Note: Front Cover -- Managementof Helicobacterpylori-Related Diseases -- Copyright -- Contributors -- CONSULTING EDITOR -- EDITORS -- AUTHORS -- Contents -- Foreword: Helicobacter pylori -- Preface: Helicobacter pylori: New Thoughts and Practices -- Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in the Proton Pump Inhibitor Era -- Practical Aspects in Choosing a Helicobacter pylori Therapy -- How to Effectively Use Bismuth Quadruple Therapy: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly -- Is There a Role for Probiotics in Helicobacter pylori Therapy? -- Molecular Approaches to Identify Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance -- When Is Endoscopic Follow-up Appropriate After Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy? -- Gastric Cancer Risk in Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection and Following Its Eradication -- Molecular Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastric Cancer -- Helicobacter pylori Eradication to Eliminate Gastric Cancer: The Japanese Strategy -- Treatment Strategy for Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma -- Rationale for a Helicobacter pylori Test and Treatment Strategy in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease -- Screening to Identify and Eradicate Helicobacter pylori Infection in Teenagers in Japan -- Current Status and Prospects for a Helicobacter pylori Vaccine -- GASTROENTEROLOGY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA -- FORTHCOMING ISSUES -- December 2015 -- March 2016 -- June 2016 -- RECENT ISSUES -- June 2015 -- March 2015 -- December 2014 -- Helicobacter pylori -- Helicobacter pylori: New Thoughts and Practices -- Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Infection in the Proton Pump Inhibitor Era -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- INVASIVE TESTS -- Histology -- Culture -- Rapid urease test -- Molecular tests -- Noninvasive Tests -- Urea breath test -- Stool antigen tests -- SEROLOGY. , SUMMARY: DIAGNOSIS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IN THE PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS ERA -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Practical Aspects in Choosing a Helicobacter pylori Therapy -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- Why Is Helicobacter pylori Difficult to Treat? -- CHOICE OF THERAPY -- FIRST-LINE REGIMENS -- Nonbismuth Quadruple Therapies -- Sequential therapy -- Concomitant therapy -- Hybrid (sequential-concomitant) therapy -- Bismuth Quadruple Therapy -- RESCUE THERAPY -- Fluoroquinolone-Containing Therapy -- Bismuth Quadruple Therapy, Including Furazolidone-Containing Regimens -- Rifabutin-Containing Therapy -- PROBIOTICS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- How to Effectively Use Bismuth Quadruple Therapy -- Key points -- BACKGROUND -- BISMUTH IN THE ERA OF NEW CONCEPTS REGARDING PATHOGENESIS AND TREATMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER -- BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY FOR H PYLORI ERADICATION -- THE EFFECT OF METRONIDAZOLE RESISTANCE AS EXAMINED BY META-ANALYSIS -- CALCULATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY -- ADHERENCE (COMPLIANCE) WITH BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY -- Adherence to the Protocol -- HOW TO MAKE BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY MORE ACCEPTABLE -- DOXYCYCLINE -- EXAMINATION OF OUTCOME IN REGIONS WHERE BISMUTH QUADRUPLE THERAPY FREQUENTLY FAILS (EG, TURKEY AND IRAN) -- BISMUTH, TETRACYCLINE, AMOXICILLIN, PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS QUADRUPLE THERAPY -- BISMUTH SEQUENTIAL THERAPIES -- INFORMATION NEEDED TO OBTAIN GENERALIZABLE RESULTS -- ISSUES RIPE FOR SYSTEMATIC STUDY -- Relation of Drug Administration and Meals -- Reduction of Side Effects with Bismuth Quadruple Therapy -- PROTON PUMP INHIBITORS DOSAGE -- EFFICIENT STUDY DESIGN -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- Is There a Role for Probiotics in Helicobacter pylori Therapy? -- Key points -- WHAT PROBIOTICS ARE -- PROBIOTICS -- Use of Probiotics Clinically. , PROBIOTICS AS ADJUVANT THERAPY FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION -- PROBIOTICS AS CURE FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Molecular Approaches to Identify Helicobacter pylori Antimicrobial Resistance -- Key points -- MOLECULAR DETERMINATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI RESISTANCE TO MACROLIDES -- Mechanisms -- Methods -- Real-time polymerase chain reaction for detection of Helicobacter pylori resistance to macrolides -- Principle -- Advantages of this procedure -- Variants of the method -- The TaqMan format -- Advantages and limitations -- The scorpion format -- Multiplex polymerase chain reaction followed by strip hybridization -- Advantages and limits -- Dual priming oligonucleotide-polymerase chain reaction -- Other polymerase chain reaction-based assays -- Nested polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing or standard polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing or res ... -- Allele-specific primer polymerase chain reaction -- Primer mismatch polymerase chain reaction -- Invader assay for single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping -- Non-polymerase chain reaction-based assays -- Fluorescence in situ hybridization -- Advantages -- Peptide nucleic acid-fluorescence in situ hybridization -- Other methods -- Correlation with Clinical Outcome -- MOLECULAR DETERMINATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI RESISTANCE TO FLUOROQUINOLONES -- Mechanisms -- Methods -- Real-time polymerase chain reaction -- Multiplex polymerase chain reaction followed by strip hybridization -- Other polymerase chain reaction-based assays -- Sequencing of the gyrA quinolone resistance-determining region -- Allele-specific polymerase chain reaction -- Correlation with Clinical Outcome -- MOLECULAR DETERMINATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI RESISTANCE TO TETRACYCLINE -- Mechanisms -- Methods -- Real-time polymerase chain reaction. , Standard polymerase chain reaction followed by sequencing or polymerase chain reaction-restriction length polymorphism -- MOLECULAR DETERMINATION OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI RESISTANCE TO OTHER ANTIBIOTICS -- Rifampins -- Amoxicillin -- 5-Nitroimidazoles -- REFERENCES -- When Is Endoscopic Follow-up Appropriate After Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy? -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION -- UNINVESTIGATED AND NONULCER DYSPEPSIA -- PEPTIC ULCER -- PREMALIGNANT GASTRIC LESIONS AND EARLY GASTRIC CANCER -- HEREDITARY RISK FOR GASTRIC CANCER -- MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE LYMPHOMA -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Gastric Cancer Risk in Patients with Helicobacter pylori Infection and Following Its Eradication -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IS THE MOST IMPORTANT DETERMINANT OF GASTRIC CANCER RISK -- GASTRIC CANCER RISK: EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRENDS -- GASTRIC CANCER RISK: THE ASSESSMENT -- Demographics -- Noninvasive Methods -- Invasive Methods -- Endoscopy and biopsy protocols -- Histology -- GASTRIC CANCER RISK IN ERADICATED PATIENTS -- Helicobacter pylori Eradication as a Primary Prevention of Gastric Cancer -- How to Assess/Quantify Cancer Risk After Helicobacter pylori Eradication -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Molecular Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastric Cancer -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- CLASSIFICATIONS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS OF GASTRIC CANCER -- HELICOBACTER PYLORI VIRULENCE FACTORS ON GASTRIC EPITHELIUM DURING GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS -- Roles of CagA in Gastric Carcinogenesis -- Roles of Vacuolating Cytotoxin A in Gastric Carcinogenesis -- Role of Peptidoglycan in Gastric Carcinogenesis -- HELICOBACTER PYLORI-INDUCED INFLAMMATORY RESPONSES DURING GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS -- GENETIC AND EPIGENETIC ALTERATIONS DURING GASTRIC CARCINOGENESIS. , Mechanisms of Induction of Genetic Alterations -- Deamination -- Oxidative stress -- Chromosomal instability -- Mechanisms of Induction of Epigenetic Alterations -- Mechanisms of Induction of microRNA Alterations -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Helicobacter pylori Eradication to Eliminate Gastric Cancer -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- PREVIOUS PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR GASTRIC CANCER IN JAPAN -- CURRENT STATUS AND CHARACTERISTICS OF SCREENING FOR GASTRIC CANCER IN JAPAN -- THE EFFECT OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION FOR GASTRIC CANCER PREVENTION -- HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE FOR HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION THERAPY IN JAPAN -- STRATEGY FOR THE ELIMINATION OF GASTRIC CANCER IN JAPAN -- REFERENCES -- Treatment Strategy for Gastric Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue Lymphoma -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- PATHOGENESIS -- Helicobacter pylori -- Genetic Aberrations -- DIAGNOSIS -- Histopathology -- Endoscopic Findings -- Clinical Staging -- TREATMENTS -- Helicobacter pylori Eradication -- Strategies for Patients not Responding to Helicobacter pylori Eradication -- SUMMARY/DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- Rationale for a Helicobacter pylori Test and Treatment Strategy in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease -- Key points -- INTRODUCTION -- THE EFFECT OF PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR TREATMENT ON CHRONIC HELICOBACTER PYLORI-RELATED GASTRITIS -- THE EFFECT OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION ON CHRONIC GASTRITIS AND ATROPHY RELATED TO HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION -- GASTRITIS AND ADENOCARCINOMA IN MONGOLIAN GERBILS -- A CONTROLLED TRIAL OF PROTON PUMP INHIBITOR THERAPY IN INFECTED SUBJECTS WITH GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE -- THE CASE AGAINST HELICOBACTER PYLORI ERADICATION THERAPY IN GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE -- COST-EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS -- SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Screening to Identify and Eradicate Helicobacter pylori Infection in Teenagers in Japan. , Key points.