Note: Front Cover -- Sustainable Liquefied Natural Gas: Concepts and Applications Moving Towards Net-Zero Supply Chains -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- About the Fundamentals and Sustainable Advances in Natural Gas Science and Engineering Series -- About this volume: Sustainable Liquefied Natural Gas: Concepts and Applications Moving Towards Net-Zero Supply Chains -- 1 Introduction: liquefied natural gas: an evolving industry with net-zero challenges -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Fundamentals of liquefied natural gas infrastructure -- 1.2.1 Description of liquefied natural gas -- 1.2.2 Liquefied natural gas supply and value chains -- 1.2.3 Natural gas liquefaction -- 1.2.4 Liquefied natural gas storage tanks -- 1.2.5 Liquefied natural gas carriers -- 1.2.6 Liquefied natural gas regasification facilities -- 1.2.7 Floating liquefied natural gas infrastructure -- 1.2.8 Liquefied natural gas industry's safety record -- 1.3 Sustainability and net-zero challenges -- 1.3.1 Sustainability in the context of liquefied natural gas -- 1.3.2 Demands of the energy transition -- 1.3.3 Measurement, reporting, and verification to certify responsibly sourced gas -- 1.4 Summary -- Declarations -- References -- 1 Natural gas liquefaction -- 2 The evolution of global liquefied natural gas supply chains: a review -- Banner headline -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Fundamentals and theory -- 2.3 Advanced concepts -- 2.3.1 Country contributions to liquefied natural gas import markets -- 2.3.2 Evolution of liquefied natural gas and gas prices benchmarked to oil and oil-product prices -- 2.3.3 Liquefied natural gas costs of supply -- 2.3.4 Liquefied natural gas market forecasting -- 2.4 Case study -- 2.4.1 Evolution of liquefied natural gas and pipeline gas markets of European Union -- 2.4.2 Speculative gas supply forecasts for European Union. , 2.5 Summary -- Declaration -- Nomenclature -- Appendix A: Approximate relevant unit conversions -- References -- 3 Natural gas liquefaction technologies and their uptake in floating LNG facilities -- Banner headline -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fundamentals and theory -- 3.2.1 Cascade natural gas liquefaction processes -- 3.2.2 Mixed-refrigerant natural gas liquefaction processes -- 3.2.3 Turboexpander natural gas liquefaction processes -- 3.2.4 Natural gas and refrigerant cooling-curve considerations -- 3.2.5 Historical development and focus of commercial natural gas liquefaction -- 3.3 Advanced concepts: unconventional NG liquefaction processes -- 3.3.1 Coal-seam gas liquefaction -- 3.3.2 Synthetic gas liquefaction processes -- 3.3.3 Pressurized natural gas liquefaction -- 3.3.4 Modifications needed to improve the sustainability of natural gas liquefaction -- 3.4 Case study: commercial emergence and evolution of FLNG technologies -- 3.5 Summary -- Declaration -- Nomenclature -- References -- 4 The core liquefaction facility in many floating liquefaction facilities: the spiral-wound heat exchanger -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Condensation in spiral-wound heat exchanger tube side -- 4.2.1 Experimental procedure -- 4.2.1.1 Experimental facility and methods -- 4.2.1.2 Data reduction -- 4.2.2 Thermal-hydraulic characteristics -- 4.2.2.1 Characteristics of frictional pressure drop -- 4.2.2.2 Characteristics of condensation heat transfer -- 4.2.3 Flow patterns -- 4.2.3.1 Characteristics of flow patterns -- 4.2.3.2 Applicability analysis of existing flow patterns -- 4.2.4 Correlations for condensation flow with hydrocarbon refrigerants -- 4.2.4.1 Applicability analysis of existing correlations for frictional pressure drop -- 4.2.4.2 Applicability analysis of existing correlations for condensation flow -- 4.3 Boiling in spiral-wound heat exchanger shell side. , 4.3.1 Experimental procedures -- 4.3.1.1 Experimental apparatus and methods -- 4.3.1.2 Data reduction -- 4.3.2 Thermal-hydraulic characteristics -- 4.3.2.1 Characteristics of frictional pressure drop -- 4.3.2.2 Characteristics of boiling heat transfer -- 4.3.3 Flow patterns -- 4.3.4 Correlations for boiling with hydrocarbon refrigerants -- 4.3.4.1 Applicability analysis of existing correlations for frictional pressure drop -- 4.3.4.2 Applicability