Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Series-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Integrated regional risk assessment and safety management: Challenge from Agenda 21 -- ABSTRACT -- 2.1 INTRODUCTION -- 2.2 REGIONAL SAFETY PLANNING -- 2.2.1 Defining a region -- 2.2.2 Objectives and scope for an IRRASM study -- 2.2.3 Hazard identification -- 2.2.4 A need for prioritization of risks at the regional level -- Van den Brand methodology -- Fuzzy sets approach (ETH Zurich) -- 2.3 ON SOME ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECTS -- 2.4 TECHNIQUES FOR INTERACTIVE DECISION PROCESSES IN IRRASM -- 2.5 THE USE OF DSS FOR INTEGRATED RISK ASSESSMENT STUDIES -- 2.5.1 Decision process and the role of models and tools in IRRASM -- Comment -- 2.5.2 Decision-aiding techniques in use for safety management -- 2.5.3 Overview of decision analysis for IRRASM activities -- 2.5.4 Decision Support Systems and the IRRASM process -- 2.6 THE USE OF GIS TECHNOLOGY FOR IRRASM -- 2.7 THE KOVERS APPROACH -- 2.7.1 KOVERS monographs of dangerous substances -- 2.7.2 KOVERS chemical database -- 2.8 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 Risk analysis: The unbearable cleverness of bluffing -- ABSTRACT -- 3.1 INTRODUCTION -- 3.2 FOR PRACTICAL PURPOSES... -- 3.3 CLIMATE-CHANGE-IMPACT SCENARIOS: FROM BLUFFING TO METABLUFFING -- 3.4 IN PRAISE OF THEORY AND ROBUST RESULTS -- 3.5 A REALITY CHECK -- 3.6 CONCLUSIONS, OR A TALE ABOUT UNKUNKS, KUNKS, AND SKUNKS -- REFERENCES -- 4 Aspects of uncertainty, reliability, and risk in flood forecasting systems incorporating weather radar -- ABSTRACT -- 4.1 INTRODUCTION -- 4.2 UNCERTAINTY IN FLOOD FORECASTS -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Rainfall measurement uncertainty -- Effect of network density -- Effect of rainfall intensity -- 4.2.3 Rainfall forecast uncertainty -- 4.2.4 Flood forecast uncertainty. , 4.3 RELIABILITY AND SYSTEM COMPLEXITY -- 4.3.1 Introduction -- 4.3.2 The RFFS Information Control Algorithm -- 4.3.3 Data loss, system resilience, and profile data -- 4.4 RISK AND ENSEMBLE FORECASTING -- 4.5 CONCLUSION -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 5 Probabilistic hydrometeorological forecasting -- ABSTRACT -- 5.1 INTRODUCTION -- 5.1.1 Systems approach to hydrometeorological forecasting -- 5.1.2 Potential benefits of probabilistic forecasts -- 5.2 PROBABILISTIC FORECASTS -- 5.2.1 Probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecast -- 5.2.2 Probabilistic river stage forecast -- 5.3 PRECIPITATION FORECASTING SYSTEM -- 5.3.1 Forecasting methodology -- 5.3.2 Local climatic guidance -- 5.3.3 Forecast verification -- 5.4 STAGE FORECASTING SYSTEM -- 5.4.1 Precipitation forecast processor -- 5.4.2 River forecasting methodology -- 5.4.3 River climatic guidance -- 5.4.4 River forecast verification -- 5.5 FLOOD WARNING DECISION SYSTEM -- 5.6 CLOSURE -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 6 Flood risk management: Risk cartography for objective negotiations -- ABSTRACT -- 6.1 INTRODUCTION -- 6.2 DEFINITIONS AND CONCEPTS -- 6.2.1 First step of a risk model -- 6.2.2 New rules for river management -- 6.3 "INONDABILITÉ" METHOD -- 6.3.1 Vulnerability mapping -- 6.3.2 Hazard mapping -- 6.3.3 Synthetic "inondabilité" maps -- 6.4 NECESSITY AND CONSEQUENCES OF AN OBJECTIVE NEGOTIATION -- 6.4.1 What is to be negotiated? -- 6.4.2 What should be the quantitative base of the negotiation? -- 6.5 CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 7 Responses to the variability and increasing uncertainty of climate in Australia -- ABSTRACT -- 7.1 VARIABILITY