Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Series Editor's Foreword -- About the Editors -- List of Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- List of Abbreviations -- PART I: COMMUNICATION SCIENCE AND BIOLOGY -- 1 Introduction -- Introduction -- Communication and Biology: A Brief History -- Structure of the book -- Note -- References -- 2 Building Communication Science Through the Blueprints of D. C. Dennett and Robert Pirsig -- Craig's Meta-model -- The Epistemologies of Pirsig and Dennett -- How to Play Chess -- Research in Bio-Behavioral Aspects of Communication -- Objections to Biological Approaches to Communication Theory -- A Bright Future -- Note -- References -- PART II: EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES -- 3 Natural Selection and the Nature of Communication -- Some Physics Escapes the Realm of Entropy -- Natural Selection and Replicative Functional Order -- Replicative Order and Frame of Reference -- Genetic and Environmental Inheritance -- The Coevolution of Genome and Environment -- Communication and Systems of Evolved Meaning -- Evolution, Replicative Order, and Shannon's Theoryof Communication -- Communication and Learning -- Conflict and Deception as Features of Inter-Individual Communication -- Language Acquisition Involves Evolved Systems of Meaning -- Communication and Human Coalitions -- Conclusion -- References -- 4 Costly Signaling in Human Communication -- The Costly Signaling Mechanism -- Cost Types -- Receiver-IndependentCosts -- Receiver-Dependent Costs -- Applications of Costly Signaling to Human Communication -- Aggressive Intent Signals Maintained by Retaliation Costs -- Laughter as a Trust Barometer Maintained by Vulnerability Costs -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Evolution, Structure, and Functions of Human Laughter. , The Acoustic Structure of Laughter -- Laughter Phylogeny -- Social Functions of Laughter -- Colaughter -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Behavior Genetics and Twin Studies: Principles, Analytical Techniques, and Data Resources for Innovative Communication Research -- Principles of Behavior Genetics and Twin Studies -- Collecting and Analyzing Twin Data -- Analytical Approaches -- ACE Model Specifications and Fit -- Application of ACE Modeling -- Theoretical Implications -- Innovative Aplications in Communication Research -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 7 Evolutionary Reasoning in Communication Scholarship: Generating and Testing Sound Hypotheses -- Nature Blindness in Media Research -- A Distorted Image of Biology -- Tinbergen's Four Whys -- Deriving and Testing Sound Hypotheses in Evolutionary Media Research -- Biology of the Human Mind -- Evolved Psychological Mechanisms as an Access Route for Empirical Testing -- Philosophy of Science in Evolutionary Psychology: Popper or Lakatos -- Conclusion -- References -- PART III: COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA NEUROSCIENCE -- 8 Mediated Messages and Synchronized Brains -- Capturing Collective Engagement -- Examining How Messages Convey Meaning -- Shared Processing Among Social Groups -- Future Research on Mediated Messages and Synchronized Brains -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 9 The Neuroscience of Persuasion and Information Propagation: The Key Role of the Mentalizing System -- What is Mentalizing? -- The Involvement of Mentalizing in Persuasion, Socialinfluence, and Information Propagation -- Mentalizing in Communicators Increases Success of Social Influence -- Individual Differences in Mentalizing Are Associated with Successful Influence -- Mentalizing in Receivers Leads to Increased Likelihood of Social Influence -- Mentalizing Supports Information Transfer Between Communicators and Receivers. , Moderators of Mentalizing and Future Directions -- Message-Level and Contextual Considerations -- Development -- Cultural and Environmental Considerations -- Dynamic Brain and Social Networks -- Conclusion -- References -- 10 Social Media in Neuroscience Research -- Social Networks -- Social Network Size -- Social Network Density -- Intensity of Online Social Networking -- Problematic Online Social Network Use -- Social Influence -- Sharing Information -- Financial Decision-Making -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective on Political Knowledge, Misinformation, and Memory for "Facts" -- Memory in Public Opinion and Political Communication Research -- A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective on Memory -- Multiple Memory Systems and Political Performance -- A False Memory Perspective on Political Misinformation -- Using Event-Related Potentials to Investigate False Memories -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 