analysis of existing correlations for boiling flow -- 4.4 Summary -- Nomenclature -- References -- 5 Australian LNG sector: struggling to achieve commercial and environmental sustainability or community satisfaction -- Banner headline -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fundamentals and theory -- 5.2.1 Australia's natural gas resources and trade in global context -- 5.2.2 Australia's proved natural gas reserves compared with those of other gas-exporting nations -- 5.2.3 Changes in volumes of liquefied natural gas exporters from 2010 to 2020 -- 5.2.4 LNG import markets and their relevance for Australia's LNG exports -- 5.2.5 Australia's existing liquefied natural gas facilities and those in planning and development -- 5.3 Advanced concepts -- 5.3.1 Natural gas share of the energy mix -- 5.3.2 Impact of currency exchange rates -- 5.3.3 Potential changes in global liquefied natural gas supply-demand up to 2040 -- 5.3.4 Spot, divertible term, and firm-term contracts -- 5.3.5 Corporate social responsibility considerations -- 5.3.6 New gas liquefaction projects under construction -- 5.3.7 Liquefied natural gas import projects in planning and development -- 5.3.8 Regulations to ensure security of domestic gas supply with "reasonable" pricing terms -- 5.4 Case studies: liquefaction plants and their costs of supply -- 5.4.1 Gorgon onshore liquefaction plant (North-West Shelf gas supply). , 5.4.2 Prelude floating liquefaction plant (North-West Shelf gas supply) -- 5.4.3 Darwin onshore liquefaction plant (Timor Sea gas supply) -- 5.4.4 Ichthys liquefaction plant near Darwin (Browse Basin North-West Shelf gas supply) -- 5.4.5 Three Curtis Island liquefaction plant onshore Queensland (coal-seam gas supply) -- 5.4.5.1 Gladstone liquefied natural gas -- 5.4.5.2 Australia Pacific liquefied natural gas -- 5.4.5.3 Queensland Curtis liquefied natural gas -- 5.4.6 Three Curtis Island liquefaction plant project cost -- 5.4.7 Capital cost comparisons of gas liquefaction projects -- 5.5 Summary -- Nomenclature -- References -- 6 Supersonic separation technology for natural gas dehydration in liquefied natural gas plants -- Banner headline -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Natural gas dehydration technology -- 6.2.1 Conventional natural gas dehydration technology -- 6.2.1.1 Low-temperature dehydration -- 6.2.1.2 Absorption method -- 6.2.1.3 Adsorption method -- 6.2.1.4 Membrane separation -- 6.2.2 Supersonic cyclone separation of wet natural gas -- 6.2.2.1 Structure and working principle of the supersonic cyclone separator -- 6.2.2.1.1 Cyclone-post separator -- 6.2.2.1.2 Cyclone-front separator -- 6.2.2.1.3 Differences between the two designs -- 6.2.3 Advantages of supersonic cyclone separator compared with other methods -- 6.2.3.1 Hydrate inhibitors (ethylene glycol or methanol) are not required -- 6.2.3.2 System is sealed without leakage -- 6.2.3.3 Low capital investment and operation costs -- 6.2.3.4 Simple and reliable (no moving parts): flexible installation -- 6.2.3.5 Automated operations (undersea, offshore, and other harsh/remote areas) -- 6.2.3.6 Compact and light structure, strong gas processing capacity -- 6.2.3.7 Wide application range -- 6.3 Physical properties and flow characteristics of the fluid -- 6.3.1 Governing equations. , 6.3.2 Turbulent flow model -- 6.3.3 Boundary conditions -- 6.3.4 Flow characteristics of the fluid -- 6.4 Influence of operating parameters on supersonic separator performance -- 6.4.1 Step-up ratio analysis -- 6.4.2 Minimum inlet pressure -- 6.4.3 Adaptive range of inlet pressure -- 6.4.4 Adaptive range of outlet pressure -- 6.4.5 Adaptation range of flow rate -- 6.4.6 Influence of boost ratio on rotor flow capacity at the outlet of wing segment -- 6.4.7 Effect of boost ratio on shock wave position -- 6.5 Characteristics of supersonic mixed-flow fields -- 6.5.1 Establishment of mixed gas flow field analysis model -- 6.5.1.1 Calculation of the gas phase field -- 6.5.1.1.1 Physical model -- 6.5.1.1.2 Mathematical model of the continuous phase (gas phase) -- 6.5.1.2 Discrete phase model -- 6.5.1.2.1 Random track model -- 6.5.1.2.2 Basic assumptions -- 6.5.1.2.3 Initial and boundary conditions -- 6.5.2 Simulation of dispersed phase trajectories -- 6.5.3 Relation between droplet