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  • 1
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Seasonal food webs with migrations: multi-season models reveal indirect species interactions in the Canadian Arctic tundra
    The Royal Society ; 2020
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences Vol. 378, No. 2181 ( 2020-10-02), p. 20190354-
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 378, No. 2181 ( 2020-10-02), p. 20190354-
    Kurzfassung: Models incorporating seasonality are necessary to fully assess the impact of global warming on Arctic communities. Seasonal migrations are a key component of Arctic food webs that still elude current theories predicting a single community equilibrium. We develop a multi-season model of predator–prey dynamics using a hybrid dynamical systems framework applied to a simplified tundra food web (lemming–fox–goose–owl). Hybrid systems models can accommodate multiple equilibria, which is a basic requirement for modelling food webs whose topology changes with season. We demonstrate that our model can generate multi-annual cycling in lemming dynamics, solely from a combined effect of seasonality and state-dependent behaviour. We compare our multi-season model to a static model of the predator–prey community dynamics and study the interactions between species. Interestingly, including seasonality reveals indirect interactions between migrants and residents not captured by the static model. Further, we find that the direction and magnitude of interactions between two species are not necessarily accurate using only summer time-series. Our study demonstrates the need for the development of multi-season models and provides the tools to analyse them. Integrating seasonality in food web modelling is a vital step to improve predictions about the impacts of climate change on ecosystem functioning. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The changing Arctic Ocean: consequences for biological communities, biogeochemical processes and ecosystem functioning’.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1364-503X , 1471-2962
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2019.0354
    RVK:
    AX 30011
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: The Royal Society
    Publikationsdatum: 2020
    ZDB Id: 208381-4
    ZDB Id: 1462626-3
    SSG: 11
    SSG: 5,1
    SSG: 5,21
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    DataSheet_1.docx
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2024
    In:  Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution Vol. 12 ( 2024-3-19)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 12 ( 2024-3-19)
    Kurzfassung: The Arctic tundra has a relatively low biodiversity but species living there have unique adaptations and are exposed to unprecedented rates of climate warming. Monitoring changes in Arctic biodiversity and identifying the driving forces is thus a pressing issue. Bylot Island in the Canadian Arctic has one of the longest and most comprehensive monitoring programs of the tundra food web, spanning four decades. We provide a historical overview of ecological studies on Bylot Island, summarize their key scientific contributions, show their impacts, and present the ingredients for the success of the program and the main challenges encountered. Some major contributions include demonstrating the key role of predation in structuring the tundra food web, the importance of exchanges between ecosystems for the persistence of top predators and their cascading effects on trophic interactions, the apparent resistance of the vertebrate biota to climate warming, the need to consider multiple hypotheses to explain northward range expansion of species and the benefits of integrating scientific data and local knowledge into ecological monitoring. The program has produced & gt;250 journal articles and & gt;80 graduate student theses, which generated & gt;7,700 citations in the scientific literature. A high proportion (65%) of the articles had more citations than comparable publications in their field. The longevity and success of the program can be attributed to several factors, including a researcher-driven (i.e. bottom-up) approach to design the monitoring; long-term commitment of a small number of dedicated researchers and the strong participation of graduate students; the adoption of a food web rather than a single species perspective; extensive presence in the field; the combination of several methodological approaches; and the use of multiple spatial scales adapted to research questions of interest. Challenges encountered include funding issues, transfer of expertise over time, limited spatial replication, statistical design and maintaining partnerships. Robust monitoring is essential to provide sound baseline to detect future changes, and lessons learned from our program could improve future monitoring schemes in the Arctic. Paradoxically, we believe that ecological monitoring on Bylot Island has been successful in large part because it was not originally designed as a monitoring program per se.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 2296-701X
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1359745
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2024.1359745.s001
    Sprache: Unbekannt
    Verlag: Frontiers Media SA
    Publikationsdatum: 2024
    ZDB Id: 2745634-1
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  • 3
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Table3.pdf
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2018
