Note: Cover -- Developments in Quaternary Science -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Chronology and Extent of Late Cenozoic Ice Sheets in North America: A Magnetostratigraphic Assessment -- References -- Pleistocene Maximum and Late Wisconsinan Glacier Extents Across Alaska, \ U.S.A. -- Introduction -- Spatial Data Compilation -- Previous Reviews of Alaskan Glacial Geology -- Overview of Pleistocene Glaciation in Alaska -- Regional Summaries -- Brooks Range (Fig. 2) -- Seward Peninsula (Fig. 3) -- St Lawrence Island -- Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta -- Yukon-Koyukuk Region (Fig. 2) -- Blackburn Hills -- Yukon Tanana Upland (Fig. 4) -- Kuskokwim Mountains (Fig. 5) -- Ahklun Mountains (Fig. 6) -- Cordilleran Ice Sheet -- Implications -- Acknowledgements -- References -- A Single Continental Glaciation of Rocky Mountain Foothills, South-Western Alberta, Canada -- Introduction -- Setting -- Bedrock Geology -- Topography of the Foothills in Southern Alberta: Ice Movement Implications -- Summary of the Stratigraphy of Glacigenic Sediments Preserved in Buried Pre-Glacial Valleys -- Montane Valley and Piedmont Glacier Sediments -- Unit 1 -- Unit 2 -- Unit 3 -- Unit 4 -- Continental Ice Sheet (CIS) Advance Sediments: -- Unit 5 -- Unit 6 -- CIS Readvance Sediments -- Unit 7 -- Unit 9 -- Montane Glacier Readvance Sediments -- Unit 8 -- Latest glacial and Holocene -- Unit 10 -- A Single CIS Glaciation of the Foothills of Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Age -- Absolute Dating of Surface Drift Deposits to the LGM -- Subsurface Stratigraphy and a LGM-age for Buried Drift -- References -- The Quaternary Glacial Record of British Columbia, Canada -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Theoretical Ice Sheet Advance and Retreat -- Information is this Report -- Earlier Glaciations -- Southern British Columbia -- Northern British Columbia -- Late Wisconsinan Glaciation. , Methods Used to Draw and Correlate Ice front Positions -- Availability and Quality of Data -- Chronological Data -- Timing of Maximum of the Late Wisconsinan Cordilleran Ice Sheet -- Deglaciation -- Items of Special Note -- Conclusions -- References -- Bibliography for Late Wisconsinan Cordilleran Ice Sheet Retreat Maps -- Glaciations of the Sierra Nevada, California, USA -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Background -- Glacial Advances -- Pliocene and Early Pleistocene Glaciations -- MIS 22 to MIS 6 Glaciations -- MIS 6 Glaciations -- Late Pleistocene Glaciations -- Post-Tioga Advances -- Discussion -- Summary -- References -- Great Basin of the western United States -- Glaciated Ranges Draining Wholly or Partly into the Great Basin -- References -- Glaciation of the Hawaiian Islands -- References -- Quaternary Glaciations in Illinois -- Introduction -- Historical Review -- Pre-Illinois Episodes -- Illinois Episode -- Wisconsin Episode -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Pre-Wisconsinan Glacial Database and Ice Limits in the Central United States -- Abstract -- Background -- Methodology -- Ice-Marginal Positions -- Glacial Limits (100 series) -- Drainage Features (200 series) -- Glacial Landforms and Deposits (300 series) -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- The Deglaciation of Maine, U.S.A. -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Research Methods -- Ice-Marginal Positions During Deglaciation -- Radiocarbon Dating of Deglaciation -- Map of Deglaciation Chronology -- Results -- Stratigraphy of Pond Sediments -- Ice Recession to the Marine Limit -- Marine-Limit Deltas -- Deglaciation Inland from the Marine Limit -- The Younger Dryas Chronozone -- Relative Sea Level During Deglaciation -- Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Glacial History of Michigan, U.S.A.: A Regional Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References. , The Status of Glacial Mapping in Minnesota -- Overview of Glacial History of Minnesota -- Age of Glacial Deposits in Minnesota -- Lithostratigraphy of Glacial Deposits in Minnesota -- Ice-Marginal Positions and Landforms -- Style of Late Wisconsinan Glaciation -- Glacial Lakes -- References -- Pleistocene Mountain Glaciation in Montana, USA -- Type Sections -- Saint Mary Ridge -- (48.7080° N., -113.3971° W.) and Two Medicine Ridge -- (48.532° N., -113.3019° W.) (Karlstrom, 2000) -- Gardiner Travertine (Sturchio et al., 1994) -- (44.8821° to 45.0599° N., -110.6799° to -110.7373° W) -- Roaring Lion Creek SW of Hamilton, MT (Weber, 1972) -- (46.1941° N., -114.208° W) -- Marias Pass Bog (Carrara, 1995) -- (48.3166° N., -113.3548° W) -- Piper Lake Moraine (Gerloff, 1994 -- Osborn and Gerloff, 1997) -- (47.628 N., -113.9572 W) -- References -- Limits of Mountain and Continental Glaciations East of the Continental Divide in Northern Montana and North-Western North Dakota, U.S.A. -- Introduction -- Mountain Glaciation -- Valley Glaciation and Ice-Field Glaciation -- Valley Glaciers -- Outlet-Glacier Piedmont Lobes -- Kennedy Glaciations -- Bull Lake Glaciation -- Pinedale Glaciation -- Early Pinedale Glaciation -- Middle Pinedale Glaciation -- Late Pinedale Glaciation -- Laurentide Continental Glaciation -- Late Pliocene Pre-Illinoian Glaciation -- Early Pleistocene Pre-Illinoian Glaciation -- Middle Pleistocene Pre-Illinoian Glaciation -- Illinoian Glaciation -- Early Wisconsin Glaciation -- Late Wisconsin Glaciation -- Late Wisconsin Laurentide Glaciation in Southern Alberta -- Late Wisconsin Laurentide Glaciation in Montana and North-Western North Dakota -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Late Pleistocene History of New Brunswick, Canada -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Setting -- The Rampton et al. (1984) Model -- Recent Studies -- This Report. , The Pre-Wisconsinan Record -- Pre-Pleistocene Weathering -- Pre-Wisconsinan Glaciations -- The Sangamonian Interglacial -- Nunatak Zones and the Early to Middle Wisconsinan Record -- The Northern Miramichi Highlands Nunatak Zone -- The Early Wisconsinan Caledonia Phase -- Mid-Wisconsinan -- The Caledonian Highlands Nunatak Zone -- The Late Wisconsinan Glacial Record -- Complexity of the Erosional Record -- Glacial Dispersal -- A Preliminary Interpretation of Wisconsinan Glacial Events -- Deglaciation and Ice-Marginal Positions -- Wisconsinan Maximum Glacial Limits -- Late Wisconsinan Deglaciation -- Late Wisconsinan Ice-Marginal Positions -- The Younger Dryas Stadial in New Brunswick -- Ice-Dammed Lakes -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- The Quaternary Glaciation of Western New England with Correlations to Surrounding Areas -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Pre-Late Wisconsinan Glaciation -- The Pre- Wisconsinan of New Jersey -- The Penultimate Glaciation Across New England -- Late Wisconsinan Glaciation -- Recent Advances in Late Wisconsinan Chronology -- Varve Chronology and Palaeomagnetic Records in New England and Adjacent New York -- Major Varve Sequences in the North-Eastern U.S. -- 14C Calibration of the New England Varve Chronology -- Palaeomagnetic Declination Records from New England and New York -- Initial Advance of Late Wisconsinan Ice -- The Late Wisconsinan Maximum -- Deglaciation of Southern New England (20.0-14.6 14C ka BP, 23.7-17.5 cal ka BP -- Deglaciation from Central to Northern New England (14.6-12.0 14C BP, 17.5-14.1 cal BP) -- Connecticut Valley Lakes -- Final Deglaciation and the Champlain Sea (After 12.0 14C ka BP, 14.1 cal ka BP -- Post-Glacial Isostatic Adjustment -- Conclusions -- Pre-Late Wisconsinan Glaciation -- Late Wisconsinan Glaciation -- References -- New York Glacial Geology, U.S.A. , Glacial Limits -- Stream Diversion -- Morphological Expression -- PreWisconsinan Glaciation -- Wisconsinan Glaciation -- Recession from the Valley Heads Moraine -- Post-Glacial or Holocene -- References -- Glaciation of North Dakota, U.S.A. -- Early History of Glacial Mapping in North Dakota -- Glacial Boundaries in North Dakota -- General -- Pre-Wisconsinan Boundaries -- Wisconsinan Boundaries -- Problems -- Specific Comments Relating to the Ice Margins on the Digital Geological Map -- Ice-Margin No. 1 -- Ice Margin No. 2 -- Ice Margin No. 3 -- Ice Margin No. 4 -- References -- The Appalachian Glacier Complex in Maritime Canada -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Pre-Wisconsinan Events -- Caledonia Phase (Phase 1) -- The Limit of the Early-Wisconsinan (?) Caledonia Phase Glacier -- Escuminac Phase (Phase 2) -- The Margins of the Escuminac Phase Glacier -- Scotian Phase (Phase 3) -- Limit of the Scotian Phase Glacier -- Chignecto Phase (Phase 4) -- Limits of the Chignecto Phase Glaciers -- Collins Pond Phase (Younger Dryas Chronozone) (Phase 5) -- Limits of the Collins Pond Phase Glaciers -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Pleistocene Glaciation of Ohio, U.S.A. -- Introduction -- Overview of Glacial History -- Mapped Glacial Limits -- Dating of Glacial Limits -- Open Questions -- References -- The Glaciation of Pennsylvania, USA -- Overall Glacial History -- Discussion of the Glacial Limits -- Discussion of the Dating of the Age of the Glacial Limits -- Open Questions -- References -- Late Wisconsinan - Early Holocene Deglaciation of Quebec-Labrador -- Abstract -- Overview of the Glacial History of Quebec-Labrador -- The Late Wisconsinan (Late Weichselian)-Holocene Deglaciation of Quebec-Labrador:Overview -- The Deglaciation in Southern Quebec During Late Wisconsinan: from the St. Lawrence Ice Stream to the Early Phase of Younger Dryas. , The St Lawrence Ice Stream.

Note: Cover -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Late Pleistocene Glaciation of the Hindu Kush, Afghanistan -- References -- Quaternary Glacial and Climate History of Antarctica -- Introduction -- Pre-Quaternary Glacial History of Antarctica -- Onset of Antarctic Glaciations -- Miocene - Extensive Glaciations in Both East and West Antarctica -- Pliocene and the Transition to the Pleistocene: Controversies on Ice Volumes, Ice Sheet Stability and Continental Climate -- The Pleistocene in Antarctica - a Brief Overview -- Late Quaternary Glacial Development in Antarctica -- Methods for Reconstructing Antarctic Glacial History Since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) -- Terrestrial Evidence for the Extent of LGM Ice and Subsequent Deglaciation -- Marine Geological Evidence for Former Ice-Extent -- Ice-Core Evidence on Glacial History -- Chronological Control -- Last Glacial Maximum in Antarctica -- LGM-Extent of Ice in the Antarctic Peninsula Region - Terrestrial Evidence -- LGM Extent of Ice in the Antarctic Peninsula Area - Marine Evidence -- LGM Extent of Ice in East Antarctica -- Ross Sea Area and Coastal Victoria Land -- The Amundsen Sea -- Summary of LGM Ice-Extent and its Age Around Antarctica -- Deglaciation and Holocene Environmental Development Around Antarctica -- The Antarctic Peninsula Region -- Deglaciation and Holocene Development in East Antarctica -- The Deglaciation of Ross Sea and Victoria Land -- Summary and Conclusions of the Glacial History Since the LGM -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Glaciations in the Magellan Straits and Tierra Del Fuego, Southernmost South America -- References -- Glaciations in Argentine Patagonia, Southern South America -- Northern Patagonia -- Head of the Rio Limay - Lake Nahuel Huapi (41° S) -- The Pre-Andean Valley of El Maiten. the Ice Lobes of Epuyen and Cholila (41°50' - 42°25' S). , The Esquel and Rio Corintos Area (42° 357 43°10' S) -- The Area Between Corcovado and Tecka (43°30 S) -- The Lake General Vintter Region (43° 55' S) -- The Rio Pico valley (44° 20' S -- 70° 45'-72 ° W -- 800 m a.s.I) -- Southern Patagonia -- Arroyo Apeleg (44° 30'S) -- Lakes La Plata and Fontana (44° 50'S -- 71°20'-72° W -- 940 m a.s.l.) -- Rio Nirehuau - Rio Coihaique - Rio Huemules (45°10- 45°50'S -- 71°-72°20'W) -- Lake Buenos Aires (46°- 47° S -- 70°-72° W -- 217 m a.s.l.) -- Lake Pueyrredon and Lake Posadas (47° 20'S -- 71°-72° 30'W -- 112 m a.s.l.) -- Lake