size and separation efficiency -- 6.5.4 Residence time of liquid particles -- 6.5.5 Analysis of gas-liquid separation mechanism -- 6.5.6 Drying and dew point drop performance -- 6.6 Summary -- Nomenclature -- References -- 2 LNG shipping and offshore storage facilities -- 7 LNG carriers and floating storage and regasification units: opportunities to improve their operational efficiency -- 75-Word Banner Headline -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Development of global LNGC and FSRU fleets -- 7.1.2 LNG evaporation and the challenges of handling boil-off gas -- 7.2 Fundamentals and theory -- 7.2.1 FSRU/LNGC operating conditions -- 7.2.2 LNG's surface film in containment tanks and its impact on tank pressure -- 7.2.3 Packing, depacking, and trending LNG tank pressure conditions -- 7.3 Advanced concepts -- 7.3.1 Liquid and vapor movements between LNGC and FSRU during STS transfers. , 7.3.2 Steps that can improve FSRU gas handling as an STS progresses.

Note: Intro -- Sustainable Geoscience for Natural Gas SubSurface Systems -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- About The Fundamentals and Sustainable Advances in Natural Gas Science and Engineering Series -- About this volume 2: Sustainable geoscience for natural gas subsurface systems -- Chapter One: Pore-scale characterization and fractal analysis for gas migration mechanisms in shale gas reservoirs -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pore-scale characterization from nitrogen adsorption-desorption data -- 3. Pore-scale characterization from SEM data -- 4. Definitions of fractal parameters -- 5. Fractal analysis of nitrogen adsorption isotherms -- 6. Fractal analysis of SEM images -- 7. Pore-scale and core-scale gas transport mechanisms -- 7.1. Gas transport in a single capillary -- 7.2. Gas transport in fractal porous media -- 8. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Two: Three-dimensional gas property geological modeling and simulation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. 3D modeling -- 3. Geological conditions of gas reservoirs -- 4. Typical earth data used in modeling -- 5. Modeling methods -- 6. Structural modeling -- 7. Facies modeling -- 8. Petrophysical modeling -- 9. Geomechanical modeling -- 10. Volumetric modeling -- 11. Case study -- 12. 3D structural modeling -- 13. 3D facies modeling -- 14. 3D petrophysical modeling -- 15. 3D geomechanical modeling -- 16. Summary -- References -- Chapter Three: Acoustic, density, and seismic attribute analysis to aid gas detection and delineation of reservoir properties -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Natural gas reservoirs detection -- 2.1. Poststack seismic attributes analysis -- 2.1.1. Acoustic and velocity attributes: Direct gas indicators -- 2.1.2. Bottom simulating reflector -- 2.1.3. Gas chimneys -- 2.1.4. Acoustic impedance -- 2.1.5. Other seismic attributes. , 2.2. Prestack seismic attributes analysis -- 3. Delineation and characterization of natural gas reservoirs -- 3.1. Porosity -- 3.2. Pore types -- 3.3. Water saturation -- 3.4. Hydraulic and electrical flow units -- 3.5. Rock mechanical properties -- 4. Summary -- References -- Chapter Four: Integrated microfacies interpretations of large natural gas reservoirs combining qualitative and quantitati ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental concepts and key principles -- 2.1. Principals of petrographic analysis -- 2.2. Thin section analysis -- 2.3. SEM analysis -- 2.4. The evolution of microfacies analysis -- 3. Advanced research and detailed techniques -- 3.1. Image preparation via histogram equalization -- 3.2. Grain size determination and grain-size distributions -- 3.3. Edges, features shapes, and boundaries detection -- 3.4. Applying image arithmetic to enhance features of specific interest -- 3.5. Gamma correction for birefringent minerals -- 3.6. K-means clustering to isolate and quantify two-dimensional porosity and specific surface area -- 3.7. Nearest neighbor (kNN) classifier facilitates features segmentation -- 4. Gas field case studies -- 4.1. South pars field -- 4.2. Salman field -- 4.3. Shah Deniz field -- 5. Summary -- Declarations -- References -- Chapter Five: Assessing the brittleness and total organic carbon of shale formations