Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: From Biocultural Homogenization to Biocultural Conservation: A Conceptual Framework to Reorient Society Toward Sustainability of Life -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Part I: Biocultural Homogenization -- 1.3 Part II: Biotic Homogenization -- 1.4 Part III: Biocultural Conservation -- 1.5 Concluding Remark -- References -- Part I: Biocultural Homogenization -- Chapter 2: Biocultural Homogenization: A Wicked Problem in the Anthropocene -- 2.1 The Anthropocene and Biocultural Homogenization -- 2.2 Biocultural Homogenization and the "3Hs" Model of the Biocultural Ethic -- 2.3 The 3Hs Model and Three Levels of Feedbacks in Biocultural Homogenization -- 2.3.1 Feedbacks of Biocultural Homogenization at the Level of Habits -- 2.3.2 Feedbacks of Biocultural Homogenization at the Level of Habits and Habitats -- 2.3.3 Feedbacks of Biocultural Homogenization at the Level of Habits, Habitats, and Co-inhabitants -- 2.4 Co-inhabitants -- 2.5 Concluding Remarks: A Biocultural Cascade Effect -- 2.5.1 Bringing Back Pluri-Cultural Concepts of Human and Other-Than-Human Co-inhabitants -- 2.5.2 Reorienting Habit-Habitat Biocultural Homogenizing Feedback Processes -- References -- Chapter 3: Reclaiming Rivers from Homogenization: Meandering and Riverspheres -- 3.1 Meandering and Riversphere -- 3.2 Meandering -- 3.3 The Meander River -- 3.4 Meander and Metis -- 3.5 Re-meandering -- 3.6 Returning to (Reconsidering) Mullholland: Reimagining and Revitalizing Los Angeles Riversphere -- References -- Chapter 4: Biostitutes and Biocultural Conservation: Empire and Irony in the Motion Picture Avatar -- 4.1 Synopsis -- 4.2 Analysis -- References -- Chapter 5: The Political Ecology of Land Grabs in Ethiopia -- 5.1 From Old to New Enclosures -- 5.2 Enclosures and the Dar Ager. , 5.3 Terra Nullius and Social Ecology -- References -- Chapter 6: The Ongoing Danger of Large-Scale Mining on the Rio Doce: An Account of Brazil's Largest Biocultural Disaster -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Rio Doce Basin and Its Mining-Metallurgical Territorial System -- 6.3 The Disaster -- 6.4 The Biocultural Ethics, Economic Power, and People -- 6.5 Final Considerations -- References -- Chapter 7: Land Grabbing and Violence Against Environmentalists -- 7.1 A History of Violence and Intimidation -- 7.2 Contemporary Violence Against Defenders of the Environment -- 7.3 Violence and Land Grabbing Across the Global South -- 7.4 Land Grabbing, Persistent Coloniality, and the "New Extractivism" -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: The Changing Role of Europe in Past and Future Alien Species Displacement -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Role of Europe in Historic Species Exchanges -- 8.3 Shifting Trade Patterns in Times of Modern Globalization -- 8.4 Effects of Changing Economic Patterns on Alien Species Displacement -- 8.5 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 9: Dürer's Rhinoceros: Biocultural Homogenization of the Visual Construction of Nature -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Rhinoceros that Drowned in the Sea -- 9.3 Rhinoceros and Elephants -- 9.4 Rhinoceros, Dragons, and Behemoth -- 9.5 Animals and Otherness -- 9.6 Dalí's Rhinoceros: Rationalization of Nature and Culture -- 9.7 Final Comments -- References -- Chapter 10: Biocultural Exoticism in the Feminine Landscape of Latin America -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biocultural Homogenization and Exoticism -- 10.2.1 On Palm Trees, Dinner Plates, and Reptiles -- 10.2.2 "Imperial Eyes" View of the American Geography -- 10.3 The Exotic Encounter Between Natives and Foreigners -- 10.3.1 On "Love Affairs" Between Native Women and Foreign Men -- 10.4 Critiques and Alternatives to Biocultural Exoticism. , 10.4.1 On Mysteries: "The Cannibal" -- 10.4.2 Overcoming Exoticism: Kinship Between Humans and Birds in Southern South America -- 10.4.3 On "Sacred" American Nature -- 10.4.4 On a "Reserve of Life" to be Defended -- 10.5 Concluding Remarks from the South -- References -- Chapter 11: Overcoming Biocultural Homogenization in Modern Philosophy: Hume's Noble Oyster -- 11.1 A Potential Philosophical Driver of Biocultural Homogenization -- 11.2 Hume's Inclusion of Sections on Animals in His Main Works About Human Nature -- 11.3 In Hume's Work: Which Animals Share with Humans Attributes of Reason and Sentiency? -- 11.4 Hume's Noble Oyster -- 11.5 The Influence of Hume on Darwin: The Common Evolutionary Origin of Human and Nonhuman Animals -- 11.