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  • 1
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    The cycling of sulfur in surface seawater of the northeast Pacific
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1994
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 99, No. C4 ( 1994-04-15), p. 7835-7843
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 99, No. C4 ( 1994-04-15), p. 7835-7843
    Kurzfassung: Oceanic dimethylsulfide (DMS) emissions to the atmosphere are potentially important to the Earth's radiative balance. Since these emissions are driven by the surface seawater concentration of DMS, it is important to understand the processes controlling the cycling of sulfur in surface seawater. During the third Pacific Sulfur/Stratus Investigation (PSI‐3, April 1991) we measured the major sulfur reservoirs (total organic sulfur, total low molecular weight organic sulfur, ester sulfate, protein sulfur, dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP), DMS, dimethylsulfoxide) and quantified many of the processes that cycle sulfur through the upper water column (sulfate assimilation, DMSP consumption, DMS production and consumption, air‐sea exchange of DMS, loss of organic sulfur by particulate sinking). Under conditions of low plankton biomass ( 〈 0.4 μg/L chlorophyll a ) and high nutrient concentrations ( 〉 8 μM nitrate), 250 km off the Washington State coast, DMSP and DMS were 22% and 0.9%, respectively, of the total particulate organic sulfur pool. DMS production from the enzymatic cleavage of DMSP accounted for 29% of the total sulfate assimilation. However, only 0.3% of sulfate‐S assimilated was released to the atmosphere. From these data it is evident that air‐sea exchange is currently only a minor sink in the seawater sulfur cycle and thus there is the potential for much higher DMS emissions under different climatic conditions.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/93JC02782
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publikationsdatum: 1994
    ZDB Id: 2033040-6
    ZDB Id: 3094104-0
    ZDB Id: 2130824-X
    ZDB Id: 2016813-5
    ZDB Id: 2016810-X
    ZDB Id: 2403298-0
    ZDB Id: 2016800-7
    ZDB Id: 161666-3
    ZDB Id: 161667-5
    ZDB Id: 2969341-X
    ZDB Id: 161665-1
    ZDB Id: 3094268-8
    ZDB Id: 710256-2
    ZDB Id: 2016804-4
    ZDB Id: 3094181-7
    ZDB Id: 3094219-6
    ZDB Id: 3094167-2
    ZDB Id: 2220777-6
    ZDB Id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 2
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    Sulfur gas measurements in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment/Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1996
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 101, No. D2 ( 1996-02-20), p. 4377-4392
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 101, No. D2 ( 1996-02-20), p. 4377-4392
    Kurzfassung: Results from an intensive measurement program studying the marine stratocumulus regime in the eastern North Atlantic Ocean are reported. We observed generally high mixing ratios of sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) in the region, typically advected within the marine boundary layer (MBL). SO 2 mixing ratios ranged from 19 pptv to 1.3 ppbv. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) mixing ratios also were quite variable, but airborne DMS measurements were never greater than 140 pptv. The mean carbon disulfide mixing ratio was 6.5 pptv. In two intensive Lagrangian experiments, the budgets for SO 2 and DMS in the MBL were examined. The observed overnight increase in DMS and the predicted increase based on a budget analysis (using a simple surface flux model) agree within the precision of the data for the first Lagrangian experiment. The photochemical oxidation rates for DMS derived from the budget analysis range from 2.5 to 4.9 μmol/m 2 d. Because daytime mixing ratios of NO were seldom larger than 10–15 pptv during both experiments, nighttime oxidation of DMS by NO 3 was negligible compared with daytime losses to OH. A positive surface flux is the major term in the DMS budgets. SO 2 mixing ratios in the MBL were largely controlled by advected pollution from continental Europe. Deposition of SO 2 to the sea surface was the major loss term in the budget analysis. Terms for photochemical production and loss of SO 2 could not be independently determined in this analysis, but it is likely these terms were small compared to the surface flux. Based on the observed loss rate for SO 2 in polluted European air masses, the mean lifetime of SO 2 in the MBL during ASTEX/MAGE is estimated to be 15–18 hours. Our analysis suggests that the Lagrangian experimental design is a valuable tool for isolating chemical change in a dynamic meteorological system, but a budget analysis to determine photochemical production/loss terms is difficult or impossible in the presence of significant pollution. Lagrangian results highlight the potential dangers to chemical interpretation of Eulerian data sets, where advection is often important and needs to be taken into account.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/95JD00618
