Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1 Physiological and molecular aspects of growth, non-growth, culturability and viability in bacteria -- INTRODUCTION -- BACTERIAL GROWTH -- Molecular Information Related to Bacterial Growth -- Ribosomal RNA -- Chromosome Replication -- Cell Division -- Global Regulatory Proteins -- GROWTH AND STASIS -- Exponential Phase -- Stationary Phase -- Dormancy and Sporulation -- Exit from Dormant or Stationary Cellular States and Re-entry into Growth -- CULTURABILITY AND VIABILITY -- Culturability -- Viability -- The VBNC Controversy -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 2 Survival of environmental and host-associated stress -- SPECIFIC AND GENERAL STRESS RESPONSES IN BACTERIA -- STATIONARY PHASE AND GENERAL STRESS SURVIVAL STRATEGIES -- Readily Reversible Stationary Phase Responses -- Sporulation -- High Cell Density Responses: Quorum Sensing -- THE Sigma-DEPENDENT STATIONARY-PHASE AND GENERAL STRESS RESPONSE -- Physiology -- Regulation of Sigma by Environmental Signals -- Regulation of Gene Expression by Sigma -- SURVIVAL STRATEGIES UNDER HOST-INDUCED STRESS CONDITIONS -- Counteracting Specific Host-Associated Stresses -- Oxidative Stress Response -- Acidic Stress Response -- Iron Deprivation -- General Defensive Strategies of Pathogens -- Expression of Specific Virulence Factors -- Adhesins and Invasins -- Toxins and Modulins -- Type III Secretion Systems-Effector Proteins -- REGULATION OF VIRULENCE GENES BY STRESS SIGNALS -- Induction of Virulence Gene Expression by Environmental Stress Conditions -- Specific Regulator Proteins of Virulence Factors -- Transcriptional Activators -- Two-Component Phosphorelay Signal Transduction -- General and Global Regulatory Mechanisms of Virulence Genes -- Alternative Sigma Factors. , DNA Supercoiling and Histone-Like Proteins -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 3 Surviving the immune response: an immunologist's perspective -- INTRODUCTION -- INTERFERENCE WITH PHAGOCYTOSIS -- LIMITATION OF CLEARANCE-THE RANULOMA -- GENETIC FACTORS -- HELMINTH SURVIVAL OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE -- ANTIGENIC VARIATION -- VIRAL SURVIVAL OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE: LATENCY -- SURVIVAL AND NEOPLASIA -- INTERFERENCE WITH MEDIATORS -- DICHOTOMY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 4 Quantitative and qualitative changes in bacterial activity controlled by interbacterial signalling -- DEFINITIONS OF QUORUM SENSING -- SIGNALS AND SYNTHESIS, PERCEPTION AND RESPONSE -- PEPTIDE SIGNALLING IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS AND THE CONTROL OF ENDOSPORE FORMATION -- BACTERIAL CYTOKINES IN MICROCOCCUS AND MYCOBACTERIUM CONTROL THE EXIT FROM DORMANCY -- THE INHIBITION OF REPLICATION IN ESCHERICHIA COLI -- PATHOGENICALLY DORMANT BACTERIA -- Quorum Sensing is Essential for the Full Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa -- Quorum Sensing is Essential for the Full Virulence of Staphylococcus aureus -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 5 Mechanisms of stationary-phase mutagenesis in bacteria and their relevance to antibiotic resistance -- INTRODUCTION -- THE STATIONARY PHASE -- Signals for Entry into Stationary Phase -- Morphological and Physiological Manifestations -- DNA Damage and Metabolism in the Stationary Phase -- Mutations in Stationary Phase Cells -- ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION OF MUTATION RATES -- Heritable Global Mutators -- Heritable Local Mutators -- Environment-Dependent Mutators -- Error-Prone DNA Polymerases -- ADAPTIVE MUTAGENESIS -- Historical Perspective -- Adaptive Mutation in the E. coli FC40 Model System -- ADAPTIVE POINT MUTATIONS -- Transient Hypermutability of a Sub population -- Extrapolation to Other Systems. , ADAPTIVE GENE AMPLIFICATION -- Adaptive Gene Amplification in the lac System -- ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN BACTERIA -- General Mechanisms -- Chromosomal Genes Conferring Antibiotic Resistance -- MUTATION TO ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE -- Antibiotic-Bacterium Interactions -- Fitness Cost of Resistance -- RATES OF MUTATION TO ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE -- Dependence on the Environment -- Stresses Encountered in vivo -- Antibiotic Concentration Gradients -- Stress-Induced Mutagenesis in the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance? -- Stress-Induced Mutagenesis in Genotypic Switching Mechanisms? -- CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- NOTE ADDED IN PROOF -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6 Biofilms, dormancy and resistance -- INTRODUCTION -- Extent of the Problem in Medicine -- Surface Adhesion and Biofilm Formation -- Biofilm Models -- CONVENTIONAL CANDIDATES TO EXPLAIN RESISTANCE TO ANTIBIOTICS AND BIOCIDES: "THE USUAL SUSPECTS" -- Inability to Penetrate the Biofilm -- Enzyme Inactivation of Antimicrobials -- Efflux -- Repair -- SURVIVAL AND THE RESPONSE TO STRESS: WILL THE REAL CULPRIT PLEASE STAND UP? -- The General Stress Response (GSR) -- Biofilms and Quorum Sensing -- Potential Role of RpoS in Uptake/Adhesion -- SLOW/NO ROWTH-AN ACCOMPLICE TO DORMANCY? -- CONCLUDING COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7 Tuberculosis -- INTRODUCTION -- THE QUIESCENT STATE OF M. TUBERCULOSIS -- Role of the Immune Response -- Quiescent Bacteria Associated with Antimicrobial Therapy -- Role of Oxygen -- ANTIBIOTIC TOLERANCE -- LOCATION OF PERSISTERS IN VIVO -- PHYSIOLOGICAL STATE IN VIVO -- THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF PERSISTENCE -- Global Gene Control -- Specific Proteins -- TUBERCULOSIS DISEASE CONTROL -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8 Gastritis and peptic ulceration -- THE DISCOVERY OF THE BACTERIAL CAUSE OF GASTRITIS -- From Campylobacter pyloridis to H. pylori. , H. pylori as a Cause of Gastritis and Peotic Ulceration -- HOW H. PYLORI CAUSES PEPTIC ULCERATION -- Why Duodenal Ulceration is Relatively Uncommon in the Developing World -- Other Causes of Peptic Ulceration -- Gastric Ulceration -- DORMANT PHASE OF H.PYLORI -"COCCOID FORMS " -- Introduction -- ATTACHMENT TO THE GASTRIC MUCOSA BY H. PYLORI -- The Two Methods of Attachment by H. Pylori to the Mucosa -- THE NATURAL HISTORY OF H.PYLORI INFECTION -- Method of Transmission of H. pylori -- COCCOID FORMS ARE PRESENT IN THE GASTRIC MUCOSA -- IN VITRO STUDIES OF COCCOID FORMS -- Culture Conditions Leading to H. pylori Coccoid Forms -- The Morphological and Other Changes That Occur When Spiral Forms Become Coccoid Forms -- Cell Culture -- COCCOID FORMS IN ANIMAL MODELS -- In the Gastric Mucosa -- Coccoid Forms Can Infect Mice -- COCCOID FORMS ARE VIABLE AND CAN CHANGE TO SPIRAL FORMS -- CHANGE TO THE COCCOID FORM DURING ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT IN VITRO AND IN VIVO -- Treatment of H. pylori Infection and Coccoid Forms -- TRANSMISSION OF H. PYLORI -- Detection of Coccoid Forms in Faeces -- Survival of Coccoid Forms in Water, Milk and Disinfectants -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9 Resumption of yeast cell proliferation from stationary phase -- STATIONARY PHASE -- RESUMPTION OF YAST CELL PROLIFERATION -- VESICULAR TRANSPORT AND THE GCS1 PROTEIN -- ENDOSOMAL FUNCTION AND THE GCS1 PROTEIN -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 10 Resting state in seeds of higher plants: dormancy,persistence and resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses -- INTRODUCTION -- DORMANCY IN HIGHER PLANTS -- Seed Dormancy Categories -- Seed Dormancy Induction -- Development of Primary Dormancy and Desiccation Tolerance -- Structural Features of Dormancy -- Overcoming Primary Dormancy in Seeds and Other Systems -- Chemical Effects -- Temperature Effects. , Secondary Dormancy in Seeds -- Overcoming Physical Dormancy in Seeds -- THE PERSISTENT STATE, RESISTANCE TO DISEASE AND HERBICIDES -- Persistence in the Dry and Wet State -- Dry Storage -- Wet Storage -- Depletion Rate in the Soil -- Defence Mechanisms -- Herbicide Resistance -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Index.