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II: Biotic Homogenization -- Chapter 12: Nature, Culture, and Natureculture: The Role of Nonnative Species in Biocultures -- 12.1 Conceptions of Nature and Its Relation to Culture -- 12.2 How Nature Is Integrated into Culture -- 12.3 And How Do Nonnative Species Fit in Nature, or Do They? -- 12.4 Biocultures and Nonnative Species -- References -- Chapter 13: Why Some Exotic Species Are Deeply Integrated into Local Cultures While Others Are Reviled -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Arrival Time -- 13.3 Economic Impact -- 13.4 Aesthetics and Phobias -- 13.5 Effect on Human Health -- 13.6 Origin of Nonnative Species and Origin of Human Immigrants -- 13.7 How Quickly Can Invasive Species Become Culturally Assimilated? -- 13.8 Concluding Remarks and Implications for Management -- References -- Chapter 14: Fur Trade and the Biotic Homogenization of Subpolar Ecosystems -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The Trio and a Trans-Hemispheric Journey -- 14.3 Biotic Homogenization of Two Poles in the Americas -- 14.4 The Homogenization Includes Eurasia -- 14.5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 15: Non-native Pines Are Homogenizing the Ecosystems of South America -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Pine Plantations Dual Effect: Homogenization and Invasion -- 15.2.1 Landscape Homogenization -- 15.2.2 Local Biodiversity Homogenization -- 15.2.3 Plantations as the Main Source of Pine Invasions -- 15.3 Pine Invasions and the Aboveground Biotic Homogenization -- 15.4 Biotic Homogenization Belowground -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 16: Biotic Homogenization of the South American Cerrado -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Invasive African Grasses -- 16.3 Known Impacts of African Grasses -- 16.4 Invasive Flies -- 16.5 Other Invasive Species with Homogenizing Potential -- 16.6 Mechanisms of Invasion Leading to Biotic Homogenization -- 16.7 Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 17: Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Homogenization Across US National Parks: The Role of Non-native Species -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Methods -- 17.2.1 Study Sites -- 17.2.2 Phylogenies -- 17.2.3 Ecoregions -- 17.2.4 Data Analysis -- 17.3 Results -- 17.3.1 Changes in Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Similarity at the Continental Scale -- 17.3.2 Changes in Taxonomic and Phylogenetic Similarity Within Ecoregions and Alaska -- 17.4 Discussion -- References -- Chapter 18: Homogenization of Fish Assemblages Off the Coast of Florida -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Methods -- 18.2.1 Surveys -- 18.2.2 Species Composition -- 18.3 Results -- 18.4 Discussion -- References -- Part III: Biocultural Conservation -- Chapter 19: Biocultural Conservation and Biocultural Ethics -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Ontological Foundations and Legal Frameworks -- 19.3 Ecosocial Foundations and Governance -- 19.4 Ethical Foundations and Education -- 19.5 Concluding Remark -- References -- Chapter 20: The UN Sustainable Development Goals and the Biocultural Heritage Lacuna: Where Is Goal Number 18?. , 20.1 Introduction: Biocultural Heritage as a Lacuna in the Sustainable Development Goals -- 20.2 The Sustainable Development Goals and the Inclusivity Clause -- 20.3 Moving Toward Sustainable Development by Addressing Biocultural Diversity -- 20.4 Goal #18: Biocultural Heritage: A Major Driver for Sustainable Development -- References -- Chapter 21: Suma Qamaña or Living Well Together: A Contribution to Biocultural Conservation -- 21.1 The Concept of Living Well for the Aymara Culture -- 21.2 Beyond the Rural and Aymara World -- 21.3 Beyond Theory -- 21.4 Measuring the Good Life: Possible Indicators -- 21.5 Final Warning -- References -- Chapter 22: Biocultural Approaches to Conservation: Water Sovereignty in the Kayapó Lands -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 A'Ukre -- 22.3 Institutional and Sociopolitical Contexts -- 22.3.1 Conservation Initiatives and Discourses -- 22.3.2 National Contexts -- 22.4 Cultural Perspectives: Mythic Events and Fishing Practices -- 22.4.1 Mythic Events -- 22.4.2 Fishing Practices -- 22.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 23: Biocultural Diversity and Ngöbe People in the South Pacific of Costa Rica -- 23.1 A Multifocal Research -- 23.2 More Questions than Answers -- 23.3 Some Learned Central Elements -- 23.4 Final Considerations -- References -- Chapter 24: Candomblé in Brazil: The Contribution of African-Origin Religions to Biocultural Diversity in the Americas -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 The "Other Place" -- 24.3 Brazilians Sing -- 24.4 African Descendants in Latin America -- 24.5 Crossing the Waters: Slavery and Resistance -- 24.6 Candomblé: "Without Leaves There Are No Orișhas" -- 24.7 ILÉ AşÉ ÒGÚN ÀLÁKÒRÓ: Quilombo de Mongaba (Kilomba) - Alternative Community, Liberating Practices -- 24.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 25: Latin American Theology of Liberation and Biocultural Conservation. , 25.1 A Latin American Theology.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Introduction: Linking Ecology and Ethics for an Interregional and Intercultural Earth Stewardship -- 1.1 Part I: A Biocultural Approach to Earth Stewardship -- 1.2 Part II: Integrating Stewardship Across Disciplines and Scales -- 1.3 Part III: Integrating Ecology and Ethics as a Foundation for Earth Stewardship Action -- 1.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part I: A Biocultural Approach to Earth Stewardship -- Chapter 2: Ecological Science and Practice: Dialogues Across Cultures and Disciplines -- 2.1 Two Cultures: Scientists and Watermen -- 2.2 Challenging the Tragedy of the Commons Logic -- 2.3 Power to the People -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Biogeochemistry and Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Practices in Japan -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Japanese Long-Term Ecological Research Network -- 3.3 Biogeochemical Processes Coupled with Anthropogenic Disturbances -- 3.4 Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Practices -- 3.5 Toward Sustainable Ecosystem Management -- References -- Chapter 4: Aesthetic and Moral Appreciation of Nature in Philosophical Traditions of China -- 4.1 The Concept of ch'i in Chinese Philosophy and Aesthetic Appreciation -- 4.2 Intellectual Intuition and the Knowledge of ch'i -- 4.3 Empathy and the Aesthetic Appreciation of Nature -- 4.4 Chinese Nature Aesthetics and Its Contribution to Biocultural Ethic -- References -- Chapter 5: The Antlers of a Trilemma: Rediscovering Andean Sacred Sites -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Detaching Deer Discourses -- 5.3 Mountain Myths -- 5.4 Telluric Tutelage -- 5.5 Recent Ruins Rediscovery -- 5.6 Andean Hierophanies -- 5.7 Beyond Belief -- References -- Chapter 6: Spirituality and the Pachamama in the Andean Aymara Worldview -- 6.1 Introduction. , 6.2 Andean Symbolism and Interpretation for Planting -- 6.3 Aymara Spirituality -- 6.4 Andean Worldview and the Aymara Concept of Jaqi -- 6.5 Collective Labor Practices -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Andean Llamas and Earth Stewardship -- 7.1 Stewardship in Western Thought -- 7.2 Adam and Eve as Andean Peasants -- 7.3 Andean Llama Stewardship -- 7.3.1 Biohistorical Anthropology -- 7.3.2 Environmental Advocacy -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Earth Stewardship and the Biocultural Ethic: Latin American Perspectives -- 8.1 Naming the Diverse Earth Stewards -- 8.2 Amerindian, Scientific, and Pre-Socratic Perspectives on South American Co-inhabitation -- 8.3 Biocultural Roots of South American Environmental Philosophy -- 8.4 Liberation Philosophy and Decolonial Thinking -- 8.5 Eco-theology of Liberation -- 8.6 Earth Stewards and the Biocultural Ethic -- 8.7 Concluding Remark -- References -- Chapter 9: Implications of the Biocultural Ethic for Earth Stewardship -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Democracy Versus Plutocracy -- 9.3 Stewardship Versus Plutonomy -- 9.4 Biocultural Co-inhabitation Versus Ecosystem Services -- 9.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 10: The Politics of Earth Stewardship in the Uneven Anthropocene -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The "Uneven" Anthropocene -- 10.3 The Uneven Anthropogenic -- 10.4 Repoliticizing the Anthropocene -- 10.5 Implications for an Earth Stewardship Initiative -- References -- Part II: Integrating Stewardship Across Disciplines and Scales -- Chapter 11: The Centennial Return of Stewardship to the Ecological Society of America -- References -- Chapter 12: Earth Stewardship: An Initiative by the Ecological Society of America to Foster Engagement to Sustain Planet Earth -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Evolution of ESA's Stewardship Approach -- 12.3 Engaging Ecologists in Stewardship. , 12.4 Moving Beyond Ecology -- 12.5 The Future of Stewardship at ESA -- 12.5.1 Building Stronger Partnerships -- 12.5.2 Science Communication -- 12.5.3 Leading Theory Development in Sustainability Science -- 12.5.4 Encouraging Personal Involvement -- References -- Chapter 13: Geographical and Thematic Distribution of Publications Generated at the International Long-Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) Sites -- 13.1 World Distribution of ILTER Sites and Research Themes -- 13.2 Data, Methods, and Results -- 13.2.1 Methods and Data Source -- 13.2.2 Where Are ILTER Researchers Based, Which Regions Do They Study? -- 13.2.3 Which Thematic Areas Do ILTER Researchers Study? -- 13.2.4 From Which Geographical Region and in Which Venues Are LTER Researchers Publishing? -- 13.3 Discussion and Implications for Earth Stewardship -- References -- Chapter 14: Earth Stewardship, Socioecosystems, the Need for a Transdisciplinary Approach and the Role of the International Long Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The Complex Nature of Socioecosystem: A New Ontological Paradigm -- 14.3 The Epistemological Paradigm of Transdisciplinary Research: A Must for the Study of Socioecosystems Required for an Earth Stewardship Initiative -- 14.3.1 Philosophical Approach -- 14.3.2 Commitment -- 14.3.3 Scope -- 14.3.4 Scale of Focus -- 14.3.5 Collaboration -- 14.3.6 Institutional Arrangements -- 14.4 The Role of ILTER in the Earth Stewardship Initiative -- 14.4.1 Vision and Mission -- 14.4.2 From LTER to LTSER -- 14.4.3 The Importance of Site-Based Research -- 14.4.4 Partnerships Approach -- 14.4.5 ILTER Heterogeneity and North-South Inequalities -- 14.4.6 The Bottom Up Approach -- 14.5 Some Precisions About Socioecosystem Research -- 14.6 Final Remarks -- References. , Chapter 15: Hermeneutics and Field Environmental Philosophy: Integrating Ecological Sciences and Ethics into Earth Stewardship -- 15.1 The Need for a Methodology that Integrates Ecological Sciences and Environmental Ethics -- 15.2 Hermeneutics: Narrow Economic Versus Ecological Views of the Land -- 15.2.1 The Theoretical Framework and Methodology of Field Environmental Philosophy (FEP) -- 15.2.2 Theoretical Foundation of FEP -- 15.2.2.1 The Links Among Habitats, Habits and co-in-Habitants -- 15.2.2.2 Integrating Social Components and Biocultural Education -- 15.2.3 The FEP Methodology -- 15.3 Hermeneutical Steps that Support the FEP Methodology -- 15.3.1 Embracing One's Own Perspective -- 15.3.2 Assuming a Historical Perspective -- 15.3.3 The Fusion of Horizons of Meaning -- 15.4 A Latin American Approach to Integrate Ethics and Ecology into