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publikationsdatum: 1996
    ZDB Id: 2033040-6
    ZDB Id: 3094104-0
    ZDB Id: 2130824-X
    ZDB Id: 2016813-5
    ZDB Id: 2016810-X
    ZDB Id: 2403298-0
    ZDB Id: 2016800-7
    ZDB Id: 161666-3
    ZDB Id: 161667-5
    ZDB Id: 2969341-X
    ZDB Id: 161665-1
    ZDB Id: 3094268-8
    ZDB Id: 710256-2
    ZDB Id: 2016804-4
    ZDB Id: 3094181-7
    ZDB Id: 3094219-6
    ZDB Id: 3094167-2
    ZDB Id: 2220777-6
    ZDB Id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 3
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    Measurement of the sea-air DMS flux and transfer velocity using eddy correlation : EDDY CORRELATION DMS FLUXES
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2004
    In:  Geophysical Research Letters Vol. 31, No. 23 ( 2004-12-16)
    Details
    In: Geophysical Research Letters, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 31, No. 23 ( 2004-12-16)
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0094-8276
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2004GL021567
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publikationsdatum: 2004
    ZDB Id: 2021599-X
    ZDB Id: 7403-2
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 4
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    Impact of anthropogenic and biogenic sources and sinks on carbonyl sulfide in the North Pacific troposphere
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 1996
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres Vol. 101, No. D1 ( 1996-01-20), p. 1873-1881
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 101, No. D1 ( 1996-01-20), p. 1873-1881
    Kurzfassung: During September–October 1991 over 500 determinations of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) were made in the troposphere over the North Pacific Ocean as part of the NASA Pacific Exploratory Mission‐West A project. Three distinct regimes were found in the distribution of OCS in the Pacific troposphere during this period. Under conditions of remote Pacific marine air, OCS had a mean of 495 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) with a standard error of the mean of 0.6 pptv and a standard deviation of 8.8 pptv. Under conditions of air transported from Asia and the North American Arctic, both elevated and depleted levels of OCS were found. Decreases in OCS of 10–20% from the remote Pacific mean were highly correlated with decreased carbon dioxide levels. Increases of 10–20% of OCS were highly correlated with increased carbon disulfide and other chemical indicators of anthropogenic sources. The constancy of the OCS mean for the remote Pacific marine air masses can be used to better understand the budget for OCS and its impact as a source of stratospheric sulfur dioxide.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0148-0227
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/95JD00617
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publikationsdatum: 1996
    ZDB Id: 2033040-6
    ZDB Id: 3094104-0
    ZDB Id: 2130824-X
    ZDB Id: 2016813-5
    ZDB Id: 2016810-X
    ZDB Id: 2403298-0
    ZDB Id: 2016800-7
    ZDB Id: 161666-3
    ZDB Id: 161667-5
    ZDB Id: 2969341-X
    ZDB Id: 161665-1
    ZDB Id: 3094268-8
    ZDB Id: 710256-2
    ZDB Id: 2016804-4
    ZDB Id: 3094181-7
    ZDB Id: 3094219-6
    ZDB Id: 3094167-2
    ZDB Id: 2220777-6
    ZDB Id: 3094197-0
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 5
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    Advances in Air–Sea $$\hbox {CO}_2$$ CO 2 Flux Measurement by Eddy Correlation
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2014
    In:  Boundary-Layer Meteorology Vol. 152, No. 3 ( 2014-9), p. 245-276
    Details
    In: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 152, No. 3 ( 2014-9), p. 245-276
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0006-8314 , 1573-1472
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10546-014-9926-2
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publikationsdatum: 2014
    ZDB Id: 242879-9
    ZDB Id: 1477639-X
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 6
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    Air–Sea/Land Interaction in the Coastal Zone