and their role in identifying optimu ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental concepts -- 2.1. Estimating shale brittleness and ``fracability´´ -- 2.2. Estimating total organic carbon from well-log data -- 3. Advanced methods -- 3.1. Machine learning approaches for predicting shale brittleness and TOC -- 3.2. Advantages of transparency and correlation-free machine learning algorithms -- 3.3. Optimizers suitable for TOB stage 2 predications. , 3.4. Measures of BI and TOC prediction accuracy assessed for shale assessment -- 4. Case study: TOB machine learning to predict shale brittleness and TOC -- 4.1. Characterization of two lower Barnett Shale Wells sections -- 4.2. Results of TOB predictions of BIml and TOC for lower Barnett Shale Wells -- 5. Summary -- Declarations -- References -- Chapter Six: Shale kerogen kinetics from multiheating rate pyrolysis modeling with geological time-scale perspectives for ... -- 1. Fundamental concepts -- 1.1. Organic-rich shales and their gas and oil generation potential -- 1.2. Types of kerogen and their associated gas and oil generation reactions -- 1.3. Pyrolysis of organic-rich shales, kerogens and bitumens -- 2. Advanced techniques and applications -- 2.1. Modeling kerogen kinetics with the Arrhenius equation and its integral -- 2.2. Procedure for matching pyrolysis S2 curves with calculated TTIARR and SigmaTTIARR values -- 2.3. Controversy over methods used to fit multiheating rate shale pyrolysis S2 curves -- 2.4. Combining reaction peaks generated by various E-A combinations -- 2.5. Limitations of single-heating rate pyrolysis experiments -- 3. Case study kinetic models for immature Duvernay shale Western Canada -- 3.1. Case study overview -- 3.2. Late Devonian Duvernay shale (Western Canada) -- 3.3. Immature Duvernay shale sample SAP for reaction kinetic evaluations -- 4. Summary -- Declarations -- References -- Chapter Seven: Application of few-shot semisupervised deep learning in organic matter content logging evaluation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology -- 2.1. ELM-SAE model structure -- 2.2. Stacked ELM-SAE -- 2.3. RBM -- 2.4. DBM -- 2.5. Bagging algorithm -- 2.6. Network structure of the integrated deep learning model (IDLM) -- 3. Samples and experiments -- 3.1. Data sets and descriptions -- 3.2. Training. , 3.2.1. Determination of hyperparameter (SELM-SAE) -- 3.2.2. Determination of hyperparameter (DBM) -- 3.2.3. Hyperparameter determination results for models including bagging -- 4. Results: TOC Prediction comparisons for IDLM and other models -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter Eight: Microseismic analysis to aid gas reservoir characterization -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Principle and workflow of microseismic monitoring -- 2.1. Basic principles -- 2.2. Technical workflow -- 3. Advanced processing and interpretation techniques -- 3.1. Processing -- 3.1.1. Microseismic detection and location -- 3.1.2. Source mechanism inversion -- 3.1.3. Stress inversion -- 3.2. Interpretation -- 3.2.1. Reservoir interpretation -- 3.2.2. Microseismic geomechanics -- 4. Case studies -- 4.1. Shale hydraulic fracturing -- 4.2. Coal-bed methane reservoir -- 5. Summary -- Declarations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Nine: Coal-bed methane reservoir characterization using well-log data -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental concepts pertaining to CBM -- 2.1. Estimating coal composition and rank using well-log data -- 2.2. Estimating gas content, potential flow rates and recovery from coals with well-log data -- 3. Advanced assessment of coal bed methane properties -- 3.1. Coal structure and fracability -- 3.2. A geomechanically derived brittleness index -- 3.3. Horizontal stress regime influence on coal seam characteristics -- 3.4. Assessing the structure of coal and its influences on fracability -- 3.5. The presence of existing natural fractures improves coal fracability -- 3.6. Machine learning to improve coal property predictions -- 4. Case study: Assessing coal fracability based on well-log information -- 4.1. Application of fracability indicators to actual coal seams. , 4.2. Application of geomechanical coefficients to classify coal structure -- 5. Summary -- Declarations -- References -- Chapter Ten: Characterization of gas hydrate reservoirs using well logs and X-ray CT scanning as resources and environmen ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fundamental concepts and key principles -- 2.1. Well logging -- 2.2. X-ray CT scanning -- 2.2.1. Gas hydrate pore habits in hydrate-bearing sediments -- 2.2.2. Basic physical properties in hydrate-bearing sediments -- 3. Advanced research/field applications -- 3.1. Well logging and X-ray CT scanning combination -- 3.2. X-ray CT based characterization of pore fractal characteristics in hydrate-bearing sediments -- 3.2.1. Maximal pore diameter -- 3.2.2. Pore area fractal dimension -- 3.2.3. Tortuosity fractal dimension -- 4. Case studies -- 4.1. Archie's saturation exponent for well-log data interpretation -- 4.2. Hydraulic permeability reduction in hydrate-bearing sediments -- 5. Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- Declarations -- References -- Chapter Eleven: Assessing the sustainability of potential gas hydrate exploitation projects by integrating commercial, en ... -- 1. Fundamental concepts -- 1.1. The potential and challenges facing natural gas hydrates as resources for development -- 1.1.1. Technical considerations -- 1.1.2. Economic, environmental, infrastructure, and social considerations -- 1.2. Multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) techniques -- 1.2.1. MCDA techniques typically applied -- 1.2.2. ELECTRE -- 1.2.3. TOPSIS (the order of preference by similarity to an ideal solution) -- 2. Advanced TOPSIS techniques that incorporate uncertainty -- 2.1. Crisp, fuzzy and intuitionistic mathematical alternatives -- 2.2. Fuzzy TOPSIS calculations -- 2.3. Fuzzy TOPSIS analysis incorporating objective entropy weighting. , 2.4. Intuitionistic Fuzzy TOPSIS (IFT) with and without entropy weight adjustments.

Note: Intro -- Modelling of Flow and Transport in Fractal Porous Media -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the editors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: A brief introduction to flow and transport in fractal porous media -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fractal structural characteristics of porous media -- 3. Transport model based on fractal geometry and other theories -- 4. Modelling of transport characteristics and its application -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Fractal structural parameters from images: Fractal dimension, lacunarity, and succolarity -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Definition and physical meaning -- 3. Calculated method -- 4. Applications in fractal porous media -- 4.1. Characterization of complexity, heterogeneity, and anisotropy -- 4.2. Fractal model of reservoir permeability -- 4.3. Fracture distribution characterization -- 4.4. Permeability prediction -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Tortuosity in two-dimensional and three-dimensional fractal porous media: A numerical analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The relation between tortuosity and fractal dimensions -- 3. Theoretical calculation of tortuosity and its fractal dimension -- 4. Numerical simulation for tortuosity -- 5. Comparing the calculated results for tortuosity -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Fractal characteristics of pore structure and its impact on adsorption and flow behaviors in shale -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Pore structure in shale characterized by various methods -- 2.1. SEM -- 2.2. Nano-CT -- 2.3. MICP -- 2.4. CO2GA and N2GA -- 2.5. NMR -- 3. Influences of CO2-water-shale interactions on the pore structure of shale -- 3.1. Experimental section -- 3.2. SEM analysis -- 3.3. N2GA analysis -- 3.3.1. Adsorption-desorption isotherms and pore size distribution (PSD). , 3.3.2. Pore structure parameter analysis from N2GA -- 3.3.3. Fractal dimension characteristics of pore structure from N2GA -- 3.4. NMR analysis -- 3.4.1. The transverse relaxation time (T2) curve -- 3.4.2. Pore structure parameter analysis from NMR -- 3.4.3. Fractal dimension characteristics of NMR -- 3.5. Combination of N2GA and NMR analysis -- 4. Relationship between fractal dimension and shale pore structure parameters, adsorption, and seepage capacity -- 