Note: Front Cover -- Molecular, Genetic, and Nutritional Aspects of Major and Trace Minerals -- Molecular, Genetic, and Nutritional Aspects of Major and Trace Minerals -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Series Preface -- I - Calcium -- 1 - Calcium-Sensing Receptor Polymorphisms and Human Disease -- INTRODUCTION -- Calcium-Sensing Receptor in the Parathyroid Glands -- Calcium-Sensing Receptor in the Kidney -- Calcium-Sensing Receptor in Bones -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISMS AND CALCIUM-PHOSPHATE HOMEOSTASIS -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISMS AND DISORDERS OF THE PARATHYROID GLANDS -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISMS AND DISORDERS OF THE KIDNEY -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR GENE POLYMORPHISMS AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY -- CONCLUSIONS -- SUMMARY POINTS -- KEY FACTS -- MINI DICTIONARY OF TERMS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Molecular Aspects of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor and Calcium Homeostasis -- INTRODUCTION -- STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF THE CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN THE PARATHYROID GLAND -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN BONE -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN THE KIDNEY -- PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL DISORDERS OF THE KIDNEY AND CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR MODULATION -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM -- CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR FUNCTION IN THE SKIN -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 3 - New Developments in Our Understanding of the Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis by Vitamin D -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOACTIVATION OF VITAMIN D -- REGULATION OF VITAMIN D METABOLISM -- NEW INSIGHTS INTO MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN THE EFFECTS OF 1,25(OH)2D3 IN INTESTINE, KIDNEY, AND BONE -- Intestine -- Kidney -- Bone -- GENOMIC MECHANISM OF 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 ACTION -- SUMMARY POINTS AND KEY FACTS -- MINI DICTIONARY OF TERMS -- REFERENCES. , 4 - Calcium in Obesity and Related Diseases: The Calcium-Sensing Receptor as a Novel Mediator -- INTRODUCTION -- OBESITY: A SERIOUS PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM WORLDWIDE -- Definition and Epidemiology -- Healthy Versus Unhealthy Obesity -- Calcium Nutrition and Obesity Hypothesis -- Calcium Nutrition and Obesity-Related Diseases: The Role of the Calcium-Sensing Receptor -- CELLULAR MECHANISMS FOR FAT DYSFUNCTION: ROLE OF CALCIUM -- Cellular Aspects -- Calcium-Directed Adipocyte Pathogenesis -- Intracellular Ca2+ Homeostasis -- Adipocyte Differentiation -- Adipocyte Fat Metabolism -- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Inflammation -- Novel Adipose-Derived Mediators -- Insulin Signaling -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Calcium: Basic Nutritional Aspects -- INTRODUCTION -- Functions of Calcium -- Calcium Homeostasis, Vitamin D, and Parathyroid Hormone -- Dietary Calcium Requirements -- Skeletal Health -- Bone Density -- Fractures -- Falls -- Cardiovascular Disease -- Preeclampsia and Hypertension in Pregnancy -- Cancer -- Calcium and the Kidney -- Renal Stones -- Mortality -- Source of Calcium: Does It Matter? -- Recommendations for Dietary Calcium Intakes -- Calcium Intakes -- How Are Other Minerals Affected by Calcium? -- SUMMARY POINTS -- KEY FACTS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Molecular Aspects of Calcium and Bone Mineralization -- INTRODUCTION -- METABOLISM AND REGULATION -- CALCIUM, GENETICS, AND GENETIC DISORDERS -- Parathyroid Hormone Axis -- Vitamin D Axis -- OTHER GENETIC FACTORS AFFECTING CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- II - Copper -- 7 - Copper: Basic Physiological and Nutritional Aspects -- COPPER: HISTORICAL FACTS -- COPPER BIOCHEMISTRY -- BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTIONS OF COPPER -- CATALYTIC FUNCTIONS OF COPPER (COPPER-DEPENDENT PROTEINS) -- Ferroxidases: Ceruloplasmin and Hephaestin -- Superoxide Dismutases. , Cytochrome C Oxidase -- Dopamine β-Monooxygenase -- Tyrosinase -- Amine Oxidases -- Monoamine Oxidase -- Diamine Oxidases -- Lysyl Oxidase -- Peptidylglycine α-Amidating Monooxygenase -- Other Copper-Dependent Proteins -- Copper-Binding Proteins -- PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF COPPER -- Connective Tissue Formation -- Iron Metabolism -- Central Nervous System -- Cardiac Function and Cholesterol Metabolism -- Immune Function -- Other Physiologic Functions of Copper -- COPPER BIOAVAILABILITY AND NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS -- Copper: Food Sources -- COPPER METABOLISM -- Genetic Regulation -- Overall Body Copper Homeostasis -- Copper Transport Across the Intestinal Mucosa -- Copper Transport and Transfer -- Copper Excretion -- Copper: Homeostatic Mechanisms -- Genetic Defects in Copper Metabolism -- Menkes Disease -- Wilson's Disease -- COPPER DEFICIENCY IN HUMANS -- COPPER: DIETARY CONSIDERATIONS