    In:  Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution Vol. 5 ( 2018-1-19)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 5 ( 2018-1-19)
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 2296-701X
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00175
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00175.s001
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00175.s002
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00175.s003
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00175.s004
    Sprache: Unbekannt
    Verlag: Frontiers Media SA
    Publikationsdatum: 2018
    ZDB Id: 2745634-1
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Data_Sheet_1.PDF
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2021
    In:  Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution Vol. 9 ( 2021-3-8)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 9 ( 2021-3-8)
    Kurzfassung: The functional response is at the core of any predator-prey interactions as it establishes the link between trophic levels. The use of inaccurate functional response can profoundly affect the outcomes of population and community models. Yet most functional responses are evaluated using phenomenological models which often fail to discriminate among functional response shapes and cannot identify the proximate mechanisms regulating predator acquisition rates. Using a combination of behavioral, demographic, and experimental data collected over 20 years, we develop a mechanistic model based on species traits and behavior to assess the functional response of a generalist mammalian predator, the arctic fox ( Vulpes lagopus ), to various tundra prey species (lemmings and the nests of geese, passerines, and sandpipers). Predator acquisition rates derived from the mechanistic model were consistent with field observations. Although acquisition rates slightly decrease at high goose nest and lemming densities, none of our simulations resulted in a saturating response in all prey species. Our results highlight the importance of predator searching components in predator-prey interactions, especially predator speed, while predator acquisition rates were not limited by handling processes. By combining theory with field observations, our study provides support that the predator acquisition rate is not systematically limited at the highest prey densities observed in a natural system. Our study also illustrates how mechanistic models based on empirical estimates of the main components of predation can generate functional response shapes specific to the range of prey densities observed in the wild. Such models are needed to fully untangle proximate drivers of predator-prey population dynamics and to improve our understanding of predator-mediated interactions in natural communities.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 2296-701X
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.630944
    DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.630944.s001
    Sprache: Unbekannt
    Verlag: Frontiers Media SA
    Publikationsdatum: 2021
    ZDB Id: 2745634-1
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Islands as model systems in ecology and evolution: prospects fifty years after MacArthur‐Wilson
    Wiley ; 2015
    In:  Ecology Letters Vol. 18, No. 2 ( 2015-02), p. 200-217
    Details
    In: Ecology Letters, Wiley, Vol. 18, No. 2 ( 2015-02), p. 200-217
    Kurzfassung: The study of islands as model systems has played an important role in the development of evolutionary and ecological theory. The 50th anniversary of MacArthur and Wilson's (December 1963) article, ‘An equilibrium theory of insular zoogeography’, was a recent milestone for this theme. Since 1963, island systems have provided new insights into the formation of ecological communities. Here, building on such developments, we highlight prospects for research on islands to improve our understanding of the ecology and evolution of communities in general. Throughout, we emphasise how attributes of islands combine to provide unusual research opportunities, the implications of which stretch far beyond islands. Molecular tools and increasing data acquisition now permit re‐assessment of some fundamental issues that interested MacArthur and Wilson. These include the formation of ecological networks, species abundance distributions, and the contribution of evolution to community assembly. We also extend our prospects to other fields of ecology and evolution – understanding ecosystem functioning, speciation and diversification – frequently employing assets of oceanic islands in inferring the geographic area within which evolution has occurred, and potential barriers to gene flow. Although island‐based theory is continually being enriched, incorporating non‐equilibrium dynamics is identified as a major challenge for the future.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1461-023X , 1461-0248
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ele.2015.18.issue-2
    DOI: 10.1111/ele.12398
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Wiley
    Publikationsdatum: 2015
    ZDB Id: 2020195-3
    SSG: 12
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Cross‐scale integration of knowledge for predicting species ranges: a metamodelling framework
    Wiley ; 2016
    In:  Global Ecology and Biogeography Vol. 25, No. 2 ( 2016-02), p. 238-249
    Details
    In: Global Ecology and Biogeography, Wiley, Vol. 25, No. 2 ( 2016-02), p. 238-249
