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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Insulation from Labelling (1984)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Criminology 22 (1984), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-9125
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law
    Notes: Deviants have been shown to vary in their reaction to labeling. Some accept societal rejection and proceed to self-label, while others are seemingly reconciled to their behavior. In this study, 72 heroin addicts in treatment were interviewed to determine their reaction to labeling. It was argued that their acceptance or rejection of labels would be affected by the defense mechanisms that they employed, the degree of formal/informal labelling that they experienced, and their background characteristics. The data were analyzed using multiple regression. Neutralization (externalization of blame) and politicization of the drug problem were found to be effective defenses in minimizing respondent self-rejection. There was also evidence that formal labelling was less severe in certain treatment environments. Those enrolled in the more medicalized treatment programs (methadone maintenance) were less inclined to self-rejection. Finally, black users were found to be better able to resist self-labelling than whites; however, no gender differences emerged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1984.tb00318.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    SELF-ESTEEM AND DEVIANCE: THE EFFECTS OF RACE AND GENDER (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Criminology 24 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-9125
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law
    Notes: Provision of occupational and educational opportunities has been the accepted means of reintegrating offenders into society because, with assumption of conventional roles, they are believed to experience improved economic conditions and renewed feelings of respectability. However, given the limited legal options available to them, offender self-esteem may continue to depend on immersion in deviant subcultures. To examine the effects of subcultural and conventional life-styles on offender self-esteem, a sample of 372 heroin addicts in treatment was surveyed. Employment had a positive effect on the self-esteem of white male addicts only; the self-evaluations of black male, black female, and white female addicts were unaffected by employment because these users were subjected to less stable working conditions. Subcultural integration had no impact or negative impact on the self-esteem of black male, black female, and white female addicts while subcultural involvement was associated with higher self-esteem in white males. The fact that white male addicts experienced favorable self-evaluations with involvement in both conventional and deviant life-styles is inconsistent with research which suggests an antagonism between crime and work: rather, these data seem to indicate that the join pursuit of legal and illegal professions may be more common.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1986.tb00379.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    NEIGHBORHOOD CHANGES IN ECOLOGY AND VIOLENCE (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Criminology 26 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-9125
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Law
    Notes: We investigate links between ecological changes and changes in violence in Baltimore neighborhoods in the 1970's The two most salient ecological changes during the decade were (1) the emergence of a large number of gentrifying neighborhoods and (2) the further absorption of several older, minority neighborhoods into an “underclass” status Relative deprivation and social disorganization each predict increasing violence in gentrifying and emerging underclass neighborhoods. But, relative deprivation theory highlights the role of changes in economic status, whereas social disorganization highlights the role of changes in stability or family status. We further suggest that connections between ecological change and changes in disorder are contingent not only on historical context, but also on overall neighborhood structure at the beginning of the period. We hypothesize: (a) neighborhoods becoming more solidly “underclass” will experience increasing violence as status and stability decline and (b) emerging gentrifying neighborhoods will experience increasing violence as status and stability increase. Controlling for spatial autocorrelation, results support these hypotheses In emerging underclass neighborhoods status changes are most clearly linked to violence changes, whereas in gentrifying neighborhoods violence shifts are most closely tied to changing stability.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1988.tb00855.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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