Earth Stewardship -- References -- Chapter 16: Arts and Humanities Efforts in the US Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network: Understanding Perceived Values and Challenges -- 16.1 Background -- 16.2 Arts and Humanities in the US LTER Network -- 16.3 Survey -- 16.3.1 What Kind of Arts and Humanities Work Exists Across the Network and Where Is It Taking Place? -- 16.3.2 What Is the Perceived Value of This Work? -- 16.3.3 What Are the Perceived Challenges to Maintaining or Further Developing Arts and Humanities Inquiry Across the LTER Network? -- 16.4 Relevance to LTER Goals and Mission -- 16.5 Discussion -- 16.6 Implications for an Earth Stewardship Initiative -- References -- Chapter 17: The Technosphere and Earth Stewardship -- 17.1 Interdisciplinary Collaboration and Conceptual Frameworks -- 17.2 Social-Ecological-Technological Systems -- 17.3 Technology and the Challenge to Earth Stewardship -- References. , Chapter 18: Using the Ecosystem Services Framework in a Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research (LTSER) Platform: Lessons from the Wadi Araba Desert, Israel and Jordan -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Ecosystem Services (ES) as a Research Framework -- 18.3 Where Has the Ecosystem Services Conceptual Framework Led Us? -- 18.3.1 Ecosystem Services or Biodiversity? -- 18.3.2 Do the Benefits Arising from Cultural Services for the Many Outweigh the Benefits for the Few? -- 18.3.3 Biodiversity or Cultural Landscapes? -- 18.3.4 Who Should Make the Decisions? -- 18.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 19: Socio-Ecological Studies in Urban and Rural Ecosystems in Chile -- 19.1 The Challenge of Incorporating Stewardship in Chilean Urban Planning -- 19.2 Working with the Wine Industry Towards Earth Stewardship -- 19.3 Awakening into Biodiversity Leads to Urban and Rural Earth Stewardship -- References -- Part III: Integrating Ecology and Ethics as a Foundation for Earth Stewardship Action -- Chapter 20: Stewardship Versus Citizenship -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Stewardship and Dominion -- 20.3 Stewardship as a Colonizing Term -- 20.4 Stewardship Versus Citizenship -- 20.5 Stewardship and Citizenship -- References -- Chapter 21: The Ethics of Participatory Processes: Dynamic Flux, Open Questions -- 21.1 The Ethics of Collaborative or Participatory Processes: From Discussion Group to a Picture -- 21.2 From Dynamic Flux Ecology to Dynamic Flux Ethics -- 21.3 From Engagement to Curiosity: Ideals to Inform an Ethics of Participatory Processes -- Appendix 1: Why Emphasize Collaboration in Environmental Research? -- Appendix 2: A Case of Participatory Community Planning in Northern Ontario -- References -- Chapter 22: IUCN/WCPA Protected Areas Program: Making Space for People and Biodiversity in the Anthropocene -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.1.1 IUCN World Parks Congresses. , 22.2 Reaching Conservation Goals.

Note: Arctic Sustainability Research- Front Cover -- Arctic Sustainability Research -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of figures -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Background and purpose -- Note -- Chapter 2: A brief history of sustainability as a concept in the Arctic and beyond -- 2.1 Conceptual beginnings in "Western" thought and early nature protection -- 2.2 Sustainability in the Arctic -- 2.3 Indigenous/local concepts of sustainability and sustainable development -- 2.4 Towards Arctic-based discourses of sustainability -- Notes -- Chapter 3: ICARP II Science Plans: Reflection and assessment -- 3.1 ICARP II Science Plan 1. Arctic economies and sustainable development -- 3.2 ICARP II Science Plan 2. Indigenous peoples: Adaptation, adjustment, and empowerment -- 3.3 ICARP II Science Plan 10. Rapid change, resilience and vulnerability of social-ecological systems of the Arctic -- 3.4 ICARP II Science Plan 11. Arctic science in the public interest -- Chapter 4: Progress in Arctic sustainability research 1: Theoretical developments in Arctic sustainability science -- 4.1 Progress and milestones -- 4.2 Vulnerability, resilience, and sustainability -- 4.3 Vulnerability assessment -- 4.4 Resilience -- 4.5 Arctic sustainability governance -- Chapter 5: Progress in Arctic sustainability research 2: Methodological advances -- 5.1 Transition to more integrated, inter- and transdisciplinary and mixed-method research -- 5.2 Conceptualizing sustainability as both process and outcome -- 5.3 Co-production of knowledge and community-based research -- Chapter 6: Progress in Arctic sustainability research 3: Sustainability indicators -- 6.1 Global sustainability indicator initiatives -- 6.2 Challenges to developing Arctic sustainable development indicators -- Notes. , Chapter 7: Different spatial scales, global, national, regional, local, and their interconnections with Arctic and non-Arctic regions -- 7.1 Multi-scale sustainability studies within social science -- 7.2 Multi-scale sustainability studies involving natural and social science -- 7.3 Avenues for future research at different scales -- Chapter 8: Agenda 2025: Perspectives on gaps and future research priorities in Arctic sustainability research -- 8.1 Key developments and progress in Arctic sustainability research -- 8.2 Key knowledge gaps -- 8.3 Priorities: Agenda 2025 -- Note -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Arctic Ecosystems in a Changing Climate: An Ecophysiological Perspective -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Arctic Plant Physiological Ecology: A Challenge for the Future -- I. Introduction -- II. Physiological Ecology and Ecosystem Studies -- III. Physiological Ecology in the Arctic -- IV. Climate Change: A Theme for Arctic Physiological Ecology -- References -- Part I: The Arctic System -- Chapter 2. Arctic Climate: Potential for Change under Global Warming -- I. Introduction -- II. Present-Day Climate -- III. The Greenhouse Effect -- IV. Climate Models -- V. Implications for Snow, Permafrost, and Ice -- VI. Implications for Ecosystems -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 3. Arctic Hydrology and Climate Change -- I. Introduction -- II. Watershed Structure -- III. Watershed Processes -- IV. Impact of Climatic Warming on Watershed Structure -- V. Hydrologic Response of an Arctic Watershed to Global Warming -- VI. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4. Circumpolar Arctic Vegetation -- I. Introduction -- II. Forest-Tundra -- III. Low Arctic -- IV. High Arctic -- V. Arctic Carbon Reserves -- VI. Arctic Climate Change and Vegetation Patterns -- VII. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5. Phytogeographic and Evolutionary Potential of the Arctic Flora and Vegetation in a Changing Climate -- I. Introduction -- II. Status and History of the Arctic Flora -- III. History of the Tundra Vegetation on the Alaskan North Slope -- IV. History of the Subarctic Vegetation in Central Alaska -- V. Floristic Richness along Latitudinal Gradients -- VI. Warmer Climates and Future Migrations -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 6. Plant Succession, Competition, and the Physiological Constraints of Species in the Arctic -- I. Introduction. , II. Arctic Landscapes -- III. Models of Succession -- IV. Succession in the Low Arctic -- V. Succession in the High Arctic -- VI. Plant Competition -- VII. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II: Carbon Balance -- Chapter 7. Effects of Global Change on the Carbon Balance of Arctic Plants and Ecosystems -- I. Introduction -- II. Current Net Ecosystem Carbon Storage and Flux -- III. Effects of Global Change on Photosynthesis and Net Primary Productivity -- IV. Expected Effects of Global Change on Net Ecosystem Carbon Flux -- V. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Growth of Plants in the Soviet Arctic -- I. Introduction -- II. Photosynthesis -- III. Respiration and Growth -- IV. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9. Phenology, Resource Allocation, and Growth of Arctic Vascular Plants -- I. Introduction -- II. Phenology, Allocation, and Storage -- III. Growth Rates and Productivity -- IV. Conclusions -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 10. The Ecosystem Role of Poikilohydric Tundra Plants -- I. Introduction -- II. The Ecosystem Role of Mosses and Lichens -- III. Community Interactions and Poikilohydric Plants -- IV. Carbon Flows a s an Indicator of the Ecosystem Role of Poikilohydric Plants -- V. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11. Arctic Tree Line in a Changing Climate -- I. Introduction -- II. Environmental Correlates of Tree Line -- III. Physiological Processes -- IV. Soil Processes -- V. Life History -- VI. Future Scenarios -- VII. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III: Water and Nutrient Balance -- Chapter 12. Water Relations of Arctic Vascular Plants -- I. The Importance of Water Stress -- II. Unique Aspects of the Arctic Environment -- III. Factors Influencing Plant Water Relations. , IV. Interactions between Water Relations and Whole-Plant Function -- V. Scaling Up from Leaf to Canopy Processes -- VI. Water Relations, Global Climate Change, and Ecosystem Processes -- VII. Arctic Plant Water Relations and the Biosphere -- VIII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 13. Microbial Processes and Plant Nutrient Availability in Arctic Soils -- I. Introduction -- II. Microbial and Soil Processes -- III. Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in a Warmer Arctic Climate -- IV. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14. Nitrogen Fixation in Arctic Plant Communities -- I. Introduction -- II. Nitrogen Fixation Rates and Their Biological Importance in Arctic Ecosystems -- III. Environmental Controls -- IV. Climate Change, Nitrogen Fixation, and Arctic Ecosystem Processes -- V. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 15. Nutrient Absorption and Accumulation in Arctic Plants -- I. Introduction -- II. Response of Tundra Plants to the Environment -- III. Species and Growth-Form Differences -- IV. Uptake in the Field -- V. Role of Nutrient Uptake in Ecosystem Processes -- VI. Climate Change and Plant Nutrient Absorption -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 16. Nutrient Use and Nutrient Cycling in Northern Ecosystems -- I. Introduction -- II. Storage and Recirculation of Nutrients or Additional Uptake? -- III. Nutrient Losses from the Plant -- IV. Impact of Dominant Plant Species on Nutrient Cycles -- V. Climate Change and Nutrient Cycles in Tundra Ecosystems -- VI. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IV: Interactions -- Chapter 17. Response of Tundra Plant Populations to Climatic Change -- I. Introduction -- II. Life Histories of Tundra Plants -- III. Demography at the Modular Level: Implications for Productivity -- IV. Demography at the Individual Level: Implications for Ecosystem Change. , V. Ecological Genetic Variation, Plasticity, and Ecosystem Change -- VI. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18. Controls over Secondary Metabolite Production by Arctic Woody Plants -- I. Introduction -- II. Environmental Controls of Secondary Metabolite Production -- III. Responses of Secondary Metabolite Production to Climate Change -- IV. Replacement of Tundra by Taiga -- V. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 19. Tundra Grazing Systems and Climatic Change -- I. Introduction -- II. Tundra Grazing Systems -- III. Comparisons among Tundra Grazing Systems -- IV. Tundra Grazing Systems and Climatic Change -- V. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 20. Modeling the Response of Arctic Plants to Changing Climate -- I. Introduction -- II. Scales and Types of Models -- III. Arctic Plant Growth Models -- IV. Critique of Models -- V. The Paradox of Model Complexity -- VI. A Strategy for Future Modeling -- VII. Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part V: Summary -- Chapter 21. Arctic Plant Physiological Ecology in an Ecosystem Context -- I. Ecophysiology of Individual Processes -- II. Physiological Ecology in an Ecosystem Context -- III. Physiological Ecology and Climate Change -- IV. Conclusion -- References -- Index.