4.1. Relationships between fractal dimension and pore structure parameters of shale -- 4.2. Relationships between fractal dimension and adsorption capacity of shale -- 4.3. Relationships between fractal dimension and gas flow in shale -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5: Modelling flow and transport in variably saturated porous media: Applications from percolation theory and effe ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Combining universal scaling laws from percolation theory and the effective-medium approximation -- 3. Diffusion -- 4. Electrical conductivity -- 5. Permeability -- 5.1. Single-phase permeability -- 5.1.1. Critical path analysis -- 5.1.2. Effective-medium approximation -- 5.2. Water relative permeability -- 5.2.1. CPA combined with power-law pore-throat size distribution -- 5.2.2. CPA combined with log-normal pore-throat size distribution -- 5.2.3. EMA combined with power-law pore-throat size distribution -- 6. Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 6: Fractal analysis on conductive heat transfer in porous media -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Exactly self-similar fractal model -- 3. Statistically self-similar fractal model -- 4. Statistically self-similar fractal model with the effect of rough surfaces -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 7: Transport property and application of tree-shaped network -- 1. Introduction and background. , 2. Application of tree-shaped network -- 3. Optimization principle for tree-shaped network -- 3.1. The origin of Murray's law -- 3.2. Optimization of tree-shaped structure -- 3.3. Fractal tree-shaped network -- 4. Fluid flow in tree-shaped network -- 4.1. Single-phase flow -- 4.2. Flow in porous media -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8: Fractal characterization of fracture networks and production prediction for multiple fractured horizontal well ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fractal fracture property distribution -- 2.1. Fractal dimensions of induced fractures -- 2.2. Fractal fracture porosity, permeability, and compressibility distribution -- 2.3. Results and discussion -- 3. DMFDE construction -- 3.1. Diffusivity equations of dual-media systems -- 3.2. Model validation and application -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: Application of fractal theory in transient pressure properties of hydrocarbon reservoir -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fractal well testing model for a vertical well in a homogeneous oil and gas reservoir -- 2.1. Physical model description -- 2.2. Mathematical model and its solution -- 2.3. Pressure response analysis -- 3. Fractal nonlinear seepage flow model for deformable dual media reservoir -- 3.1. Background -- 3.2. Problems statement -- 3.2.1. Physical model -- 3.2.2. Mathematical model -- 3.3. Solution analysis -- 3.3.1. Solution to mathematical model -- 3.3.2. Flow behavior characteristics -- 3.4. Application to pressure analysis -- 4. Transient pressure fractal analysis of a vertical well in a composite reservoir -- 4.1. Physical model -- 4.2. Mathematical model -- 4.3. Solution to the model -- 4.4. Results analysis -- 5. Fractal theory in shale gas reservoir -- 5.1. Background -- 5.2. Fractal model for shale -- 5.3. Multilayer fractal adsorption model. , 5.4. Experimental results and discussion -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Title page -- Table of Contents -- Copyright -- Contributors -- Preface -- Part 1: Petrophysical Characterization -- Chapter 1: Characterizing Pore Size Distributions of Shale -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scanning Electron Microscopy -- 3 Gas Adsorption -- 4 Mercury Intrusion Capillary Pressure Test -- 5 Conclusions -- Chapter 2: Petrophysical Characterization of the Pore Structure of Coal -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Samples, Experiments and Methods -- 3 T2 Distributions of the Coal Samples -- 4 Determination of T2 Cutoff Value -- 5 Pore Structure Characterization Using NMR -- 6 Characterization of Permeability -- 7 Conclusions -- Chapter 3: Characterization of Petrophysical Properties in Tight Sandstone Reservoirs -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Characterization and