IN AUSTRALIA'S CLIMATE AND HYDROLOGY -- 7.2 CLIMATE CHANGE -- 7.3 URBAN SYSTEMS -- 7.3.1 Meteorological forecasting -- 7.3.2 Selection of climatic time series for planning -- 7.3.3 Capital works rescheduling. , 7.3.4 Water use restrictions -- Types of restriction -- Stochastic analysis -- Economics and social equity of restrictions policies -- Risk trade-offs -- 7.4 IRRIGATION SYSTEMS -- 7.4.1 Overview -- 7.4.2 Stochastic analysis -- 7.4.3 Allocation under conditions of uncertainty -- 7.5 INFRASTRUCTURE ROBUSTNESS -- 7.6 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 8 Developing an indicator of a community's disaster risk awareness -- ABSTRACT -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION -- 8.2 THE 1994-95 DROUGHT -- 8.3 MEASURING THE "INVISIBLES" OF SOCIETY -- 8.4 A CONTEXTUAL ANALYSIS OF THE DROUGHT-RELATED SOCIAL MESSAGES OF NEWSPAPER ARTICLES -- 8.5 ANALYSIS OF THE OBSERVED WATER SAVING PHENOMENON: ANOTHER EXAMINATION OF THE WORKING HYPOTHESIS -- 8.6 MODELING THE SPRD-WSP TRANSFORMATION MECHANISM: AN ANALOGY OF THE WATER SAVING ACTION USING THE "TANK" MODEL -- 8.7 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 9 Determination of capture zones of wells by Monte Carlo simulation -- ABSTRACT -- 9.1 INTRODUCTION -- 9.2 PROBLEMS ARISING IN THE DETERMINISTIC DETERMINATION OF CAPTURE ZONES -- 9.3 DETERMINATION OF A CAPTURE ZONE BY MONTE CARLO SIMULATION -- 9.4 RESULTS -- 9.5 CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 Controlling three levels of uncertainties for ecological risk models -- ABSTRACT -- 10.1 INTRODUCTION -- 10.2 A NEW ALERT MODEL -- 10.2.1 Selected variables -- 10.2.2 The mathematical model -- 10.2.3 Evaluation of uncertainties -- 10.2.4 Estimation of model parameters -- the Metropolis-Hastings (MH) algorithm -- 10.2.5 Statistical test for selecting a model -- 10.3 CASE STUDY DESCRIPTION -- 10.3.1 The distribution system in the suburb of Paris -- 10.3.2 The database -- 10.4 RESULTS -- 10.5 DISCUSSION -- 10.5.1 Operational results -- 10.5.2 Limits and perspectives -- 10.6 CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 11 Stochastic precipitation-runoff modeling for water yield from a semi-arid forested watershed. , ABSTRACT -- 11.1 INTRODUCTION -- 11.2 STUDY SITE CHARACTERISTICS -- 11.3 MODEL DEVELOPMENT -- 11.3.1 Modeling precipitation patterns -- Temporal precipitation patterns -- Spatial precipitation patterns -- 11.3.2 Construction and roles of water yield model components -- Interception -- Evaporation -- Transpiration -- Infiltration -- Snowmelt -- Runoff -- 11.4 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS -- 11.4.1 Results of precipitation modeling -- Temporal analysis of precipitation events -- Spatial analysis of precipitation events -- 11.4.2 Results of water yield modeling -- 11.5 EVALUATING RISK AND RELIABILITY IN WATER YIELD -- 11.6 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX: NOTATION OF SYMBOLS -- 12 Regional assessment of the impact of climate change on the yield of water supply systems -- ABSTRACT -- 12.1 INTRODUCTION -- 12.2 MODEL TIME-STEP FOR REGIONAL ASSESSMENT -- 12.3 DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL HYDROCLIMATOLOGICAL STREAMFLOW MODEL -- 12.3.1 Regional hydroclimatological database -- Streamflow database -- Climate database -- 12.3.2 Regional hydroclimatological regression models of annual streamflow -- Summary of regional hydroclimatological model of annual streamflow -- Model validation -- 12.4 STORAGE-RELIABILITY-RESILIENCE-YIELD RELATIONSHIPS -- 12.5 SENSITIVITY OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM BEHAVIOR TO CLIMATE