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  • 1
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    Distribution and composition of the epibenthic megafauna north of Svalbard (Arctic) (2015)
    Springer
    In:  Polar Biology, 38 (6). pp. 861-877.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-04-03
    Description: Benthic communities north of Svalbard are less investigated than in other Arctic shelf regions, as this area was covered by sea-ice during most of the year. Improving our knowledge on this region is timely, however, since climate change is strongly evident there, particularly with regard to the extent of sea-ice decline and its huge ecological impact on all marine biota, including the benthos. Moreover, longer ice-free periods will certainly lead to an increase in human activity levels in the area, including bottom trawling. In two adjacent shelf and slope regions off northern Svalbard, we studied the composition of epibenthic megafauna and seafloor habitat structures by analyzing seabed images taken with both still and video cameras. In addition, we also used an Agassiz trawl to catch epibenthic organisms for ground-truthing seabed-image information. A wide variety of mostly sessile organisms 141 epibenthic taxa were identified in the images. The brittle star Ophiura sarsii and the soft coral Gersemia rubiformis were the most common species. At all stations 〉300 m in depth, evidence of trawling activities was detected at the seabed. The distribution of the benthic fauna in the study area exhibited a clear depth zonation, mainly reflecting depth-related differences in seabed composition. We conclude that natural factors determining the composition of the seafloor mostly affect the distribution and composition of epibenthic assemblages. Anthropogenic impact indicated by the trawl scours found is likely also important at smaller spatial scales.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1645-8
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 2
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    Regime shifts in Arctic marine benthos [Ecology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-08-29
    Description: Climate warming can trigger abrupt ecosystem changes in the Arctic. Despite the considerable interest in characterizing and understanding the ecological impact of rapid climate warming in the Arctic, few long time series exist that allow addressing these research goals. During a 30-y period (1980–2010) of gradually increasing seawater temperature and...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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    PAPER CURRENT
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Feeding habits of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) from the Svalbard area, Norway (1999)
    Springer
    Polar biology 21 (1999), S. 186-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The objective of the present study was to assess the feeding habits of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) from the Svalbard area, Norway. Stomach and/or intestine contents were collected from 47 individuals shot between May and September (1989–1996). Prey specimens were identified from whole specimens or hard items such as fish otoliths, crustacean exoskeletons, cephalopod beaks, polychaete jaws, gastropod operculae and mollusc shell remains. To show the dietary contribution of the different prey items found in the gastrointestinal tracts, the frequency of occurrence and the numerical frequency methods were used. Fifty-nine percent or more of the gastrointestinal tracts contained five or more prey organisms. The most frequent fish species recorded was polar cod (Boreogadus saida), which was found in 49% of the gastrointestinal tracts, followed by sculpins (Cottidae spp.) (44%), long rough dab (Hippoglossoides platessoides) (28%) and the stout eelblenny (Lumpenus medius) (18%). The most frequent crustaceans were the spider crab (Hyas araneus) (59%), Sabinea septemcarinatus (54%), Sclerocrangon boreas (46%) and Lebbeus polaris (18%). Of the molluscs, the whelk Buccinum spp. occurred in 18% of the gastrointestinal tracts. Other species such as cephalopods, polychaete worms, amphipods and echiuran worms occurred in small amounts. There were no significant differences in foraging behaviour between males and females. This study also shows that in the Svalbard area bearded seals are benthic feeders and utilise a wide variety of organisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050351
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age/size relations and food of two snailfishes, Liparis gibbus and Careproctus reinhardii (Teleostei, Liparididae) from Spitsbergen coastal waters (1988)
    Springer
    Polar biology 8 (1988), S. 353-358 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The snailfish family Liparididae was well represented in bottom trawl hauls (205–370 m) from the Spitsbergen area, with Liparis gibbus being the dominant species. Careproctus reinhardti was less numerous. The present paper is based on 539 specimens of C. gibbus (size range 6–25cm) and 120 specimens of L. reinhardti (size range 5–26 cm). Both species showed a rather similar size and age distribution. The stomach contents reveal that both snailfish species feed both benthically and pelagically. Crustaceans, especially amphipods and decapods, were the most common prey items. With increasing size of the fish, the decapod Pandalus borealis becomes more important, particularly for L. gibbus. Juvenile Liparis (1.3–4.3 cm in length) were found pelagically (35–200 m), and their diet mainly consisted of copepods and young hyperiid amphipods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00442026
