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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial reductive dechlorination of pre-existing PCBs and spiked 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorobiphenyl in anaerobic slurries of a contaminated sediment of Venice Lagoon (Italy) (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    FEMS microbiology ecology 44 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1574-6941
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) pre-existing (at ∼1 mg kg−1) in a marine sediment of Porto Marghera (Venice Lagoon, Italy) was investigated in anaerobic slurries developed in water of the same contaminated site. Some microcosms were pasteurized whereas others were amended with 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid, molybdate or eubacteria-inhibiting antibiotics (without and in the presence of exogenous carbon sources) to preliminarily characterize the microbial populations involved in the process. Bioconversion of highly chlorinated PCBs into tri- and di-chlorinated, ortho-substituted biphenyls was detected from the 11th week of incubation both in the non-amended and in the pasteurized microcosms, where a significant consumption of sulfate and no methane production were observed. Conversely, no significant PCB transformation was detected in the microcosms with molybdate, where no sulfate consumption and a significant methane evolution occurred. Neither was PCB transformation observed in the microcosms supplemented with antibiotics and exogenous carbon sources, where a strong methane evolution and no sulfate consumption were recorded until the 11th week. The addition of exogenous 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorobiphenyl showed preferential dechlorination at the meta and para positions, and did not significantly influence the onset of pre-existing PCB dechlorination. These results indicate that endogenous PCBs pre-existing in the marine sediment underwent reductive dechlorination. They also suggest that the process was not ‘primed’ upon 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorobiphenyl addition, and was likely to be mediated by sulfate-reducing, spore-forming bacteria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-6496(03)00069-2
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High-pressure decomposition of MCr2O4 spinels (M=Mg, Mn, Zn) by ab initio methods (1999)
    Springer
    Physics and chemistry of minerals 26 (1999), S. 389-395 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2021
    Keywords: Key words Spinels ; Chromium ; ab initio Calculation ; High-pressure decomposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract  The high-pressure equation of state of the normal spinels MgCr2O4 (picrochromite), MnCr2O4 and ZnCr2O4, and their reaction of decomposition into Cr2O3 (eskolaite) and MO (rocksalt-type) component oxides, were investigated by periodic unrestricted Hartree-Fock calculations. All-electron basis sets, and an a posteriori correction for the electron correlation energy, based on Density-Functional-Theory, were employed. Interpolation of results by the P-V Murnaghan equation of state yielded the equilibrium volume and energy, and the bulk modulus and its pressure derivative, for each of the seven phases (three spinels, three rocksalt oxides and eskolaite) considered. The simulated behaviour of interatomic distances vs pressure shows similar compressibilities of M-O bonds in both octahedral and tetrahedral coordinations. Binding energies and formation enthalpies of spinels from oxides are also computed and compared to available experimental data. The predicted decomposition pressures of Mg, Mn and Zn chromium spinels are 19, 23 and 34 GPa, respectively. The greater stability of ZnCr2O4 is related to Zn2+ being better suited to tetrahedral coordination than the other M2+ cations. Such results are strongly supported by the excellent agreement previously obtained between simulated (11 GPa) and experimental (13 GPa) pressures of the decomposition of MgAl2O4 spinel into corundum and periclase.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002690050199
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of organic and inorganic growth supplements on the aerobic biodegradation of chlorobenzoic acids (1995)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 43 (1995), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of yeast extract and its less complex substituents on the rate of aerobic dechlorination of 2-chlorobenzoic acid (2-ClBzOH) and 2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (2,5-Cl2BzOH) by Pseudomonas sp. CPE2 strain, and of 3-chlorobenzoic acid (3-ClBzOH), 4-chlorobenzoic acid (4-ClBzOH) and 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid (3,4-Cl2BzOH) by Alcaligenes sp. CPE3 strain were investigated. Yeast extract at 50 mg/l increased the average dechlorination rate of 200 mg/l of 4-ClBzOH, 2,5-Cl2BzOH, 3,4-Cl2BzOH, 3-ClBzOH and 2-ClBzOH by about 75%, 70%, 55%, 7%, and 1%, respectively. However, in the presence of yeast extract the specific dechlorination activity of CPE2 and CPE3 cells (per unit biomass) was always lower than without yeast extract, although it increased significantly during the exponential growth phase. When a mixed vitamin solution or a mixed trace element solution was used instead of yeast extract the rate of 4-ClBzOH dechlorination increased by 30%–35%, whereas the rate of 2,5-Cl2BzOH and 3,4-Cl2BzOH dechlorination increased by only 2%–10%. The presence of vitamins or trace elements also resulted in a specific dechlorination activity that was generally higher than that observed for the same cells grown solely on chlorobenzoic acid. The results of this work indicate that yeast extract, a complex mixture of readily oxidizable car- bon sources, vitamins, and trace elements, enhances the growth and the dechlorination activity of CPE2 and CPE3 cells, thus resulting in an overall increase in the rate of chlorobenzoic acid utilization and dechlorination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050387