CHANGE -- 12.5.1 Validation of our overall methodology -- 12.5.2 The general sensitivity of water supply yield to changes in climate -- 12.6 CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 13 Hydrological risk under nonstationary conditions changing hydroclimatological input -- ABSTRACT -- 13.1 INTRODUCTION -- 13.2 INVESTIGATION OF HISTORICAL SERIES -- 13.3 NONSTATIONARY SCENARIOS -- 13.3.1 Simple alterations -- 13.3.2 Modified time-series models -- 13.3.3 GCM-based scenarios - downscaling -- Stochastic downscaling -- 13.4 HYDROLOGICAL RISKS. , 13.4.1 Changes in precipitation -- 13.4.2 Changes in runoff -- 13.5 AN EXAMPLE OF ECOLOGICAL RISK ANALYSIS -- 13.6 CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 14 Fuzzy compromise approach to water resources systems planning under uncertainty -- ABSTRACT -- 14.1 INTRODUCTION -- 14.1.1 Displaced ideals -- 14.1.2 Existing applications using fuzzy ideals -- 14.1.3 Fuzzy arithmetic operations -- 14.2 FUZZY COMPROMISE APPROACH -- 14.2.1 Fuzzy distance metrics -- 14.2.2 Selecting acceptable alternatives -- 14.2.3 Weighted center of gravity measure -- 14.2.4 Fuzzy acceptability measure -- 14.2.5 Comparison of ranking methods -- 14.3 EXAMPLES -- 14.3.1 Tisza River example -- 14.3.2 Yugoslavia (system S2) example -- 14.3.3 Yugoslavia (system S1) example -- 14.4 CONCLUSIONS -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 15 System and component uncertainties in water resources -- ABSTRACT -- 15.1 INTRODUCTION -- 15.2 SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTIES -- 15.3 DIFFERENT MEASURES OF UNCERTAINTIES -- 15.4 METHODS FOR UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS -- 15.4.1 First-order variance estimation method -- 15.4.2 Rosenblueth's and similar Point Estimate (PE) methods -- 15.4.3 Integral transformation techniques -- 15.4.4 Monte Carlo simulation -- 15.5 REMARKS ON UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES -- 15.6 ANALYSIS OF RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF UNCERTAINTIES -- 15.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 16 Managing water quality under uncertainty: Application of a new stochastic branch and bound method -- ABSTRACT -- 16.1 INTRODUCTION -- 16.2 ELEMENTS OF A WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT MODEL -- 16.3 A PROBABILISTIC WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT MODEL -- 16.3.1 Reliability -- 16.3.2 Reliability under violation length limit -- 16.3.3 Resiliency -- 16.3.4 Vulnerability -- 16.4 THE STOCHASTIC BRANCH AND BOUND METHOD -- 16.4.1 Reliability bounds -- 16.4.2 Resiliency bounds -- 16.4.3 Vulnerability bounds. , 16.4.4 Using multiple scenarios.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Integrated Water Resources Management: Concept, Research and Implementation -- Abstract -- 1.1 Origins and Development of the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Concept -- 1.2 IWRM in the Context of Adaptive Management and the Nexus Approach -- 1.3 Concept of the IWRM Projects -- 1.3.1 Water Quantity -- 1.3.2 Water Quality -- 1.3.3 Water Demand -- 1.3.4 Climate Change -- 1.3.5 Water Governance -- 1.3.6 Public Information and Participation -- 1.3.7 Decision Support -- 1.3.8 Capacity Development -- 1.3.9 Integrated Land and Water Management -- 1.3.10 Pathways to Sustainable Water Management -- 1.4 Lessons Learnt -- 1.4.1 Research Plays a Key Role for Data, Information and Information Management -- 1.4.2 Capacities Needing Development -- 1.4.3 Stakeholder Involvement Supports Sustainable Consensus Solutions -- 1.4.4 Institutional Fragmentation Is Still a Major