    Kurzfassung: Current interest in forecasting changes to species ranges has resulted in a multitude of approaches to species distribution models ( SDMs ). However, most approaches include only a small subset of the available information, and many ignore smaller‐scale processes such as growth, fecundity and dispersal. Furthermore, different approaches often produce divergent predictions with no simple method to reconcile them. Here, we present a flexible framework for integrating models at multiple scales using hierarchical Bayesian methods. Location E astern N orth A merica (as an example). Methods Our framework builds a metamodel that is constrained by the results of multiple sub‐models and provides probabilistic estimates of species presence. We applied our approach to a simulated dataset to demonstrate the integration of a correlative SDM with a theoretical model. In a second example, we built an integrated model combining the results of a physiological model with presence–absence data for sugar maple ( A cer saccharum ), an abundant tree native to eastern North America. Results For both examples, the integrated models successfully included information from all data sources and substantially improved the characterization of uncertainty. For the second example, the integrated model outperformed the source models with respect to uncertainty when modelling the present range of the species. When projecting into the future, the model provided a consensus view of two models that differed substantially in their predictions. Uncertainty was reduced where the models agreed and was greater where they diverged, providing a more realistic view of the state of knowledge than either source model. Main conclusions We conclude by discussing the potential applications of our method and its accessibility to applied ecologists. In ideal cases, our framework can be easily implemented using off‐the‐shelf software. The framework has wide potential for use in species distribution modelling and can drive better integration of multi‐source and multi‐scale data into ecological decision‐making.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 1466-822X , 1466-8238
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/geb.2016.25.issue-2
    DOI: 10.1111/geb.12395
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Wiley
    Publikationsdatum: 2016
    ZDB Id: 1479787-2
    ZDB Id: 2021283-5
    SSG: 12
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
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    Online-Ressource
    A mechanistic model of functional response provides new insights into indirect interactions among arctic tundra prey
    Wiley ; 2022
    In:  Ecology Vol. 103, No. 8 ( 2022-08)
    Details
    In: Ecology, Wiley, Vol. 103, No. 8 ( 2022-08)
    Kurzfassung: Prey handling processes are considered a dominant mechanism leading to short‐term positive indirect effects between prey that share a predator. However, a growing body of research indicates that predators are not necessarily limited by such processes in the wild. Density‐dependent changes in predator foraging behavior can also generate positive indirect effects but they are rarely included as explicit functions of prey densities in functional response models. With the aim of untangling proximate mechanisms of species interactions in natural communities and improving our ability to quantify interaction strength, we extended the multi‐prey version of the Holling disk equation by including density‐dependent changes in predator foraging behavior. Our model, based on species traits and behavior, was inspired by the vertebrate community of the arctic tundra, where the main predator (the arctic fox) is an active forager feeding primarily on cyclic small rodent (lemming) and eggs of various tundra‐nesting bird species. Short‐term positive indirect effects of lemmings on birds have been documented over the circumpolar Arctic but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We used a unique data set, containing high‐frequency GPS tracking, accelerometer, behavioral, and experimental data to parameterize the multi‐prey model, and a 15‐year time series of prey densities and bird nesting success to evaluate interaction strength between species. We found that (1) prey handling processes play a minor role in our system and (2) changes in arctic fox daily activity budget and distance traveled can partly explain the predation release on birds observed during lemming peaks. These adjustments in predator foraging behavior with respect to the main prey density thus appear as the dominant mechanism leading to positive indirect effects commonly reported among arctic tundra prey. Density‐dependent changes in functional response components have been little studied in natural vertebrate communities and deserve more attention to improve our ability to quantify the strength of species interactions.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0012-9658 , 1939-9170
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.v103.8
    DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3734
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Wiley
    Publikationsdatum: 2022
    ZDB Id: 1797-8
    ZDB Id: 2010140-5
    SSG: 12
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Variable strength of predator‐mediated effects on species occurrence in an arctic terrestrial vertebrate community
    Wiley ; 2021
    In:  Ecography Vol. 44, No. 8 ( 2021-08), p. 1236-1248
    Details
    In: Ecography, Wiley, Vol. 44, No. 8 ( 2021-08), p. 1236-1248
