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  • 1
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    Questioning the rise of gelatinous zooplankton in the world's oceans (2012)
    American Institute of Biological Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Institute of Biological Sciences, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Institute of Biological Sciences for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in BioScience 62 (2012): 160-169, doi:10.1525/bio.2012.62.2.9.
    Description: During the past several decades, high numbers of gelatinous Zooplankton species have been reported in many estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Coupled with media-driven public perception, a paradigm has evolved in which the global ocean ecosystems are thought to he heading toward being dominated by “nuisance” jellyfish. We question this current paradigm by presenting a broad overview of gelatinous Zooplankton in a historical context to develop the hypothesis that population changes reflect the human-mediated alteration of global ocean ecosystems. To this end, we synthesize information related to the evolutionary context of contemporary gelatinous Zooplankton blooms, the human frame of reference for changes in gelatinous Zooplankton populations, and whether sufficient data are available to have established the paradigm. We conclude that the current paradigm in which it is believed that there has been a global increase in gelatinous Zooplankton is unsubstantiated, and we develop a strategy for addressing the critical questions about long-term, human-related changes in the sea as they relate to gelatinous Zooplankton blooms.
    Description: Funding for NCEAS and the JWG comes from National Science Foundation Grant no. DEB-94-21535, from the University of California at Santa Barbara, and from the State of California. MND was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant no. DEB-07-17071.
    Keywords: Bloom ; Media ; Jellyfish ; Salp ; Global synthesis
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 2
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    Is global ocean sprawl a cause of jellyfish blooms? (2013)
    Ecological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © Ecological Society of America, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of Ecological Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 11 (2013): 91-97, doi:10.1890/110246.
    Description: Jellyfish (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) blooms appear to be increasing in both intensity and frequency in many coastal areas worldwide, due to multiple hypothesized anthropogenic stressors. Here, we propose that the proliferation of artificial structures – associated with (1) the exponential growth in shipping, aquaculture, and other coastal industries, and (2) coastal protection (collectively, “ocean sprawl”) – provides habitat for jellyfish polyps and may be an important driver of the global increase in jellyfish blooms. However, the habitat of the benthic polyps that commonly result in coastal jellyfish blooms has remained elusive, limiting our understanding of the drivers of these blooms. Support for the hypothesized role of ocean sprawl in promoting jellyfish blooms is provided by observations and experimental evidence demonstrating that jellyfish larvae settle in large numbers on artificial structures in coastal waters and develop into dense concentrations of jellyfish-producing polyps.
    Description: This research is a contribution to the Global Expansion of Jellyfish Blooms: Magnitude, Causes and Consequences Working Group, supported by the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS is supported by the National Science Foundation [grant #DEB-94- 21535], the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the State of California) and the Evaluation of Ecosystem Impacts of Global Change in Mediterranean Ecosystems (MEDEICG) project, funded by the Spanish National Plan of I+D (CTM2009-07013).
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 3
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    Coherent patterns in bacterial growth, growth efficiency, and leucine metabolism along a northeastern Pacific inshore-offshore transect (2014)
    Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, 2011. This article is posted here by permission of American Society of Limnology and Oceanography for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Limnology and Oceanography 56 (2011): 1-16 , doi:10.4319/lo.2011.56.1.0001.
    Description: We investigated the patterns in bacterial growth, production, respiration, growth efficiency (BGE), and bacterial leucine respiration and C-to-leucine yield (i.e., conversion factor [CF]) along a transect off the coast of Oregon. Plankton respiration along the transect averaged 1.15 ± 0.16 mg C L-1 h-1, peaking in the coastal upwelling region. The respiration in the filtered fraction, which was dominated by bacterial biomass, accounted for 79% of the total respiration. The different approaches that we used converged to an average BGE of 13% ± 1%, with peaks of over 20% in the more productive coastal areas and values declining to below 5% toward the oligotrophic gyre waters. There was overall coherence between the various aspects of bacterial C metabolism: communities with low BGE also tended to have low growth rates and high leucine-to-thymidine incorporation ratios. The patterns in BGE were mirrored at the single compound level, and in the most oligotrophic sites, bacteria tended to quickly respire a large fraction (20-75%) of the leucine that was taken up and had the lowest C-to-leucine yield, suggesting that the patterns in bulk BGE and growth also apply to individual substrates. Bacterial growth was a function of both C consumption and BGE; these two aspects of bacterial C metabolism do not necessarily covary, and they are regulated differently. The patterns in C consumption, growth, BGE, and leucine metabolism all reflect the basic physiological response of bacteria to energy limitation due to high maintenance costs associated with life in oligotrophy.
    Description: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grant OCE- 0002236 to E.S. and P.d.G. and grant REN2001-5097-E/MAR of the Spanish Government to J.M.G. Writing of this manuscript was supported by grant CTM2008-03309/MAR to J.M.G. and a Visitor Fellowship of the Catalan Government to P.d.G.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 4
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    JeDI: Jellyfish Database Initiative (2015)
    Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO). Contact: bco-dmo-data@whoi.edu
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Global records on gelatinous zooplankton for the past 200 years.
    Description: The Jellyfish Database Initiative (JeDI) is a scientifically-coordinated global database dedicated to gelatinous zooplankton (members of the Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Thaliacea) and associated environmental data. The database holds 476,000 quantitative, categorical, presence-absence and presence only records of gelatinous zooplankton spanning the past four centuries (1790-2011) assembled from a variety of published and unpublished sources. Gelatinous zooplankton data are reported to species level, where identified, but taxonomic information on phylum, family and order are reported for all records. Other auxiliary metadata, such as physical, environmental and biometric information relating to the gelatinous zooplankton metadata, are included with each respective entry. JeDI has been developed and designed as an open access research tool for the scientific community to quantitatively define the global baseline of gelatinous zooplankton populations and to describe long-term and large-scale trends in gelatinous zooplankton populations and blooms. It has also been constructed as a future repository of datasets, thus allowing retrospective analyses of the baseline and trends in global gelatinous zooplankton populations to be conducted in the future.
    Description: This project was funded by the National Science Foundation Award OCE-1030149
    Keywords: Jellyfish ; Cnidaria ; Ctenophore ; Medusa ; Salp ; Urochordate ; Tunicate ; Siphonophore ; Gelatinous zooplankton
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/pdf
    Format: text/plain
    Format: text/csv
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  • 5
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    Linking human well-being and jellyfish : ecosystem services, impacts, and societal responses (2014)
    Ecological Society of America
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: Author Posting. © Ecological Society of America, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of Ecological Society of America for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12 (2014): 515-523, doi:10.1890/130298.
    Description: Jellyfish are usually perceived as harmful to humans and are seen as “pests”. This negative perception has hindered knowledge regarding their value in terms of ecosystem services. As humans increasingly modify and interact with coastal ecosystems, it is important to evaluate the benefits and costs of jellyfish, given that jellyfish bloom size, frequency, duration, and extent are apparently increasing in some regions of the world. Here we explore those benefits and costs as categorized by regulating, supporting, cultural, and provisioning ecosystem services. A geographical perspective of human vulnerability to jellyfish over four categories of human well-being (health care, food, energy, and freshwater production) is also discussed in the context of thresholds and trade-offs to enable social adaptation. Whereas beneficial services provided by jellyfish likely scale linearly with biomass (perhaps peaking at a saturation point), non-linear thresholds exist for negative impacts to ecosystem services. We suggest that costly adaptive strategies will outpace the beneficial services if jellyfish populations continue to increase in the future.
    Description: Funding for the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis comes from National Science Foundation Grant DEB-94-21535, the University of California at Santa Barbara, and the State of California.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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