Barrier for IWRM Implementation -- 1.4.5 IWRM Based Infrastructures Typically Serve Multi-purpose Schemes -- 1.5 Summary and Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part II Water Resources Assessments -- 2 Water Management in a Complex Hydrological Basin-Application of Water Evaluation and Planning Tool (WEAP) to the Lake Kinneret Watershed, Israel -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Study Site-The Lake Kinneret Watershed -- 2.2.1 The Hermon Mountain -- 2.2.2 The Hula Valley -- 2.2.3 The Golan Heights -- 2.2.4 The Eastern Galilee Mountains -- 2.2.5 The Water System in Lake Kinneret Watershed -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.3.1 WEAP21 General Description and Applications -- 2.3.2 Simulating Mt. Hermon Streams -- 2.3.3 Simulating the Hula Valley -- 2.3.4 Simulating the Golan Heights -- 2.3.5 Simulating the Eastern Galilee -- 2.3.6 Simulating Lake Kinneret Water Balance -- 2.3.7 Scenarios -- 2.4 Results. , 2.5 Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 3 Assessment of Anthropogenic Impact on the Environmental Flows of Semi-arid Watersheds: The Case Study of the Lower Jordan River -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Lower Jordan River Hydro-System -- 3.3 Methods -- 3.3.1 IHA Parameters and Statistics Analysis Characteristics -- 3.3.2 Classifying Environmental Flow Components (EFC) -- 3.4 Results -- 3.4.1 Meteorological Data Comparison -- 3.4.2 Monthly Flow Comparisons -- 3.4.2.1 Degania: Pre-impact 1921-1931 and Post-impact 1933-2008 Time Periods -- 3.4.2.2 Yarmouk: Pre-impact 1926-1964 and Post-impact 1989-2010 Time Periods -- 3.4.2.3 Gesher/Naharayim: Pre-impact 1927-1931 and Post-impact 1933-1999 Time Periods -- 3.4.3 YR Daily Flow Comparisons for the Time Periods December-April/1934-1948 and December-April/1989-2010 -- 3.4.3.1 Daily Flow Data with Environmental Flow Components (EFC) -- 3.4.3.2 Dates of Minimum and Maximum Flows -- 3.4.3.3 High Pulse Count and Duration -- 3.4.3.4 Reversals Count -- 3.4.3.5 Small Floods -- 3.4.3.6 Large Floods -- 3.4.3.7 Flow Duration Curves -- 3.5 Discussion -- 3.6 Preliminary Flow Recommendations Within an Adaptive Management Framework -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 New Tools for Coherent Information Base for IWRM in Arid Regions: The Upper Mega Aquifer System on the Arabian Peninsula -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area -- 4.3 Precipitation -- 4.4 Groundwater Recharge -- 4.5 Evaporation from Sabkhas -- 4.6 Hydrochemistry -- 4.7 Groundwater Flow Model -- 4.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 5 Multidisciplinary Investigations of the Transboundary Dead Sea Basin and Its Water Resources -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Surface Runoff -- 5.3 Chemical Fingerprinting -- 5.4 Remote Sensing -- 5.5 Groundwater Modelling -- 5.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 6 The Impact of Rainfall-Runoff Events on the Water Quality of the Upper Catchment of the Jordan River, Israel -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methods -- 6.2.1 Study Area -- 6.3 Water Sampling & -- Analysis -- 6.4 Statistical Analyses -- 6.5 Results -- 6.6 Discussion -- References -- 7 Input-Output Model-Based Water Footprint Indicators to Support IWRM in the Irrigated Drylands of Uzbekistan, Central Asia -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Methods -- 7.3.1 Supply Chain, Economic Sectors and Input−Output Model -- 7.3.2 Leontief Model, Intersectoral Water Flow Matrix and Water Footprint Indicators -- 7.3.3 Data -- 7.4 Results -- 7.5 Discussion -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part III Climate Change -- 8 Climate Change Information for IWRM -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Description of Regions -- 8.3 Climate Analysis -- 8.4 GCM Analysis -- 8.4.1 GCM Performance Assessment -- 8.4.2 GCM Climate Signal -- 8.5 Regional Downscaling -- 8.5.1 Dynamical Downscaling Example: Eastern Europe-Ukraine -- 8.5.2 Statistical Downscaling Example: Latin America-Brazil -- 8.6 Impact Models Analysis -- 8.