -- 17.8 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Supramolecular Technology -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Chemical sensing -- 18.3 Membrane transport -- 18.4 Nonlinear optical materials -- 18.5 Supramolecular technology for nanofabrication -- References -- 19 Synthesis of Macrocyclic Complexes Using Metal Ion Templates -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Macrocycle synthesis -- References -- 20 Serendipity -- 20.1 Serendipity in scientific discovery -- 20.2 Donor-acceptor charge transfer interactions -- 20.3 Cyclodextrins (CDs) -- 20.4 Conclusions and outlook -- References -- 21 Evolution of ZnII-Macrocyclic Polyamines to Biological Probes and Supramolecular Assembly -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Zinc enzyme models from ZnII macrocyclic polyamine complexes. , 21.3 ZnII-cyclens for selective recognition of nucleobases (thymine and uracil) and manipulation of genes -- 21.4 New supramolecular assemblies with ZnII-cyclen -- 21.5 Acknowledgements -- References -- 22 Contractile and Extensile Molecular Systems -- 22.1 Preamble: the Izatt-Christensen award and Jean-Pierre Sauvage -- 22.2 Introduction -- 22.3 Interlocking ring compounds -- 22.4 Non-interlocking compounds -- 22.5 Conclusion -- 22.6 Acknowledgements -- References -- Index -- End User License Agreement.

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Recycling and Sustainable Utilization of Precious and Specialty Metals -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 How did we come to this Situation? -- 1.3 Magnitude of the Waste Problem and Disposal of End-of-Life Products -- 1.4 Benefits Derived by the Global Community from Effective Recycling -- 1.5 Urban Mining -- 1.6 Technologies for Metal Separations and Recovery from EOL Wastes -- 1.6.1 Collection, Conditioning, and Pre-processing of Waste -- 1.6.2 Separation and Recovery Technologies -- 1.6.2.1 Integrated Smelter and Advanced Refining Technologies -- 1.6.2.2 Informal Recycling -- 1.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Global Metal Reuse, and Formal and Informal Recycling from Electronic and Other High-Tech Wastes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Metal Sources -- 2.3 E-waste -- 2.4 Responses to the E-waste Problem -- 2.5 Reuse of Metals from High-tech Sources -- 2.5.1 Reuse by Social Enterprises -- 2.5.2 Reuse in the Private Sector -- 2.5.3 Reuse Research -- 2.6 Recycling of Metals from High-tech Sources -- 2.6.1 Ferrous and Non-ferrous Metals -- 2.6.2 Speciality and Precious Metals -- 2.6.3 Formal Recycling -- 2.6.3.1 Collection and Sorting of Metals for Recycling -- 2.6.3.2 Role of the Third Sector -- 2.6.3.3 Technical Aspects of Formal Recycling -- 2.6.3.4 Metal Extraction -- 2.6.3.5 Economics of Formal Recycling -- 2.6.4 Informal Recycling -- 2.6.4.1 Collection and Sorting of Metals for Informal Recycling -- 2.6.4.2 Informal Sorting Methods -- 2.6.4.3 Legal Issues -- 2.6.4.4 Health, Safety and Environmental Issues -- 2.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Global Management of Electronic Wastes: Challenges Facing Developing and Economy-in-Transition Countries -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.1.1 Electronic waste (E-waste): Definitions, Categories and Composition -- 3.1.2 Typology and Categories of E-waste -- 3.2 E-waste Composition -- 3.3 E-waste Generation -- 3.3.1 Estimated Global Quantities of E-waste Generated -- 3.4 Problems with E-waste -- 3.5 E-waste Management Challenges Facing Developing Countries -- 3.5.1 Introduction -- 3.5.2 Poor Feedstock Collection Strategies -- 3.5.3 Lack of State-of-the-Art Technologies to Recover Resources from E-Waste -- 3.5.4 Lack of Specific E-Waste Regulations and Enforcement in Developing Countries -- 3.6 Environmental and Health Impacts of E-Waste Management in Developing Countries -- 3.6.1 Environmental Impacts of E-Waste -- 3.6.2 Health Impacts of E-Waste -- 3.7 Solutions for Present and Future Challenges -- 3.7.1 Optimizing and Promoting E-Waste as a Resource -- 3.7.2 Role of Product Design in Defining Product EoL Scenario -- 3.7.3 Recovering EoL Products -- 3.7.4 E-Waste as a Resource for Socioeconomic Development -- 3.7.5 Urban Mining -- 3.