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Size, age and diet of polar cod, Boreogadus saida (Lepechin 1773), in ice covered waters (1989)
    Springer
    Polar biology 9 (1989), S. 187-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Polar cod (Boreogadus saida) associated with drifting sea-ice were collected in the western Barents sea and north of Svalbard with dip-nets while SCUBA-diving in 1986 and 1987. Length-frequency measurements and otolith-readings suggested that the specimens were either one or two years old. The diet of fish from the western Barents sea (first-year ice) consisted mainly of copepods (Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis) and the hyperiid amphipod Parathemisto libellula. Fish collected north of the Svalbard archipelago (multi-year ice) had a more diverse diet, in which P. libellula and the sympagic amphipod Apherusa glacialis contributed more to the total diet biomass than copepods.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297174
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Some macrofaunal effects of local pollution and glacier-induced sedimentation, with indicative chemical analyses, in the sediments of two Arctic fjords (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 16 (1996), S. 549-557 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Macrofaunal (〉1 mm) and chemical sediment sampling was carried out in August 1992 close to the garbage dumping sites of the coal-mining industrialised settlements Longyearbyen (Adventfjord) and Barentsburg (Grønfjord), located in the Isfjord system, Svalbard. Six stations were sampled with respect to chemical parameters and fauna, while three stations were sampled with respect to only chemical parameters that comprised total organic carbon, total nitrogen, heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and chlorinated hydrocarbons (5-CB, HCB, γ-HCH, DDT, PCB7). The concentrations of PCB7, PAH and HCB were, respectively, up to 5, 16 and 30 times higher than assumed background concentrations, presumably as a result of terrestrial water drainage of coal particles originating from local coal-stores and industrial activities in general. The faunal diversities across the sampled areas were relatively low (e.g. Shannon-Wiener indices between 2.0 and 3.2), probably mainly as a result of glacier-induced fine-particulated inorganic impacts. A relatively high faunal abundance, and a quantitative dominance of the opportunistic polychaete taxaCapitella capitata and Chaetozone/Tharyx sp. in the Adventfjord indicated an additional source of perturbation, which was related to the untreated local sewage effluents and/or drainage water from the garbage dumping sites.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02329051
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Common macrofaunal dominant species in the sediments of some north Norwegian and Svalbard glacial fjords (1998)
    Springer
    Polar biology 19 (1998), S. 375-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Based on own data from the north Norwegian Holandsfjord and two Svalbard fjords (the Van Mijenfjord and the Raudfjord), and literature data from three other fjord regions at Svalbard, soft-bottom communities are analysed and discussed in order to identify common and numerically dominant species in glacier-derived fine-particulated inorganic impacted sediments. The most abundant common taxa in the inner and presumed most glacier-impacted parts of the Holandsfjord, the Van Mijenfjord and the Raudfjord were the surface-feeding detrivorous polychaetes Laonice cirrata, Chaetozone setosa, Myriochele sp. and Terebellides stroemi, the subsurface-feeding detrivorous polychaetes Scoloplos armiger, Ophelina acuminata, Maldane sarsi and Praxillella spp., the carnivorous polychaete Lumbrineris sp., and the subsurface detrivorous bivalves Yoldiella lenticula, Nuculoma tenuis, Nuculana pernula and Thyasira. In addition to these taxa, results from the other reviewed surveys in Svalbard indicate that glacier-influenced fjords may also be numerically dominated by the presumed surface-feeding detrivorous polychaete Levinsenia gracilis, the subsurface-feeding detrivorous polychaete Heteromastus filiformis, the carnivorous polychaetes Harmothoe and Aglaophamus malmgreni, and the subsurface-feeding detrivorous bivalves Yoldiella frigida, Yoldiella nana and Portlandia arctica. The generally quite frequent Heteromastus filiformis, Maldane sarsi and Praxillella, which feed head down at some depth in the sediments, may contribute, through selective feeding and recycling of organic carbon by depositing faecal products at the sediment surface, to the maintenance of relatively high faunal abundances in the organically poor sediments of glacier-influenced fjords.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050262
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    On the distribution of sympagic macro-fauna in the seasonally ice covered Barents Sea (1991)