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IV Water Governance -- 9 IWRM in Uzbekistan: A Global Concept with Local Consequences -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methodology -- 9.3 Key Characteristics of the Research Location -- 9.4 IWRM in Uzbekistan -- 9.5 Ethnography of the Everyday Water Use: Questions Arising from the "Ground" -- 9.6 Social Organization of Water Distribution: Whose Irrigation Is "Worthwhile"? -- 9.7 Tracking the Ruling Relations -- 9.8 Identifying Suitable Policy Change: Recommendations -- References -- 10 Water Scarcity Impacts and Challenges of Water Governance in the Guanting Basin, North China. Evidence from Interviews with Local Stakeholders -- Abstract. , 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Introducing the Guanting Basin -- 10.2.1 Geographical and Socio-economic Situation -- 10.2.2 Climate and Hydrological Situation and Projections -- 10.2.3 Governance of Water Resources -- 10.3 Research Approach -- 10.3.1 Research Methods -- 10.3.2 Data Analysis -- 10.4 Perception of Climate Change and Adaptation by the Interviewees -- 10.4.1 Perception of Climate Change Impacts -- 10.4.2 Awareness and Understanding of Adaptation -- 10.4.3 Promising Adaptation Options -- 10.5 Barriers to, and Opportunities for, Adaptation in the Guanting Basin -- 10.5.1 The Role of Uncertainties and Knowledge Gaps -- 10.5.2 Weak Monitoring and Coordination -- 10.5.3 Allocation of Responsibility for Adaptation to the Central Government -- 10.5.4 Central Planning -- 10.5.5 Opportunities for Adaptation -- 10.6 Conclusions and Policy Implications -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Addressing Water Conflicts Through Context-Specific Institutional Analysis: A Handbook for Research Projects and Programmes -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction: The Institutional and Political Challenge of IWRM -- 11.2 Addressing the Challenge of IWRM: The IRS Handbook -- 11.2.1 The IRS Handbook's Rationale -- 11.2.2 The IRS Handbook's Methodological Approach -- 11.2.3 The IRS Handbook's Structure -- 11.2.4 How to Use the IRS Handbook -- 11.3 The General Analytical Framework of the IRS Handbook -- 11.3.1 Stage 1: Water Storylines -- 11.3.2 Stage 2: Domains of Water Problems/Solutions -- 11.3.3 Stage 3: Political and Institutional Feasibility -- 11.3.4 Stage 4: Ways Forward -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References -- Part V Public Information and Participation -- 12 Participative Scenario Development as a Method to Integrate Science and IWRM-Lessons Learnt from a Case Study in the Jordan River Region -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Design and Methods. , 12.2.1 General Information and Overview -- 12.2.2 Explorative Development of Scenario Stories -- 12.2.3 Development of Water Strategies -- 12.2.4 Linking Qualitative and Quantitative Scenario Elements -- 12.2.4.1 Deriving Scenario Driving Forces -- 12.2.4.2 Integrating Scientific Results in the Scenario Process -- 12.2.4.3 Integration of Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects of Water Management Strategies -- 12.3 Results -- 12.3.1 Narratives: Scenario Stories and Water Management Strategies -- 12.3.2 Quantified Results of the Scenario Process -- 12.3.2.1 Quantified Model Driving Forces -- 12.3.2.2 Model Based Results-Policy Relevant Indicators -- 12.3.2.3 Quantified Water Management Strategies -- 12.4 Discussion -- 12.4.1 The Process of Scenario Development -- 12.4.2 Integration of Quantitative Scenario Elements -- 12.4.3 The Resulting Scenarios and Strategies -- 12.