Belgrano and Lake Burmeister (47°50- 48°20' S -- 72°-72° 10' W -- 760 and 880 m a.s.l., Respectively) -- Lake San Martin and Laguna Tar (48° 20'- 49° 20' S -- 72°-73° W, 200 m a.s.l.) -- Lake Viedma (49° 41 'S -- 72°-73° W -- 250 m a.s.l.) -- Lake Argentino (50° 10' S - 71°-73° 20' W -- 186 m a.s.L) -- Rio Coyle Valley (51° S -- 71-72° W) -- Rio Gallegos Valley (52° S -- 70° 3O'-72° 30' W) -- Seno Skyrring (52° 30' S -- 71°-72° W) -- Seno Otway (53° S -- 70° 2O'-72° W) -- Final Considerations -- References: -- Pleistocene Glaciations in the Mendoza Andes, Argentina -- Stratigraphy and Chronology -- References -- The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Glacier Cover of the Aconcagua Group and Adjacent Massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America) -- Introduction -- Results -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Late Quaternary Glaciations of Bolivia -- Introduction -- Pre-Weichselian Glaciation -- The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) -- Deglaciation -- The Holocene -- Mapping Glacial Limits -- Remaining Questions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- The Pleistocene Glaciations of Chile -- Introduction: the Glacial History of Chile -- Northern Hemisphere Changes Lead those in the South -- Southern Hemisphere Changes Lead those in the North -- Northern and Southern Hemisphere Changes are Synchronous -- The Andes. , The Maximum Glaciations -- The Chilean Lake District -- The Magellan Straits -- The Early/Middle Weichselian/Wisconsinan Glaciation -- The Chilean Lake District -- The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) -- Northern and Central Chile -- Southern Chile -- The Magellan Straits -- Glaciation during the Younger Dryas Chron -- The Chilean Lake District -- The Patagonian Icefields -- The Magellan Straits -- Discussion -- Some Problems -- Undated Moraine Systems -- Was there an Expansion of Glaciers During the Younger Dryas? -- What is the Record of Glacier Fluctuations during Neoglaciation? -- Is there a Little Ice Age Glacier Expansion in Chile? -- The Non-Linear Response of Glaciers to Climate Forcing -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Quaternary Glaciations in China -- Qinghai-Xizang(Tibet) Plateau -- Karakoram-Kunlun-West Himalaya System -- Himalaya-Nianqingtanggula System -- Hengduan-Bayan Har System -- Qilian Mountain System -- Hinterland of the Plateau -- Other Mountains -- Tianshan Mountains -- Central Mountains of Taiwan -- Changbai Mountain -- Taibai Mountain -- The Sequence of Pleistocene Glaciations in China -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- The Quaternary Glacial Record of the Colombian Andes -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Early and Middle Pleistocene Glaciations Recorded by Glaciofluvial Sediment in the Bogota Basin -- Onset of Glaciations Near the Pliocene-Pleistocene Boundary (2.6 Ma) -- Increased Glacial Activity Since c. 0.8 Ma -- Late Pleistocene and Holocene Glaciations Recorded by Moraines in the Eastern Cordillera -- Mountain Ranges Near Bogota -- Middle Weichselian Glacial Advance(s) -- Late Weichselian Glaciation Maxima -- Glacial Advance of Weichselian Early Late-Glacial Age -- Sierra Nevada Del Cocuy -- Younger Dryas Glacial Advance -- Holocene Glacier Fluctuations. , Comparison with the Glacial Record of the Central Cordillera -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Late Quaternary Glaciation of Costa Rica and Guatemala, Central America -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Glacial Geology of Costa Rica -- Glacial Geology of Guatemala -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Quaternary Glaciations in the East African Mountains -- Introduction -- Kilimanjaro (Tanzania) 5895 m (Figs 2 and 3) -- Mount Kenya 5199 m a.s.l. -- Rwenzori (Uganda and Congo) 5109 ma.s.l. (Figs 2 and 4) -- The Katabarua Glaciation -- The Rwimi Basin Glaciation -- The Lake Mahoma Glaciation (= LGM) -- Post-LGM Advances -- Analysis of the Lake Mahoma Stage Glaciers