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aerobic dechlorination of low-chlorinated biphenyls by bacterial biofilms in packed-bed batch bioreactors (1996)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 45 (1996), S. 562-568 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract Cells of an aerobic three-membered bacterial co-culture, designated as ECO3, capable of cometabolizing and aerobically dechlorinating low-chlorinated biphenyls in the presence of biphenyl, were immobilized on Manville silica beads, on frosted-glass beads and on polyurethane foam cubes in packed-bed bioreactors continuously fed with a biphenyl-saturated air stream. The ECO3 biofilm reactors were found to be capable of extensively mineralizing several pure dichlorobiphenyls (75 mg/l) and Aroclor 1221 (75 mg/l) in batch mode. Immobilized ECO3 cells could aerobically degrade and dechlorinate the dichlorobiphenyls tested more extensively than suspended ECO3 cells. Among the three biofilm reactors, the glass bead bioreactor and the polyurethane bioreactor exhibited the highest capability of mineralizing both dichlorobiphenyls and Aroclor 1221; the polychlorinated biphenyl availability in the bioreactors, more than the biomass availability, both depending on the nature of the support employed, significantly governed the efficiency of the treatment. These results are of interest for the possible development of a bioreactor system for continuous treatment of polychlorinated-biphenyl-contaminated wastewaters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00578472
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of vitamins on the aerobic degradation of 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, and 4-chlorobiphenyl (1996)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 46 (1996), S. 414-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of vitamins on the aerobic degradation and dechlorination of 2-chlorophenol and 4-chlorophenol by Pseudomonas picketti, strain LD1, and 4-chlorobiphenyl by Pseudomonas sp. strain CPE1 was determined. These microorganisms are capable of using the target compounds as the sole carbon and energy source, but do not need vitamins to metabolize them. The addition to the culture medium of a vitamin solution containing biotin, folic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavin, thiamine hydrochloride, niacin, pantothenic acid, cyanocobalamin, p-aminobenzoic acid, and thioctic acid (total final concentration: ≤ 600 ppb) resulted in a 7%–16% increase in the amount of target compounds degraded over the incubation period required for the concentration of the compound in the cultures to drop to approximately zero. A corresponding increase in the amount of chloride ion produced was also detected during the same period, indicating active (and often stoichiometric) dechlorination of the target compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00166239
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of vitamins on the aerobic degradation of 2-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, and 4-chlorobiphenyl (1996)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 46 (1996), S. 414-421 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The effect of vitamins on the aerobic degrada- tion and dechlorination of 2-chlorophenol and 4-chloro- phenol by Pseudomonas pickettii, strain LD1, and 4-chlorobiphenyl by Pseudomonas sp. strain CPE1 was determined. These microorganisms are capable of using the target compounds as the sole carbon and energy source, but do not need vitamins to metabolize them. The addition to the culture medium of a vitamin solution containing biotin, folic acid, pyridoxine hydrochloride, riboflavin, thiamine hydrochloride, niacin, pantothenic acid, cyanocobalamin, p-aminobenzoic acid, and thioctic acid (total final concentration: ?600 ppb) resulted in a 7%–16% increase in the amount of target compounds degraded over the incubation period required for the concentration of the compound in the cultures to drop to approximately zero. A corresponding increase in the amount of chloride ion produced was also detected during the same period, indicating active (and often stoichiometric) dechlorination of the target compounds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00166239
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Triton X-100 and Quillaya Saponin on the ex situ bioremediation of a chronically polychlorobiphenyl-contaminated soil (1998)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 50 (1998), S. 623-630 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The possibility of enhancing the ex situ bioremediation of a chronically polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-contaminated soil by using Triton X-100 or Quillaya Saponin, a synthetic and a biogenic surfactant, respectively, was studied. The soil, which contained about 350 mg/kg of PCBs and indigenous aerobic bacteria capable of growing on biphenyl or on monochlorobenzoic acids, was amended with inorganic nutrients and biphenyl, saturated with water and treated in aerobic batch slurry- and fixed-phase reactors. Triton X-100 and Quillaya Saponin were added to the reactors at a final concentration of 10 g/l at the 42nd day of treatment, and at the 43rd and 100th day, respectively. Triton X-100 was not metabolised by the soil microflora and it exerted inhibitory effects on the indigenous bacteria. Quillaya Saponin, on the contrary, was readily metabolised by the soil microflora. Under slurry-phase conditions, Triton X-100 negatively influenced the soil bioremediation process by affecting the availability of the chlorobenzoic acid degrading indigenous bacteria, whereas Quillaya Saponin slightly enhanced the biological degradation and dechlorination of the soil PCBs. In the fixed-phase reactors, where both the surfactant availability and the mixing of the soil were lower, Triton X-100 did not exert inhibitory effects on the soil biomass and enhanced significantly the soil PCB depletion, whereas Quillaya Saponin did not influence the bioremediation process.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530051345