    Kurzfassung: Indirect effects resulting from species sharing the same enemy can shape spatio‐temporal variations in species occurrence. The strength of such effects remains poorly known in natural communities composed of species from different trophic levels interacting in heterogeneous landscapes. Benefiting from a well‐known arctic vertebrate community and marked spatio‐temporal variations in the density of key prey species, we examined the effects of direct predator‐prey and indirect predator‐mediated effects on species occurrence in the landscape. We found both positive effects of one prey (lemmings), as well as negative indirect effects of another prey (colonial nesting snow geese) on the occurrence of species (ground‐nesting birds) belonging to different guilds and trophic levels but sharing a common predator (arctic fox). However, species using prey refuges available in the landscape were not or less affected by predator‐mediated effects. Similarly, the smallest (a passerine) and the largest and most dangerous species (an owl) for the shared predator were not affected by these effects. Our study provides one of the rare empirical evidence of predator‐mediated effects ascending the food web (i.e. negative indirect effect of an herbivore on avian predators) and underlines how habitat structure and species traits can modulate the strength of indirect effects in natural communities.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0906-7590 , 1600-0587
    URL: Issue
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1111/ecog.2021.v44.i8
    DOI: 10.1111/ecog.05760
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Wiley
    Publikationsdatum: 2021
    ZDB Id: 2024917-2
    ZDB Id: 1112659-0
    SSG: 12
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    A roadmap towards predicting species interaction networks (across space and time)
    The Royal Society ; 2021
    In:  Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 376, No. 1837 ( 2021-11-08), p. 20210063-
    Details
    In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 376, No. 1837 ( 2021-11-08), p. 20210063-
    Kurzfassung: Networks of species interactions underpin numerous ecosystem processes, but comprehensively sampling these interactions is difficult. Interactions intrinsically vary across space and time, and given the number of species that compose ecological communities, it can be tough to distinguish between a true negative (where two species never interact) from a false negative (where two species have not been observed interacting even though they actually do). Assessing the likelihood of interactions between species is an imperative for several fields of ecology. This means that to predict interactions between species—and to describe the structure, variation, and change of the ecological networks they form—we need to rely on modelling tools. Here, we provide a proof-of-concept, where we show how a simple neural network model makes accurate predictions about species interactions given limited data. We then assess the challenges and opportunities associated with improving interaction predictions, and provide a conceptual roadmap forward towards predictive models of ecological networks that is explicitly spatial and temporal. We conclude with a brief primer on the relevant methods and tools needed to start building these models, which we hope will guide this research programme forward. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe’.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0962-8436 , 1471-2970
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0063
    RVK:
    WA 15000
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: The Royal Society
    Publikationsdatum: 2021
    ZDB Id: 1462620-2
    SSG: 12
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Online-Ressource
    Online-Ressource
    Predator-mediated interactions through changes in predator home range size can lead to local prey exclusion
    The Royal Society ; 2023
    In:  Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences Vol. 290, No. 2004 ( 2023-08-09)
    Details
    In: Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, The Royal Society, Vol. 290, No. 2004 ( 2023-08-09)
    Kurzfassung: The strength of indirect biotic interactions is difficult to quantify in the wild and can alter community composition. To investigate whether the presence of a prey species affects the population growth rate of another prey species, we quantified predator-mediated interaction strength using a multi-prey mechanistic model of predation and a population matrix model. Models were parametrized using behavioural, demographic and experimental data from a vertebrate community that includes the arctic fox ( Vulpes lagopus ), a predator feeding on lemmings and eggs of various species such as sandpipers and geese. We show that the positive effects of the goose colony on sandpiper nesting success (due to reduction of search time for sandpiper nests) were outweighed by the negative effect of an increase in fox density. The fox numerical response was driven by changes in home range size. As a result, the net interaction from the presence of geese was negative and could lead to local exclusion of sandpipers. Our study provides a rare empirically based model that integrates mechanistic multi-species functional responses and behavioural processes underlying the predator numerical response. This is an important step forward in our ability to quantify the consequences of predation for community structure and dynamics.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0962-8452 , 1471-2954
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1154
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: The Royal Society
    Publikationsdatum: 2023
    ZDB Id: 1460975-7
    SSG: 12
    SSG: 25
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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