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Benefits and Barriers of Participation: Experiences of Applied Research Projects in Integrated Water Resources Management -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Why Participatory Processes in the IWRM Research Context? -- 13.2.1 Role of Participation -- 13.2.2 Specific Functions of Participation -- 13.2.2.1 Information Exchange and Mutual Learning -- 13.2.2.2 Integration of Interests -- 13.2.2.3 Increased Acceptance and Legitimation -- 13.2.2.4 Generation of Ownership -- 13.2.2.5 Qualification -- 13.3 Prerequisites for Achieving the Potential Benefits of Participation -- 13.3.1 Skills of Researchers -- 13.3.1.1 Hard Skills of Researchers -- 13.3.1.2 Soft Skills of Researchers -- 13.3.2 Structural Conditions -- 13.3.2.1 Structural Conditions Within the Host Country -- 13.3.2.2 Frame Conditions of German Research Projects -- 13.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Acknowledgements. , Appendix: Project-Specific Survey on Participation in IWRM.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- sara.palomo@uma.es -- sara.palomo@uco.es< -- ?A3B2 tpb=3mm?> -- < -- Para ID= -- fatma.turan@SUEN.GOV.TR< -- /Para> -- < -- Para ID= -- Water on Earth: Occurrence, History, Management and Challenges -- 1 Introduction and Guide to the Handbook of Water Resources Management: Discourses, Concepts and Examples -- Abstract -- 1.1 Background and Rationale of the Handbook -- 1.2 Outline and Structure of the Handbook -- 1.2.1 Part I: Water on Earth: Occurrence, History, Management and Challenges -- 1.2.2 Part II: Water and Society -- 1.2.3 Part III: Examples of Assessment of Water Resources, Their Protection and Use -- 1.2.4 Part IV: Examples of Contexts and Scales: Facets of Water Resources Management and Use, Risks and Complex Systems -- References -- 2 Water: a Unique Phenomenon and Resource -- Abstract -- 2.1 Water on Earth -- 2.1.1 The Origin and Fate of Water on Earth -- 2.1.2 Water Exchanges with Outer Space and Mantle in the Present -- 2.1.2.1 Water exchange with outer space -- 2.1.2.2 Hydro-tectonic water cycle -- 2.1.3 The Hydrosphere -- 2.1.3.1 The Hydrological Cycle -- 2.1.4 Estimates of Water in the Different Compartments of the Hydrosphere -- 2.1.4.1 World Ocean -- 2.1.4.2 Groundwater -- 2.1.4.3 Glaciers -- 2.1.4.4 Lakes -- 2.1.4.5 Wetlands -- 2.1.4.6 Biological Water -- 2.1.4.7 Reservoirs and Impoundments -- 2.1.4.8 Desalination -- 2.1.4.9 Atmospheric Water -- 2.1.4.10 Water not Accounted for -- 2.1.4.11 Fluxes -- 2.1.4.12 Temporal variability -- 2.1.5 Humans in the Hydrosphere -- 2.2 Hydrological Versus Water Cycle -- 2.2.1 Quantification of the Water Cycle at Global Scale -- 2.2.2 Estimates of Water Resources and Their Use at Continental and Regional Scales -- 2.2.3 Estimates of Water Resources at Sub-Continental, National and Basin Scales. , 2.2.4 Trends of Water Availability and Water Use at Different Spatial and Temporal Scales -- References -- 3 Water and Its Management: Dependence, Linkages and Challenges -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Surface Water Resources -- 3.2.1 The Hydrological Cycle -- 3.2.2 Surface Water