    Springer Science and Business Media LLC ; 2018
    In:  Boundary-Layer Meteorology Vol. 167, No. 2 ( 2018-5), p. 181-210
    Details
    In: Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Springer Science and Business Media LLC, Vol. 167, No. 2 ( 2018-5), p. 181-210
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 0006-8314 , 1573-1472
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1007/s10546-017-0326-2
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
    Publikationsdatum: 2018
    ZDB Id: 242879-9
    ZDB Id: 1477639-X
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 7
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    Low ozone dry deposition rates to sea ice during the MOSAiC field campaign: Implications for the Arctic boundary layer ozone budget
    University of California Press ; 2023
    In:  Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2023-02-15)
    Details
    In: Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, University of California Press, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2023-02-15)
    Kurzfassung: Dry deposition to the surface is one of the main removal pathways of tropospheric ozone (O3). We quantified for the first time the impact of O3 deposition to the Arctic sea ice on the planetary boundary layer (PBL) O3 concentration and budget using year-round flux and concentration observations from the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) campaign and simulations with a single-column atmospheric chemistry and meteorological model (SCM). Based on eddy-covariance O3 surface flux observations, we find a median surface resistance on the order of 20,000 s m−1, resulting in a dry deposition velocity of approximately 0.005 cm s−1. This surface resistance is up to an order of magnitude larger than traditionally used values in many atmospheric chemistry and transport models. The SCM is able to accurately represent the yearly cycle, with maxima above 40 ppb in the winter and minima around 15 ppb at the end of summer. However, the observed springtime ozone depletion events are not captured by the SCM. In winter, the modelled PBL O3 budget is governed by dry deposition at the surface mostly compensated by downward turbulent transport of O3 towards the surface. Advection, which is accounted for implicitly by nudging to reanalysis data, poses a substantial, mostly negative, contribution to the simulated PBL O3 budget in summer. During episodes with low wind speed ( & lt;5 m s−1) and shallow PBL ( & lt;50 m), the 7-day mean dry deposition removal rate can reach up to 1.0 ppb h−1. Our study highlights the importance of an accurate description of dry deposition to Arctic sea ice in models to quantify the current and future O3 sink in the Arctic, impacting the tropospheric O3 budget, which has been modified in the last century largely due to anthropogenic activities.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 2325-1026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2022.00086
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: University of California Press
    Publikationsdatum: 2023
    ZDB Id: 2745461-7
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  • 8
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    Thin and transient meltwater layers and false bottoms in the Arctic sea ice pack—Recent insights on these historically overlooked features
    University of California Press ; 2023
    In:  Elem Sci Anth Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2023-09-07)
    Details
    In: Elem Sci Anth, University of California Press, Vol. 11, No. 1 ( 2023-09-07)
    Kurzfassung: The rapid melt of snow and sea ice during the Arctic summer provides a significant source of low-salinity meltwater to the surface ocean on the local scale. The accumulation of this meltwater on, under, and around sea ice floes can result in relatively thin meltwater layers in the upper ocean. Due to the small-scale nature of these upper-ocean features, typically on the order of 1 m thick or less, they are rarely detected by standard methods, but are nevertheless pervasive and critically important in Arctic summer. Observations during the Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition in summer 2020 focused on the evolution of such layers and made significant advancements in understanding their role in the coupled Arctic system. Here we provide a review of thin meltwater layers in the Arctic, with emphasis on the new findings from MOSAiC. Both prior and recent observational datasets indicate an intermittent yet long-lasting (weeks to months) meltwater layer in the upper ocean on the order of 0.1 m to 1.0 m in thickness, with a large spatial range. The presence of meltwater layers impacts the physical system by reducing bottom ice melt and allowing new ice formation via false bottom growth. Collectively, the meltwater layer and false bottoms reduce atmosphere-ocean exchanges of momentum, energy, and material. The impacts on the coupled Arctic system are far-reaching, including acting as a barrier for nutrient and gas exchange and impacting ecosystem diversity and productivity.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 2325-1026