12 Advancing the Synchronization Theory of Flow Experiences -- The Synchronization Theory of Flow -- Networks of Attention -- Emerging Empirical Evidence -- Hypothesis 1: Synchronization -- Hypothesis 2: Optimization -- Hypothesis 3: Outcomes -- Advancing the Synchronization Theory of Flow -- Theoretical Advance: Beyond the Tripartite Network Model -- Theoretical Advance: Individual Differences in Capacity and Control -- Methodological Advance: Dynamic Brain Networks -- Methodological Advance: Social Demand Tasks vs. Visuo-Motor Demand Tasks -- Applying Sync Theory -- Conclusion -- Note -- References -- 13 Attention, Working Memory, and Media Multitasking -- Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Atention and Multitasking -- Top-Down and Bottom-Up -- Large-Scale Dynamic Networks -- The Task-Positive Network -- The Task-Negative Network -- The Task-Switching Network -- Plasticity in Large-Scale Networks. , The Role of Media in Media Multitasking -- Motivational -- Accessible -- Cross- and Inter-Modal -- Non-Exhaustive -- Neurophysiological Dimensions of Media Multitasking -- Multiplexing -- Motivation -- Control -- Multitasking from a New Perspective -- References -- 14 Video Gaming: A Challenge for the Brain's Reward System? -- Classifying Problematic Video Gaming Behavior -- Neuroanatomy Overview -- The Reward System -- The Motor System -- Emotional Memory -- Cognitive Function -- Cue Exposure -- Attentional Bias -- Inhibition -- Conclusion -- Notes -- References -- 15 Biological Perspectives of Media Violence and Aggression -- Neurobiology of Trait Aggression -- Neuroimaging in Aggressive Individuals -- Neurogenetics of Aggression -- Neurobiology of State Aggression -- Paradigms for Aggression Research -- Taylor Aggression Paradigm -- Neuroimaging -- Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm -- Verbal Provocation Tasks -- Frustration Tasks -- Imagined Aggression -- Neurobiology of Media Aggression and Violence -- Media Violence and Aggression Networks -- Effects of Media Violence Exposure -- Media Violence and the Brain Reward System -- Conclusion -- References -- 16 Virtual Reality for Communication Neuroscience -- Basic Questions -- Why Is VR Interesting? -- How Does VR Work? -- Technical Components -- Varieties of Experience -- Advantages and Limitations of the VR Medium -- Advantages of the VR Medium -- Limitations of the VR Medium -- Fundamental Issues -- Perception-Action Coupling -- Toward a "Virtuality Network" -- When Virtual Reality Becomes Useful -- New Methods and Phenomenology -- Additional Considerations -- Emerging Challenges -- Opportunities for Open Science -- Future Directions -- Additional Information -- References -- 17 Is There a Cultural Brain? Analyzing Individual Differences in Processing Media Messages -- Individual Differences. , First Approach to Individual Differences: Ignore Them -- Second Approach to Individual Differences: Beg the Question -- Third Approach to Individual Differences: Treat Them as a Nuisance -- Fourth Approach to Individual Differences: Leverage Them -- Leveraging Neural Variability to Understand Communication Phenomena -- Incorporating Culture and Loking to the Future -- Notes -- References -- 18 Neuromarketing: How to Choose the Right Measures -- Review of Pretesting Research -- The Promise of Neuromarketing Measures -- Pretesting Advertising with Traditional Measures -- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) Studies -- Electroencephalogram (EEG) Studies -- Physiological Measures -- Summary -- Choosing the Right Vendor -- A Framework for Choosing Vendors -- Conclusion -- References -- 19 Investigating Communication Using Peripheral Nervous System Measurement -- A Brief Description of the Peripheral Nervous System -- Measuring Cardiac Activity -- Measuring Visual Attention -- Measuring Electrodermal Activity -- Measuring Electromyographic Activity -- Conclusion -- References -- 20 The State of the Art and the Future of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Communication Research -- A Whirlwind Tour of fMRI -- Some Words of Caution -- Current Advances in Communication Neuroscience -- The Brain-as-Predictor Approach (BAP): From Neural Activity to Population Outcomes -- Intersubject Correlation Analysis (ISC): Synchrony Across Brains -- Multivoxel Pattern Analysis (MVPA): Decoding Brain Activity -- Future Avenues for fMRI in Communication Research -- Combining fMRI and Computational Content Analysis -- Hyperscanning -- Real-time fMRI (Neurofeedback) -- Notes -- References -- PART IV: INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION -- 21 Emotion and Emotional Communication -- Alexithymia -- Psychological and Relational Outcomes -- Physiological Outcomes. , Social Anhedonia.