Systems: Some Essential Concepts -- 3.2.2.1 Surface Runoff-Overland Flow -- 3.2.2.2 Interflow -- 3.2.2.3 Baseflow -- 3.2.3 The Water Balance -- 3.2.3.1 Overview of Hydrological Modeling -- 3.2.3.2 General Categorization -- 3.2.3.3 Lumped and Distributed Models -- 3.2.3.4 Time-scale Based Classification -- 3.2.4 Water Availability and Uses -- 3.2.4.1 Water for Human Use and Consumption -- 3.2.4.2 Environmental Water Demands -- 3.2.4.3 Water Accounting -- 3.2.5 Global Changes and Future Risks -- 3.2.5.1 Water Quality and Reuse -- 3.2.5.2 Impact of Climate Change -- 3.3 Groundwater: Dependence, Linkages and Challenges -- 3.3.1 Human Dependence on Groundwater -- 3.3.1.1 A Brief Historical Evolution -- 3.3.1.2 Importance of Hydrogeological Understanding -- 3.3.2 Groundwater Systems: Some Essential Concepts -- 3.3.2.1 Nature of Groundwater Storage and Flow -- 3.3.2.2 Evaluation of Groundwater Recharge and Balance -- 3.3.2.3 Consequences of Excessive Aquifer Exploitation -- 3.3.2.4 Processes of Groundwater Quality Degradation -- 3.3.2.5 Approaches to Groundwater Pollution Protection -- 3.3.3 Linkages to Social and Environmental Sustainability -- 3.3.3.1 Food Security and Groundwater -- 3.3.3.2 Urbanization and Groundwater -- 3.3.3.3 Human Health and Groundwater -- 3.3.3.4 Ecosystem Conservation and Groundwater -- 3.3.3.5 Extractive Industries and Groundwater -- 3.3.3.6 Geotechnical Hazards and Groundwater -- 3.3.4 Global Change and Groundwater -- 3.3.4.1 The Need for Adaptive Management -- 3.3.4.2 Impact of Global Warming -- 3.3.4.3 Impact of Land-Use Change. , 3.4 The Main Challenges of Water Resources Management in the 21st Century -- 3.4.1 Drivers and Constraints -- 3.4.1.1 The "Immediate" Drivers: Population Dynamics, Poverty and Pollution -- 3.4.1.2 "Slow" Drivers: Climate Change and Land Use/Land Cover Change -- 3.4.2 The Water Discourse: An Overview and Trends -- 3.4.3 Concepts and Issues in Water Governance and Management -- 3.4.3.1 Ecology Centered Versus Utilitarian Considerations -- 3.4.3.2 Socioecological Interconnections: Virtual and Physical Water Transfer -- 3.4.3.3 Water Governance, Security and Conflicts -- 3.4.3.4 Integrated, Adaptive and Nexus Management of Water Resources -- References -- Water and Society -- 4 A Drop in the Ocean. On Writing Histories of Water Resources Management -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Grand Narratives -- 4.3 Towards Water Histories -- 4.4 Deserts and Irrigation -- 4.5 Modern Water Knowledge: Colonial Irrigation -- 4.6 Water and Climate -- 4.7 Drop in the Ocean… -- References -- 5 Water Ethics -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Recognizing Values -- 5.1.1.1 Money Isn't Everything: The Case of the Orme Dam -- 5.1.1.2 Ethics of Water Quality -- 5.1.2 The Emergence of Water Ethics -- 5.1.3 Six Branches of Water Ethics -- 5.1.4 The Main Stem of Water Ethics -- 5.1.4.1 A Water Ethics Framework -- 5.1.5 Working with Ethics -- 5.2 Approaches to Water Ethics -- 5.2.1 Comprehensive Prescriptive Frameworks -- 5.2.1.1 UNESCO's Approach -- 5.2.1.2 Indigenous Water Ethics -- 5.2.1.3 Global Water Ethics Charter -- 5.2.2 Value-Specific Ethical Prescriptions -- 5.2.2.1 Environmental Flow Standards -- 5.2.2.2 Governance ethics: Blue Communities -- 5.3 Applying Water Ethics -- 5.3.1 Agroecology: Towards an Ethical Agriculture -- 5.3.2 Re-municipalization as a Water Ethic -- 5.3.3 Corporate Water Ethics -- 5.3.3.1 Swedish Textile Water Initiative. , 5.3.3.2 Detoxing Fashion -- 5.4 Status and Prospects for a Field of Water Ethics -- 5.4.1 The Global Consensus on Water Values -- 5.4.1.1 Sustainability