on the Rwenzori -- Area-Altitude-Balance-Ratio (AABR) Method of ELA Estimation Applied to the Rwenzori -- ELAs of Older Glaciations on the Rwenzori -- Elgon (Uganda and Kenya), 4321 ma.s.l. (Figs 2 and 6) -- Aberdare (= Mount Nyandarua) (Kenya) 4001 m a.s.l. (Fig. 2) -- A New Glacier Type -- References -- Late Quaternary Glaciations of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Pre-Weichselian -- The Late Weichselian/Wisconsinan Glacial Maximum (LGM) -- Deglaciation from LGM -- The Holocene -- Mapping Glacial Limits -- Outstanding Questions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Late Quaternary Glaciations of Ecuador -- Introduction -- Pre-LGM (Older than 30 ka BP) Glaciation -- The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) -- Deglaciation -- The Holocene -- Mapping Glacial Limits -- Open Questions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Quaternary Glacial Activity on the Ethiopian Mountains -- References -- The High Glacial (Last Ice Age and LGM) Ice Cover in High and Central Asia -- Introduction: The State of Research up to 1973 in Relation to the Author's Observations -- Dating Method -- References to the Empirical Database of the Glacier Map. , Climatic-Ecological Consequences of the Pleistocene Glaciation in High Asia -- References -- Late Quaternary Glaciation of Northern India -- Introduction -- Geological Setting -- Kashmir -- Lahul Himalaya -- Zanskar -- Ladakh -- NW Garhwal -- Conclusions -- References -- Glaciation of Malaysia and Indonesia, Excluding New Guinea -- Introduction -- Malaysia - Mount Kinabalu -- Age of Deglaciation -- Earlier Glaciation -- Indonesia - the Volcanos of Java, Lombok and Sumatera, and the Highlands of Sumatera, Sulawesi and Seram -- Discussion -- Earlier Glaciation -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Pleistocene Glaciation of Iraq -- References -- Late Quaternary Glaciations in Japan -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Significance of Japanese Alps and Hidaka Mountains for the Quaternary Glaciation in Japan -- Chronology in the Japanese Alps -- The Older Stadial in the Japanese Alps -- The Younger Stadial in the Japanese Alps -- Holocene and the Penultimate Glaciation in the Japanese Alps -- Chronology in the Hidaka Mountains -- Pleistocene Tephras -- The Older Stadial in the Hidaka Mountains -- The Younger Stadial in the Hidaka Mountains -- The Penultimate Glaciation in the Hidaka Mountains -- Chronology in the Central and Southern Part of the Hidaka Mountains -- Glaciation in Other Mountain Areas in Japan -- References -- Quaternary Glacial Chronology of Mount Kenya Massif -- References -- Late Quaternary Glaciation of Mexico -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Iztaccihuatl -- Nevado de Toluca Volcano -- La Malinche Volcano -- Ajusco Volcano -- Citlaltepetl -- Pre-Weichselian (Pre-Wisconsinan) -- Weichselian/Wisconsinan Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Holocene -- Open Questions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- The extent of Late Pleistocene Glaciations in the Altai and Khangai Mountains -- Summary -- Introduction -- Extent of Present and Late Pleistocene Glaciations. , Russian Altai.

Note: Front Cover -- Quaternary Glaciations - Extent and Chronology: A Closer Look -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. The Digital Maps -- 1.3. The Geology -- 1.4. Summary -- References -- Chapter 2: Quaternary Glaciations in Austria -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. The Course of the Quaternary -- 2.3. The Four Alpine Glaciations -- 2.4. Tectonic Activity -- 2.5. Development of Glaciers -- 2.6. Overdeepened Valleys -- 2.7. Last Interglacial-Glacial Cycle -- 2.8. Chronology -- 2.9. Phase of Ice Decay -- 2.10. The Bühl Phase -- 2.11. The Steinach Phase -- 2.12. The Gschnitz Phase -- 2.13. Chronology -- 2.14. The Daun Phase -- 2.15. The Egesen Phase -- References -- Chapter 3: The Pleistocene Glaciations in Belarus -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Varyazh Glaciation -- 3.3. Narev Glaciation -- 3.4. Berezina Glaciation -- 3.5. Pripyat´ Glaciation -- 3.6. Poozerian Glaciation -- 3.7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Pleistocene Glaciations of Czechia -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Continental Glaciation -- 4.3. Elsterian Glaciations -- 4.4. Saalian Glaciation -- 4.5. Mountain Glaciations -- 4.6. Pre-Weichselian Glaciation -- 4.7. Weichselian Glaciation -- 4.8. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Pleistocene Glaciations in Denmark: A Closer Look at Chronology, Ice Dynamics and Landforms -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. The Pleistocene of Denmark -- 5.3. Middle Pleistocene Glaciations -- 5.4. The Saalian Glaciation -- 5.5. Late Pleistocene Glaciations -- 5.6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: The Glacial History of the British Isles during the Early and Middle Pleistocene: Implications for the long-term... -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Early and Middle Pleistocene Glacial History of the British Isles -- 6.3. Discussion -- 6.4. Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 7: Pleistocene Glaciation Limits in Great Britain -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Evidence for glaciations -- 7.3. The British Pleistocene succession -- 7.4. The `traditional model´ of East Anglian glacial stratigraphy -- References -- Chapter 8: Pleistocene Glaciations in Estonia -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Early Pleistocene -- 8.3. Middle Pleistocene -- 8.4. Late Pleistocene -- 8.5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: The Glaciation of Finland -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Middle Pleistocene Glaciations -- 9.3. Late Pleistocene Glaciations (ca. 110-11.7ka) -- References -- Chapter 10: Quaternary Glaciations in the French Alps and Jura -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. Middle Pleistocene Glaciations, the External Moraine Complex -- 10.3. Late Pleistocene Glaciations, the Internal Moraine Complex -- 10.4. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Recent Advances in Research on Quaternary Glaciations in the Pyrenees -- 11.1. Introduction -- 11.2. Middle Pleistocene Glaciations -- 11.3. The Last Pleistocene Glacial Cycle (Würmian Stage) -- 11.4. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12: Late Pleistocene (Würmian) Glaciations of the Caucasus -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Methods of Investigation -- 12.3. Results -- 12.4. The Western Caucasus -- 12.5. The Central Caucasus -- 12.6. The Eastern Caucasus -- 12.7. The Minor Caucasus -- 12.8. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Pleistocene Glaciations of North Germany-New Results -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Traces of Early glaciation -- 13.3. The Elsterian glaciation -- 13.4. The Holsteinian Interglacial -- 13.5. The Saalian Complex -- 13.6. The Dömnitz Interglacial -- 13.7. The Saalian glaciation -- 13.8. The Eemian Stage Interglacial -- 13.9. The Weichselian glaciation -- References -- Chapter 14: Pleistocene Glaciations of Southern Germany -- 14.1. Introduction. , 14.2. Stratigraphical results and concepts -- 14.3. Regional description -- 14.4. Arguable Early Pleistocene glaciations derived from oldest gravel spreads -- 14.5. Stratigraphical implications from sediments overlying the Zusamplatte gravel (Uhlenberg site and others) -- 14.6. Ältere Deckenschotter and possibly equivalent glaciation -- 14.7. Mittlere Deckenschotter and possibly equivalent glaciation -- 14.8. Jüngere Deckenschotter and equivalent glaciation -- 14.9. Incision between Jüngere Deckenschotter and Hochterrasse, `third from last´ glaciation and the Samerberg site -- 14.10. The belt of morainic amphitheatres correlated with the penultimate glaciation -- 14.11. Eemian stage interglacial -- 14.12. Last glaciation (Würmian) -- 14.13. Glaciations of low mountain ranges -- References -- Chapter 15: Glaciation in Greece: A New