    Springer
    Polar biology 11 (1991), S. 457-469 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The sympagic fauna (= sea ice fauna) of the Barents Sea was investigated on nine (2–5 weeks) cruises in the period 1983–1988. The amphipods Apherusa glacialis, Onisimus sp. and Gammarus wilkitzkii were the most conspicuous and abundant invertebrate species associated with the ice. Mean biomass-values ranged from 0 to about 2 g/m2, and were less than 0.001 g/m2 in five of the nine cruises. Apherusa glacialis, Onisimus sp. and Gammarus wilkitzkii are regarded as autochthonous sympagic species, and as such dependent upon a permanent ice cover. Allochthonous sympagic species were few and without significant importance. The variations in species abundance and biomass were believed to be closely connected to the age and drift-history of the ice. The density of the sympagic fauna increases as a result of increasing influx of ice into the Barents Sea from the Arctic Ocean. Density of the sympagic fauna were believed to increase with decreasing distance to the multiyear/first-year ice boundary. A. glacialis was found further away from the spreading centers and in higher numbers than the other sympagic species due to its greater motility. No day-night variations in the occurrences of the sympagic fauna were recorded.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233081
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sympagic macro-fauna from multiyear sea-ice near Svalbard (1991)
    Springer
    Polar biology 11 (1991), S. 471-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The object of the present investigation was to map the distribution and abundance of sympagic fauna (= ice fauna) (〉350 μm) within the perennial sea ice zone near Svalbard and to study relations between the sympagic fauna and the age and history of its ice substrate. The sampling took place in July/August 1986 and September 1988 using SCUBA-operated sampling gear (suction samplers, plankton nets with especially designed frames for sampling at the sea-ice/seawater interface, and underwater cameras). The amphipods Apherusa glacialis, Onisimus sp., and Gammarus wilkitzkii were the most conspicuous sympagic species both years. Scattered individuals of the amphipods Gammaracanthus loricatus, Weyprechtia penguis and the polychaete Harmathoinae indet. were also recorded. A. glacialis was the most numerous and contributed near 65% of the collected specimens in both years, with a maximum density exceeding 2000 individuals/m2. However, G. wilkitzkii was on average larger, and contributed most to the biomass (1986: 80%; 1988: 77%). The average biomass of sympagic fauna in 1986 and 1988 was estimated to be 4.7 g/m2 and 8.3 g/m2 respectively. Biomass values reported here are ten to hundred times higher than what is found within the seasonal sea ice zone. Autochthonous sympagic species, like A. glacialis, Onisimus sp. and G. wilkitzkii, have a permanent association with ice. The seasonal sea ice zone will thus have to be recolonized every year resulting in lower densities compared to multiyear ice. It is suggested that the speed of the ice leaving the Polar Basin through the Fram Strait is too high for the sympagic fauna to remain its position in the sea ice zone. The result is an annual loss in the order of 7*105 tons of sympagic fauna from the perennial sea ice zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00233082
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth, age at sexual maturity and condition in bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) from Svalbard, Norway (1999)
    Springer
    Polar biology 21 (1999), S. 179-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this study was to describe growth, determine age at sexual maturity and investigate the condition of bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) collected in the fjords of Spitsbergen, Svalbard, Norway. Morphometric data, teeth and sex organs were collected from 110 animals. Age was determined by reading the cementum layers in hard longitudinal sections of canine teeth. Sexual maturity in males was determined according to the size of the testes and bacula. Females were defined as being sexually mature according to findings of mature follicles or corpora lutea/albicantia. Von Bertalanffy growth curves were applied to both standard length and body mass, and asymptotic values for males and females were 231.1 ± 11.4 cm and 269.9 ± 26.2 kg, and 233.1 ± 7.5 cm and 275.3 ± 47.8 kg, respectively. Maximum recorded lengths and masses were 254 cm and 313 kg in males and 242 cm and 358 kg in females. All males older than 6 years were found to have been sexually mature. Females were found to attain sexual maturity at about 90% of the asymptotic length, corresponding to an age of 5 years. In males a significant decrease in condition was observed from June to August, with a subsequent increase in September. In adult females, condition decreased from May to June and increased again from June to September. The conditional changes seen are likely to be due to the extra energetic cost and reduced food intake associated with reproduction, lactation and molt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050350
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