Analysis of Tight Sandstone Pore Structures -- 3 Petrophysical Properties of Tight Sandstone -- 4 Conclusions -- Chapter 4: Multifractal Analysis of Pore Structure of Tight Oil Reservoirs Using Low-Field NMR Measurements -- Abstract -- Acknowledgment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Samples and Experiments -- 4 Petrophysical Parameters and Mineralogical Characteristics -- 5 Multifractal Characteristics -- 6 Relationship Between Mineral Contents and Multifractal Parameters -- 7 Relationship Between Petrophysical and Multifractal Parameters -- 8 Comparison With Sandstone Reservoirs -- 9 Conclusions -- Chapter 5: Investigation and Quantitative Evaluation of Organic-Related Pores in Unconventional Reservoirs -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Quantification of the Organic-Related Pores -- 4 Relationship With Geochemical Parameters -- 5 Prediction Using Petrophysical Data -- 6 Conclusions. , Chapter 6: Permeability of Fractured Shale and Two-Phase Relative Permeability in Fractures -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental Observations -- 3 Permeability Modeling -- 4 Relative Permeability in Shale Fractures -- 5 Field-Scale Permeability -- 6 Summary and Conclusions -- Chapter 7: Pore Structure, Wettability, and Their Coupled Effects on Tracer-Containing Fluid Migration in Organic-Rich Shale -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Samples and Methods -- 3 Composition Characteristics in the Longmaxi Shale -- 4 Pore Structure Characteristics -- 5 Connectivity from SI Tests -- 6 Wettability -- 7 Coupled Effects of Pore Structure and Wettability on Tracer-Containing API Brine Migration -- 8 Conclusions -- Chapter 8: Tight Rock Wettability and Its Relationship With Petrophysical Properties -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 4 Conclusion -- Part 2: Porous Flow Dynamics -- Chapter 9: Flow Mechanism of Fractured Low-Permeability Reservoirs -- Abstract -- Acknowledgment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mathematical Model of a Fracture Wing -- 3 Mathematical Model of Multi-Wing Fractures -- 4 Fluid Flow in Low Permeability Reservoir -- 5 Conclusion -- Appendix A Dimensionless Definitions -- Appendix B Derivation of the Fluid Flow Equation of a Fracture Wing -- Appendix C Unit Conversion Factors -- Chapter 10: Heat Transfer in Enhanced Geothermal Systems: Thermal-Hydro-Mechanical Coupled Modeling -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Analytical Solution -- 3 Numerical Model Description -- 4 Thermal Drawdown Behavior -- 5 Thermal Front Propagation -- 6 Conclusions -- Chapter 11: Pore-Scale Modeling and Simulation in Shale Gas Formations -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments. , 1 Overview of the Transport and Storage Mechanisms of Shale Gas in Organic Nanopores -- 2 Molecular Simulation (Microscopic Approach) -- 3 Lattice Boltzmann Method (Mesoscopic Approach) -- 4 Summary -- Chapter 12: High-Pressure Methane Adsorption in Shale -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 High-Pressure Methane Adsorption Experiments in Shale -- 3 Supercritical Methane Adsorption Characteristics -- 4 Excess Adsorption Models -- 5 High-Pressure Methane Adsorption Mechanism -- 6 Conclusions -- Chapter 13: Coal Permeability Modeling Considering Nonconstant Vertical Stress Condition -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Development -- 3 Model Validation -- 4 The Impact of Roof and Coal Properties on Permeability -- 5 Impact of New Permeability Model on Gas Production -- 6 Model Discussion -- 7 Conclusions -- Chapter 14: Dynamic Gas Flow in Coals and Its Evaluation -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Prediction Model of Permeability Change in Anthracite -- 3 Evaluation on Dynamic Flow Process -- 4 Conclusions -- Chapter 15: Multiphysical Flow Behavior in Shale and Permeability Measurement by Pulse-Decay Method -- Abstract -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Multiphysics in the Shale Reservoirs -- 3 Gas Permeability Evolution During Gas Depletion -- 4 Analytical Solutions for Pulse-Decay Experiments -- 5 The Relationship Between Porosity and Adsorption of Adsorptive Gas -- 6 The Relationship Between Porosity, Adsorption, and Permeability -- 7 Conclusions -- Index.