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Dynamics of Metal Reuse and Recycling in Informal Sector in Developing Countries -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Science of Metals -- 4.3 Technosphere, Demand and Mobility of Metals -- 4.4 Waste Dumpsites and Treasures of Heavy Metals -- 4.4.1 African Countries -- 4.4.2 Latin American Countries -- 4.4.3 Asian Countries -- 4.4.4 Metals and Global Business -- 4.5 Scrap Metal and Consumer Markets -- 4.6 Export of Metal Scrap -- 4.7 E-waste Scavenging and End-of-Life Management -- 4.8 Scrap Metal Theft -- 4.9 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5 Metal Sustainability from Global E-waste Management -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 E-Waste Issues -- 5.3 E-Waste Management in China -- 5.3.1 Generation and Flows -- 5.3.2 Policies -- 5.3.3 Formal and Informal Sectors -- 5.3.3.1 Formal Sectors -- 5.3.3.2 Informal Sectors. , 5.4 Recycling of Metals Found in E-waste -- 5.4.1 Base or Major Metals (Fe, Al, Cu, Pb, etc.) -- 5.4.2 Toxic Metals -- 5.4.2.1 Lead -- 5.4.2.2 Cadmium and Chromium(VI) -- 5.4.3 Precious Metals -- 5.4.4 Rare Earth Elements (REEs) -- 5.5 Challenges and Efforts in Metal Sustainability in China -- 5.5.1 Challenges -- 5.5.2 Efforts -- 5.6 Summary -- 5.7 Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 6 E-waste Recycling in China: Status Quo in 2015 -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Formal E-waste Collection and Recycling System in China -- 6.2.1 The Policy Framework of E-waste Management -- 6.2.2 E-waste flow in China -- 6.2.3 The Mechanism and Practice of WEEE Recycling in China -- 6.3 Informal E-waste Collection and Recycling -- 6.3.1 Informal Sector and E-waste Management -- 6.3.2 Informal E-waste Collection and Recycling in China -- 6.3.2.1 Casual Waste Workers and Recycling Jobs -- 6.3.2.2 Organization of Manual Sorting and Dismantling -- 6.3.3 Interactions between the Formal and Informal Sectors -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Metallurgical Recovery of Metals from: Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) in PRC -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Major Sources of E-Waste in China -- 7.3 Strategies and Regulations for WEEE Management and Treatment -- 7.3.1 Strategies for WEEE Management -- 7.3.2 European Regulations -- 7.3.3 Regulations for WEEE Management in China -- 7.3.4 Implementation of Regulations Related to E-Waste -- 7.3.5 Collection System of WEEE Materials -- 7.3.6 WEEE Materials Processing Companies -- 7.3.7 International Cooperation -- 7.4 Recycling and Processing of WEEE -- 7.4.1 Operational Strategies -- 7.4.2 General Processing Technology -- 7.4.3 Disassembly -- 7.4.4 Upgrading -- 7.4.4.1 Comminuting -- 7.4.4.2 Separation -- 7.4.5 Metal Refining -- 7.4.5.1 Copper Smelting Route -- 7.4.5.2 Lead Smelting Route. , 7.4.5.3 Industrial Practices for the Recovery of Metals from E-Waste -- 7.5 Current Issues in WEEE Treatment in China -- 7.