Through Shared Water Values -- 5.4.2 Enabling Conditions -- 5.4.3 Nurturing the Field of Water Ethics -- References -- 6 Water Law and Rights -- Abstract -- 6.1 Water Law and Rights -- 6.2 The Concept of Law -- 6.3 Key Issues in Water Law -- 6.3.1 Introduction -- 6.3.2 How Water Law Systems Spread Across the Planet -- 6.3.3 The Organization of Water Law -- 6.3.4 Quantity Issues -- 6.3.4.1 Introduction -- 6.3.4.2 Property Rights -- 6.3.4.3 Priority of Use and the Human Right to Water -- 6.3.4.4 Irrigation Law -- 6.3.4.5 Drought and Floods -- 6.3.5 Water Quality, Human Health and Environmental Concerns -- 6.3.6 Integrated Water Resource Law -- 6.4 Key Issues in Transboundary Water Law -- 6.4.1 Introduction -- 6.4.2 Sovereignty -- 6.4.2.1 The Evolution of Sovereignty in Water Law -- 6.4.3 Regional and Supranational Water Laws -- 6.4.4 The Global Level Agreements -- 6.4.5 Other Relevant Agreements -- 6.4.6 Dispute Resolution -- 6.5 (New) Issues in Water Law -- References -- 7 Water Discourses -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction-Political Will = (Trust + X2) * Perseverance -- 7.2 The Sustainability Discourse -- 7.2.1 Introduction: Sustainable Water Resources Management, IWRM and Water Security -- 7.2.1.1 Sustainable Water Resources Management -- 7.2.1.2 Integrated Water Resource Management -- 7.2.1.3 Water Security -- 7.2.2 Sustainability-How Do We Implement It? -- 7.2.2.1 Hydro-Economic Modeling -- 7.2.3 Sustainability-How Do We Measure Achievement? -- 7.3 Water Resources Investments and Adaptation to Climate Change -- 7.3.1 Relationship Between Climate Change and Water Resources Management -- 7.3.2 Water Security is Crucial to Achieving Adaptation to Climate Change. , 7.3.3 Fears of Climate Change Impacts Prevents Anticipation and Adaptation -- 7.3.4 Managing Variability and Risk Reduces Poverty and Creates Wealth -- 7.3.5 Communication Around Risks Impacts Policies and Governance -- 7.3.6 Behavioral Regulations Are Insufficient as Adaptive Strategies -- 7.3.7 The Focus on Adaptation Can Improve Dialogs Between the Rich and Poor -- 7.3.8 We Know Climate Change Impacts and How to Approach Them -- 7.3.9 Conclusion -- 7.4 Flood Management Policy Evolution Against Intensified Hazards and Vulnerability of Society-A Case in Japan -- 7.4.1 Heavy Rainfall Events and Risk Reduction Measures in Japan -- 7.4.2 Increasingly Intensified Water-Related Disasters -- 7.4.2.1 Changing Natural Hazards -- 7.4.2.2 Increasingly Vulnerable Society -- 7.4.3 Towards River Planning and Management that Can Adapt to Social and Environmental Changes -- 7.4.3.1 Coping with Changing Natural Hazards -- 7.4.3.2 Coping with Increasingly Vulnerable Society -- 7.5 The Water Pricing and Market Discourse -- 7.5.1 Introduction -- 7.5.2 Need for Precision and Clarity to Unravel Complexity -- 7.5.2.1 What Water? -- 7.5.3 Individual Versus Collective Positions -- 7.5.4 The Role of Politics and the Political Dilemma -- 7.5.5 Some Suggestions for a Way Forward -- 7.5.5.1 Publicise and Prioritise the Importance of Water Issues -- 7.5.5.2 Identify and Segregate the Different Conditions, Roles and Usages of Water -- 7.5.5.3 Break These Down into Their Component Parts -- 7.5.5.4 Develop a Collective Valuing of Water Approach -- 7.5.5.5 Use the Above to Define Clear Policy Objectives -- 7.5.5.6 Match These Policy Objectives with Corresponding Policies Supported by Appropriate Policy Instruments -- 7.5.5.7 Measure and Monitor All Decisions and Outcomes with Appropriate Metrics -- 7.5.5.8 Use Prices Where Possible -- 7.5.5.9 Use Taxes When Needed. , 7.5.5.10 Consider Market Principles Carefully.