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Role of the reactor configuration in the biological detoxification of a dump site-polychlorobiphenyl-contaminated soil in lab-scale slurry phase conditions (2000)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 53 (2000), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract  The biotreatability of a xenobiotic contaminated soil is frequently determined through a bioslurry treatment usually performed in lab-scale shaken baffled flasks. In this study, a 3-l unconventional stirred tank reactor was developed and tested in the slurry-phase treatment of a soil heavily contaminated by polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) derived from an Italian dump site, in the absence and in the presence of biphenyl and of the exogenous PCB aerobically dechlorinating co-culture ECO3. The data obtained were compared with those obtained on the same soil in experiments performed in parallel in 3-l baffled shaken flask reactors. Considerably higher PCB removal and soil detoxification yields (determined through the Lepidium sativum germination test and the Collembola mortality test) were attained in the stirred tank reactors, which generally displayed a higher slurry-phase homogeneity and a higher availability of biphenyl- and chlorobenzoic acid-degrading bacteria compared to the corresponding shaken flask reactors. Moreover, enhanced soil PCB biodegradation and detoxification yields were observed when the developed reactor was supplemented with biphenyl and the exogenous ECO3 bacteria. In conclusion, the results of the soil biotreatability experiments commonly performed in bioslurry lab-scale reactors are significantly infuenced by the reactor configuration; the use of the unconventional stirred tank reactor system developed in this work is recommended.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002530050015
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of organic and inorganic growth supplements on the aerobic biodegradation of chlorobenzoic acids (1995)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 43 (1995), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of yeast extract and its less complex substituents on the rate of aerobic dechlorination of 2-chlorobenzoic acid (2-ClBzOH) and 2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (2,5-Cl2BzOH) by Pseudomonas sp. CPE2 strain, and of 3-chlorobenzoic acid (3-ClBzOH), 4-chlorobenzoic acid (4-ClBzOH) and 3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid (3,4-Cl2BzOH) by Alcaligenes sp. CPE3 strain were investigated. Yeast extract at 50 mg/l increased the average dechlorination rate of 200 mg/l of 4-ClBzOH, 2,5-Cl2BzOH, 3,4-Cl2BzOH, 3-ClBzOH and 2-ClBzOH by about 75%, 70%, 55%, 7%, and 1%, respectively. However, in the presence of yeast extract the specific dechlorination activity of CPE2 and CPE3 cells (per unit biomass) was always lower than without yeast extract, although it increased significantly during the exponential growth phase. When a mixed vitamin solution or a mixed trace element solution was used instead of yeast extract the rate of 4-ClBzOH dechlorination increased by 30%–35%, whereas the rate of 2,5-Cl2BzOH and 3,4-Cl2BzOH dechlorination increased by only 2%–10%. The presence of vitamins or trace elements also resulted in a specific dechlorination activity that was generally higher than that observed for the same cells grown solely on chlorobenzoic acid. The results of this work indicate that yeast extract, a complex mixture of readily oxidizable carbon sources, vitamins, and trace elements, enhances the growth and the dechlorination activity of CPE2 and CPE3 cells, thus resulting in an overall increase in the rate of chlorobenzoic acid utilization and dechlorination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170640
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Aerobic mineralization of chlorobenzoates by a natural polychlorinated biphenyl-degrading mixed bacterial culture (1993)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 40 (1993), S. 541-548 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Abstract A natural mixed aerobic bacterial culture, designated MIXE1, was found to be capable of degrading several low-chlorinated biphenyls when 4-chlorobiphenyl was used as a co-substrate. MIXE1 was capable of using all the three monochlorobenzoate (CBA) isomers tested as well as 2,5-, 3,4- and 3,5-dichlorobenzoate (dCBA) as the sole carbon and energy source. During MIXE1 growth on these substrates, a nearly stoichiometric amount of chloride was released: 0.5 g/l of each chlorobenzoate was completely mineralized by MIXE1 after 2 or 3 days of culture incubation. Two strains, namely CPE2 and CPE3, were selected from MIXE1: CPE2, referred to the Pseudomonas genus, was found to be capable of totally degrading both 2-CBA and 2,5-dCBA, whereas Alcaligenes strain CPE3 was capable of mineralizing 3-, 4-CBA and 3,4-dCBA. Substrate uptake studies carried out with whole cells of strain CPE2 suggested that 2-CBA was metabolized through catechol, while 2,5-dCBA was degraded via 4-chlorocatechol. 3-CBA, 4-CBA, and 3,4-dCBA appeared to be degraded through 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate by the CPE3 strain. MIXE1, which is capable of degrading several chlorobenzoates, should therefore be able to mineralize a number of low-chlorinated congeners of simple and complex polychlorinated biphenyl mixtures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00175746
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