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Metal Pollution and Metal Sustainability in China -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Heavy Metal Pollution in China -- 8.2.1 Heavy Metal Pollution Status -- 8.2.1.1 Heavy Metal Pollution in Water -- 8.2.1.2 Heavy Metal Pollution of Soil -- 8.2.1.3 Heavy Metal Pollution of Atmosphere -- 8.2.2 Heavy Metal Pollution in China: Prevention and Control -- 8.2.2.1 Laws and Regulations for Heavy Metal Pollution Prevention and Control -- 8.2.2.2 Policies for Heavy Metal Pollution Prevention and Control -- 8.3 Metal Sustainability in China -- 8.3.1 Metal Recycling in China -- 8.3.2 Metal Recycling from Wastewater, Solid Waste and Flue Gas -- 8.3.2.1 Metal Recycling from Wastewater -- 8.3.2.2 Metal Recycling from Solid Waste -- 8.4 Metal Sustainability in China: Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 9 Mercury Mining in China and its Environmental and Health Impacts -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Mercury Mines and Mining -- 9.2.1 Mercury Mines -- 9.2.2 Mercury Production -- 9.2.3 Mercury Usage -- 9.3 Mercury in the Environment -- 9.3.1 Air -- 9.3.1.1 Levels -- 9.3.1.2 Emission Sources -- 9.3.2 Mine-waste Tailings (Calcines) -- 9.3.3 Soil -- 9.3.3.1 Levels -- 9.3.3.2 Spatial Distribution -- 9.3.3.3 Bioavailability -- 9.3.4 Water -- 9.3.5 Biota -- 9.3.5.1 Fish -- 9.3.5.2 Rice -- 9.3.5.3 Other Crops -- 9.4 Human Exposure and Health Risk Assessment -- 9.4.1 Human Exposure -- 9.4.1.1 Hair -- 9.4.1.2 Blood -- 9.4.1.3 Urine -- 9.4.2 Health Risk Assessment -- 9.4.2.1 IHg Exposure -- 9.4.2.2 MeHg Exposure -- 9.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 10 Effects of Non-essential Metal Releases on the Environment and Human Health -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Metal Biogeochemical Cycles. , 10.2.1 Natural and Anthropogenic Sources -- 10.2.2 Notions of Metal Speciation -- 10.2.3 Environmental Fate of Metals -- 10.3 Metal Environmental Toxicology -- 10.3.1 How Do Metals Interact with Aquatic Freshwater Organisms? -- 10.3.2 The Biotic Ligand Model (Chemical Equilibrium Approach) -- 10.3.3 The Dynamic Multi-Pathway Bioaccumulation Model (Chemical Kinetics Approach) -- 10.3.4 Metal Detoxification -- 10.4 Case Study: Cadmium -- 10.4.1 Bioaccumulation (BLM vs. DYM-BAM) -- 10.4.2 Subcellular Partitioning -- 10.4.3 Evidence for Cd-Induced Effects in Aquatic Organisms -- 10.5 Chronic Low-Level Exposure of Human Populations to Non-Essential Metals -- 10.5.1 Historical Perspective -- 10.5.2 Assessment of Human Exposure to Non-Essential Metals -- 10.5.3 Bioavailability of Non-Essential Metal Species -- 10.5.3.1 Respiratory System -- 10.5.3.2 Gastrointestinal System -- 10.5.3.3 Skin -- 10.5.4 Metabolism of Non-Essential Metals -- 10.5.4.1 Blood Circulation -- 10.5.4.2 Organs -- 10.5.5 Linking Non-Essential Metal Exposure to the Etiology of Human Diseases -- 10. 5.6 Global Ecosystem Contamination by Arsenic, Cadmium, Lead and Mercury as an Underestimated Threat to Human and Ecosystem Health: A Summary -- References -- Chapter 11 How Bacteria are Affected by Toxic Metal Release -- 11.1 Introduction to Bacteria in the Environment -- 11.2 Bacterial Interactions with Metals -- 11.2.1 Essential Metals -- 11.2.2 Non-essential Metals -- 11.3 Bacterial Response to Toxic Metals -- 11.3.1 What Are the Toxicity Levels of Metals to Bacteria? -- 11.3.2 Resistance Mechanisms of Bacteria to Metals -- 11.4 How Are Metals Toxic to Bacteria? -- 11.4.1 Reactive Oxygen Species -- 11.4.1.1 Disruptive Reactions of ROS. -- 11.4.2 Thiol Chemistry -- 11.4.3 Replacement of Co‐factor Metals in Metalloproteins -- 11.4.4 Mutagenic Effects. , 11.4.5 Other Mechanisms for Metal Toxicity.

Note: Intro -- AZA-CROWN MACROCYCLES -- Contents -- I. AZA-CROWN MACROCYCLES: AN OVERVIEW -- II. PREPARATION OF STARTING MATERIALS -- III. GENERAL SYNTHETIC METHODS FOR THE POLYAZA-CROWN MACROCYCLES -- IV. COMMON METHODS FOR THE FORMATION OF POLYAZA MACROCYCLIC RINGS -- V. MONOAZA-CROWN MACROCYCLES -- VI. DIAZA-CROWN MACROCYCLES -- VII. POLYAZA-CROWN MACROCYCLES -- VIII. BENZOAZA-CROWN MACROCYCLES -- IX. AZA-CROWN MACROCYCLES CONTAINING OTHER HETEROATOMS IN THE MACRORING -- X. ALIPHATIC PERAZA-CROWN MACROCYCLES (CYCLAMS) -- XI. PERAZA-CYCLOPHANES -- XII. AZA- AND PERAZA-CROWN MACROCYCLES AS PART OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS -- XIII. SOME PRACTICAL APPROACHES TO THE AZA-CROWN MACROCYCLES -- AUTHOR INDEX -- SUBJECT INDEX.