AND REQUIREMENTS -- EVALUATION OF COPPER STATUS -- Analytical Methods -- Assessment of Copper Status -- COPPER TOXICITY AND UPPER LIMITS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 8 - Copper and Molecular Aspects of Cell Signaling -- INTRODUCTION -- THE COPPER METALLOPROTEOME -- COPPER MODULATION OF CELL SIGNALING -- External Cell Receptors and Associated Pathways -- Growth Factors, Receptors, and Associated Tyrosine Kinase Pathways -- Integrins -- Downstream Kinase Pathways -- PI3K-Akt -- Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase -- c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase -- Intracellular Mechanisms of Copper-Mediated Cell Signaling -- Phosphatase-Kinase Dynamics -- Nuclear Signaling -- COPPER AS A REGULATOR OF EPIGENETICS -- Histone Modification -- Acetylation -- Histone Deacetylase Activity -- Histone Acetyl Transferase Activity -- Histone Interactions -- Histone Phosphorylation -- DNA Methylation -- Noncoding RNAs -- CELL-CELL SIGNALING REGULATED BY COPPER -- Neuronal Signaling -- Amyloid-β. , Prion Protein -- HOW OTHER MINERALS ARE AFFECTED OR BEHAVE -- Calcium -- Zinc -- Iron -- PERSPECTIVES -- SUMMARY POINTS -- MINI DICTIONARY OF TERMS -- REFERENCES -- 9 - Copper and Hypoxia-Inducible Transcription Factor Regulation of Gene Expression -- INTRODUCTION TO HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTORS -- Molecular Features of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 -- Targets of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COPPER AND HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1 -- MECHANISMS BY WHICH CU REGULATES HYPOXIA-INDUCIBLE FACTOR-1 ACTIVITY -- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Stabilization by Copper -- The Requirement of Copper for Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Transcriptional Activity -- Selectivity of Copper Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 -- Proteins That May Be Involved in Cu Regulation of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 -- CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS -- Cardiovascular Diseases -- Cancer -- OPEN QUESTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- 10 - Copper in Wilson's and Alzheimer's Diseases, Copper-Lowering Therapy in Cancer and Other Diseases, and Copper Deficiency -- INTRODUCTION -- WILSON'S DISEASE -- INTRODUCTION -- Clinical Presentations -- Diagnosis -- Treatment -- ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- THE PROMISE OF COPPER-LOWERING THERAPY IN CANCER AND OTHER DISEASES -- CLINICAL COPPER DEFICIENCY -- Introduction -- Zinc-Induced Copper Deficiency -- Dental-Adhesive-Induced and Idiopathic Copper Deficiency -- Copper Deficiency From Poor Absorption -- Copper Deficiency in the Healthy General Population -- REFERENCES -- III - Iodine -- 11 - Iodine: Basic Nutritional Aspects -- ROLE OF IODINE -- IODINE METABOLISM -- SOURCES OF IODINE NUTRITION -- RECOMMENDED DIETARY INTAKE OF IODINE -- FACTORS INFLUENCING IODINE BIOAVAILABILITY -- ASSESSMENT OF IODINE NUTRITION -- IODINE DEFICIENCY -- TREATMENT AND PREVENTION OF IODINE DEFICIENCY -- TOXIC EFFECTS OF EXCESS IODINE INTAKE -- CONCLUSION. , ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- 12 - Iodine and Thyroid Hormone Synthesis, Metabolism, and Action -- IODIDE TRANSPORT -- Iodine Absorption From the Gut -- Iodine Absorption Through Skin -- Iodide Transport in the Thyroid -- Iodide Transport in Tissues Outside the Thyroid -- IODINE CLEARANCE -- DIRECT ACTIONS OF IODINE -- THYROID HORMONE ACTION -- Nuclear Receptor -- Thyroid Hormone Metabolism -- Thyroid Hormone Action in Development -- Compensation for Iodine Insufficiency -- Iodine in Pregnancy -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 13 - Iodine and Adipocytokines: Cellular Aspects -- INTRODUCTION -- THE ROLE OF IODINE IN THE HUMAN BODY -- POSSIBLE MECHANISM OF IODINE ACTION -- IODINE AND ADIPOCYTOKINES -- Iodine and Leptin -- Iodine and Adiponectin -- Interference Between Iodine and Other Minerals -- SUMMARY POINTS -- REFERENCES -- IV - Iron -- 14 - Iron: Basic Nutritional Aspects -- INTRODUCTION -- PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF IRON -- Iron and Oxygen -- Iron and Energy Metabolism -- Iron and the Brain -- Iron and Immunity -- Other Functions of Iron -- ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES OF TOO MUCH IRON -- Inherited and Acquired Iron-loading Diseases -- Iron Toxicity and Children -- Iron and Aging -- Other Toxicities Associated With Iron -- FINDING THE RIGHT BALANCE -- Dietary Iron Absorption -- Iron-Regulatory Hormones -- Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Control of Iron Absorption -- IRON AND OUR DIET -- Recommended Dietary Allowance or Dietary Reference Intake -- Sources of Iron -- Enhancers and Inhibitors of Iron Absorption -- REFERENCES -- 15 - Hepcidin and the Hormonal Control of Iron Homeostasis -- INTRODUCTION -- BIOLOGY OF HEPCIDIN -- Interaction With Ferroportin -- THE REGULATION OF HEPCIDIN EXPRESSION -- The Bone Morphogenetic Protein/SMAD Pathway -- The Role of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-6 -- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Complex. , HFE and Transferrin Receptor-2.