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1525/elementa.2023.00025
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: University of California Press
    Publikationsdatum: 2023
    ZDB Id: 2745461-7
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  • 9
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    Shipboard Observations of the Meteorology and Near‐Surface Environment During Autumn Freezeup in the Beaufort/Chukchi Seas
    American Geophysical Union (AGU) ; 2018
    In:  Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans Vol. 123, No. 7 ( 2018-07), p. 4930-4969
    Details
    In: Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, American Geophysical Union (AGU), Vol. 123, No. 7 ( 2018-07), p. 4930-4969
    Kurzfassung: A unique shipboard air, ice, ocean data set describes the near‐surface environment during the Chukchi/Beaufort Seas autumn freezeup Fall heat loss is important over both thin new ice and nearby open water, but relative cooling of over‐ice air produces important feedbacks Ice drift and ocean thermohaline structure are impacted at certain times and locations by upper‐ocean current and/or small‐scale eddies
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 2169-9275 , 2169-9291
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.1029/2018JC013786
    Sprache: Englisch
    Verlag: American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    Publikationsdatum: 2018
    ZDB Id: 2016804-4
    ZDB Id: 161667-5
    ZDB Id: 3094219-6
    SSG: 16,13
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  • 10
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    DataSheet_2.pdf
    Frontiers Media SA ; 2022
    In:  Frontiers in Marine Science Vol. 9 ( 2022-6-30)
    Details
    In: Frontiers in Marine Science, Frontiers Media SA, Vol. 9 ( 2022-6-30)
    Kurzfassung: The air-sea gas transfer velocity ( K 660 ) is typically assessed as a function of the 10-m neutral wind speed ( U 10n ), but there remains substantial uncertainty in this relationship. Here K 660 of CO 2 derived with the eddy covariance (EC) technique from eight datasets (11 research cruises) are reevaluated with consistent consideration of solubility and Schmidt number and inclusion of the ocean cool skin effect. K 660 shows an approximately linear dependence with the friction velocity ( u * ) in moderate winds, with an overall relative standard deviation (relative standard error) of about 20% (7%). The largest relative uncertainty in K 660 occurs at low wind speeds, while the largest absolute uncertainty in K 660 occurs at high wind speeds. There is an apparent regional variation in the steepness of the K 660 - u * relationships: North Atlantic ≥ Southern Ocean & gt; other regions (Arctic, Tropics). Accounting for sea state helps to collapse some of this regional variability in K 660 using the wave Reynolds number in very large seas and the mean squared slope of the waves in small to moderate seas. The grand average of EC-derived K 660 ( − 1.47   +   76.67 u * +   20.48 u * 2   o r   0.36   +   1.203 U 10 n +   0.167 U 10 n 2 ) is similar at moderate to high winds to widely used dual tracer-based K 660 parametrization, but consistently exceeds the dual tracer estimate in low winds, possibly in part due to the chemical enhancement in air-sea CO 2 exchange. Combining the grand average of EC-derived K 660 with the global distribution of wind speed yields a global average transfer velocity that is comparable with the global radiocarbon ( 14 C) disequilibrium, but is ~20% higher than what is implied by dual tracer parametrizations. This analysis suggests that CO 2 fluxes computed using a U 10 n 2 dependence with zero intercept (e.g., dual tracer) are likely underestimated at relatively low wind speeds.
    Materialart: Online-Ressource
    ISSN: 2296-7745
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    URL: Article
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.826421
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.826421.s001
    DOI: 10.3389/fmars.2022.826421.s002
    Sprache: Unbekannt
    Verlag: Frontiers Media SA
    Publikationsdatum: 2022
    ZDB Id: 2757748-X
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