Record of Cold Stage Environments in the Mediterranean -- 15.1. Introduction -- 15.2. The Glacial Record on Mount Olympus, Northeast Greece -- 15.3. The Glacial Record on Mount Tymphi, Northwest Greece -- 15.4. The First Uranium-Series Ages for the Glacial Record in Greece -- 15.5. Towards a Formal Stratigraphical Framework for the Glacial Record in Greece -- 15.6. Secondary Carbonate Formation and Environmental Change -- 15.7. Palaeoclimate Reconstructions from Glacial Geomorphological Data -- 15.8. River Response to Glaciation and the Last Glacial-to-Interglacial Transition -- 15.9. The Mount Tymphi and Mount Olympus records -- 15.10. Pleistocene ELAs Across Greece -- 15.11. Conclusions and Future Research Needs -- References -- Chapter 16: Pliocene and Pleistocene Glaciations of Iceland: A Brief Overview of the Glacial History -- 16.1. Introduction -- 16.2. Tertiary Glaciations-Earliest Signs of Glaciation in South-East and East Iceland (> -- 3-2.59Ma). , 16.3. Early- to Mid-Pleistocene Glaciation (2.59-0.78Ma)-An Icelandic Ice Sheet is Established -- 16.4. Middle to Late Pleistocene Glaciations in Iceland (0.78-0.126Ma) -- 16.5. From the Last Glacial Maximum Through to the Last Deglaciation (< -- 0.126Ma) -- 16.6. Early Holocene Thermal Maximum and the Onset of Neoglaciation -- 16.7. Glacial Limits and Quality of Data -- 16.8. Dating of Glacial Limits-Reliability of Dates -- 16.9. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 17: Middle Pleistocene to Holocene Glaciations in the Italian Apennines -- 17.1. Introduction -- 17.2. Middle Pleistocene glaciations -- 17.3. Late Pleistocene glaciation -- 17.4. Holocene neoglaciation -- 17.5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18: Pleistocene Glaciations in Latvia -- 18.1. Introduction -- 18.2. Early Pleistocene Glaciation -- 18.3. Middle Pleistocene Glaciations -- 18.4. Late Pleistocene Glaciations -- 18.5. Glacial Limits -- 18.6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19: Pleistocene Glaciations in Lithuania -- 19.1. Introduction -- 19.2. Early Pleistocene Glaciation -- 19.3. Middle Pleistocene -- 19.4. Late Pleistocene. Lower and Middle Weichselian Substage Glaciations (Nemunas) -- 19.5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 20: Pleistocene Glaciation in The Netherlands -- 20.1. Pre-Elsterian glaciations -- 20.2. The Elsterian glaciation -- 20.3. The Saalian glaciation in the Netherlands -- 20.4. The Weichselian glaciation in the North Sea -- 20.5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 21: The Pleistocene Glaciations of the North Sea Basin -- 21.1. Introduction -- 21.2. Early Pleistocene glaciation(s) -- 21.3. Middle Pleistocene/pre-Elsterian glaciations -- 21.4. The Elsterian (MIS 12) -- 21.5. The Saalian (MIS 6-10) -- 21.6. The Weichselian (MIS 5d-2) -- 21.7. Summary -- 21.8. Note on the Maps -- References -- Chapter 22: Glacial History of Norway. , 22.1. Introduction -- 22.2. Early and Middle Quaternary Glaciations -- 22.3. The Late Quaternary Glaciations-The Weichselian -- 22.4. The Early and Middle Weichselian -- 22.5. The Late Weichselian -- References -- Chapter 23: Quaternary Glaciations in Poland -- 23.1. Introduction -- 23.2. Early Pleistocene Glaciations -- 23.3. Middle Pleistocene Glaciations -- 23.4. Late Pleistocene Glaciation -- 23.5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 24: New Evidence on the Quaternary Glaciation in the Romanian Carpathians -- 24.1. Introduction -- 24.2. The setting -- 24.3. Methodological aspects -- 24.4. The arguments -- 24.5. Eastern Carpathians -- 24.6. The Southern Carpathians -- 24.7. The Apuseni Mountains -- 24.8. Glacier orientations -- 24.9. Problems of age assignment -- 24.10. Reconstructed Pleistocene ELAs -- 24.11. Conclusions and open questions -- References -- Chapter 25: Ice Margins of Northern Russia Revisited -- 25.1. Introduction -- 25.2. Middle Pleistocene Glaciations -- 25.3. Late Pleistocene Glaciations -- 25.4. New Solutions -- 25.5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 26: Glaciations of the East European Plain: Distribution and Chronology -- 26.1. Introduction -- 26.2. Likovo Glaciation -- 26.3. Akulovo Interglacial -- 26.4. Krasikovo Interglacial -- 26.5. Setun' Glaciation -- 26.6. Okatovo Interglacial -- 26.7. Don Glaciation -- 26.8. Muchkap Interglacial -- 26.9. Ikorets Interglacial -- 26.10. Oka Glaciation -- 26.11. Likhvin Interglacial -- 26.12. Pechora Glaciation -- 26.13. Kamenka Interglacial -- 26.14. Dnieper Glacial Epoch -- 26.15. Mikulino Interglacial -- 26.16. Valdai Glaciation -- References -- Chapter 27: Glacial History of the Barents Sea Region -- 27.1. Introduction -- 27.2. Physiography and Quaternary Sediments -- 27.3. Palaeogene and Neogene -- 27.4. Early Pleistocene (2.6 to 0.7Ma). , 27.5. Middle Pleistocene Glaciations (0.78-0.12Ma).

Note: Front Cover -- Quaternary Glaciations Extent and Chronology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Quaternary glaciations in Austria -- Chapter 2. The main glacial limits in Belarus -- Chapter 3. Glacial history of the Croatian Adriatic and Coastal Dinarides -- Chapter 4. The Pleistocene glaciation of Czechia -- Chapter 5. The Pleistocene of Denmark: a review of stratigraphy and glaciation history -- Chapter 6. Pleistocene glacial limits in England, Scotland and Wales -- Chapter 7. Pleistocene glaciations in Estonia -- Chapter 8. Glaciation of Finland -- Chapter 9. The palaeogeography of the last two glacial episodes in France: the Alps and Jura -- Chapter 10. Palaeogeography of the last two glacial episodes in the Massif Central, France -- Chapter 11. The glacial history of the Vosges Mountains -- Chapter 12. The Quaternary glaciation of the Pyrenees -- Chapter 13. Late Pleistocene (Würmian) glaciation of the Caucasus -- Chapter 14. Pleistocene glaciations of North Germany -- Chapter 15. Pleistocene glaciations of South Germany -- Chapter 16. Pleistocene glaciation in the mountains of Greece -- Chapter 17. Extent and chronology of glaciations in Iceland -- a brief overview of the glacial history -- Chapter 18. Pleistocene glaciations in Ireland -- Chapter 19. Evidence for several ice marginal positions in east central Ireland, and their relationship to the Drumlin Readvance Theory -- Chapter 20. Glacial history of the southern side of the central Alps, Italy -- Chapter 21. Quaternary glaciations in the western Italian Alps - a review -- Chapter 22. Quaternary glaciations in the eastern sector of the Italian Alps -- Chapter 23. The Apennine glaciations in Italy -- Chapter 24. Deglaciation history of Latvia -- Chapter 25. A brief outline of the Quaternary of Lithuania and the history of its investigation. , Chapter 26. Pleistocene glaciation in The Netherlands -- Chapter 27. The North Sea basin -- Chapter 28. Ice sheet limits in Norway and on the Norwegian continental shelf -- Chapter 29. Pleistocene glacial limits in Poland -- Chapter 30.The Pleistocene glaciation of the Romanian Carpathians -- Chapter 31. Pleistocene ice limits in the Russian northern lowlands -- Chapter 32. Valdaian glacial maxima in the Arkhangelsk district of northwestern Russia -- Chapter 33. Glaciations of the East European Plain - distribution and chronology -- Chapter 34. On the age and extent of the maximum Late Pleistocene ice advance along the Baltic-Caspian watershed -- Chapter 35. Weichselian glaciation of the Taymyr Peninsula, Siberia -- Chapter 36. The glacial History of the Barents and Kara Sea Region -- Chapter 37.Glacial morphology of Serbia, with comments on the Pleistocene Glaciation of Monte Negro, Macedonia and Albania -- Chapter 38. The extent of Quaternary glaciations in Slovenia -- Chapter 39. Pleistocene glaciation in Spain -- Chapter 40. Glacial events in the western Iberian Mountains -- Chapter 41. Glacial history of Sweden -- Chapter 42. The Swiss glacial record - a schematic summary -- Chapter 43. Turkish glaciers and glacial deposits -- Chapter 44. Pleistocene glaciations in the Ukraine -- Chapter 45. Evidence of European ice sheet fluctuation during the last glacial cycle -- Index.