Note: Intro -- Contents -- Abbreviations -- 1 Wind Industry in Portugal and Its Impacts on Wildlife: Special Focus on Spatial and Temporal Distribution on Bird and Bat Fatalities -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Portuguese Wind Farm Location in Relation to Natural Values -- 1.1.2 Wind Farm Impacts on Wildlife -- 1.2 Bird and Bat Fatalities in Portugal -- 1.2.1 Biogeographic and Phenological Analysis of Bat Fatalities -- 1.2.2 Biogeographic and Phenological Analysis of Bird Fatalities -- 1.2.3 Bat Fatalities Specific Composition -- 1.2.4 Bird Fatalities Specific Composition -- 1.3 Final Notes -- References -- 2 Impacts of On-shore Wind Farms in Wildlife Communities: Direct Fatalities and Indirect Impacts (Behavioural and Habitat Effects) -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Evaluating Impacts -- 2.3 On-shore Wind Farm Impacts -- 2.3.1 Direct Impacts -- 2.3.1.1 Bat Collisions -- 2.3.1.2 Bird Collisions -- 2.3.2 Indirect Impacts -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Environmental Impact Assessment Methods: An Overview of the Process for Wind Farms' Different Phases-From Pre-construction to Operation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Wind Farm Industry: General Overview -- 3.1.2 Legal Requirements and Guidelines -- 3.2 Impact Assessment Methods -- 3.2.1 Planning and Project Phase: Evaluation of the Potential Impacts -- 3.2.1.1 Scoping -- 3.2.1.2 EIA Report or Environmental Study -- 3.2.2 Construction and Operation Phase (Evaluation of the Real Impacts) -- 3.2.2.1 Fauna -- 3.2.2.2 Flora and Habitats -- 3.3 Case Study|The Step Forward in Assessing Biodiversity Impacts -- 3.4 Final Remarks -- Appendix -- References -- 4 An Overview on Methods to Assess Bird and Bat Collision Risk in Wind Farms -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Collision Risk Models -- 4.2.1 Tucker Model (Tucker 1996a) -- 4.2.2 Band Model (Band et al. 2007) -- 4.2.3 Other Tucker/Band Based Models. , 4.2.4 The Bayesian Approach Model -- 4.3 Vulnerability Indexes and Other Tools for Collision Risk Assessment -- 4.3.1 The Collision Hazard Index (CHI) (Bio3 2008) -- 4.3.2 Vulnerability Indexes -- 4.3.3 INTACT Micrositing GIS-Tool (Hanssen and May 2015) -- 4.3.4 ProBat Tool (WindBat 2016) -- 4.4 Methodologies Comparison: Advantages and Limitations -- 4.4.1 Collision Risk Models -- 4.4.2 Vulnerability Indexes and Other Tools for Collision Risk Assessment -- 4.5 The Portuguese Context -- 4.5.1 Case Study|Estimating Avian Collision Risk in Portugal: The CHI-A Practical Methodology -- 4.5.1.1 The Collision Hazard Index -- Field Methodology -- Desktop Analysis, Field Data Analysis and Results -- 4.5.1.2 The Common Kestrel Example at a Portuguese Wind Farm -- References -- 5 The Indirect Impacts of Wind Farms on Terrestrial Mammals: Insights from the Disturbance and Exclusion Effects on Wolves (Canis lupus) -- 5.1 General Overview -- 5.2 Wolves and Wind Farms in Portugal -- 5.2.1 Setting the Context: Wolf Distribution, Landscape Specificities and Environmental Issues -- 5.2.2 Methodological Approach -- 5.2.2.1 Sampling Designs -- 5.2.2.2 Wolf Biological Parameters -- 5.2.2.3 Wolf Monitoring Techniques -- 5.2.3 Effects of Wind Farms on Wolves in Portugal -- 5.2.4 Lessons from the Portuguese Experience -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix -- References -- 6 Comparing Field Methods Used to Determine Bird and Bat Fatalities -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Methodologies -- 6.2.1 Carcass Searches -- 6.2.1.1 Search Area -- 6.2.1.2 Search Method -- 6.2.1.3 Search Frequency and Periods -- 6.2.2 Carcass Removal Trials -- 6.2.3 Detection Trials -- 6.3 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Estimating Bird and Bat Fatality at Wind Farms: From Formula-Based Methods to Models to Assess Impact Significance -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Fatality Estimators: A Comparative Analysis. , 7.1.1.1 Commonly Used Estimators -- 7.1.2 Recently Published Estimators -- 7.2 Population Level Impacts-Significance Estimation -- 7.3 Discussion -- Appendix -- References -- 8 How to Design an Adaptive Management Approach? -- 8.1 What Is Adaptive Management? -- 8.2 Adaptive Management of Wind Farm Impacts on Biodiversity -- 8.2.1 Mitigation Hierarchy -- 8.2.2 Monitoring -- 8.3 Step-by-Step Adaptive Management Approach -- 8.4 Case Study-Candeeiros Wind Farm -- 8.5 Final Remarks -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- The Role of Adaptive Management in the Wind Energy Industry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Adaptive Management as a Concept -- 2.1 Definition of Adaptive Management -- 2.2 A Question-Driven Approach -- 2.3 Adaptability in the Face of the Uncertainty of Natural Variability -- 2.4 An Iterative Process -- 2.5 Important Concepts Associated with AM -- 3 Application of Adaptive Management to Wind Energy Development -- 4 International Use of Adaptive Management -- 4.1 Germany -- 4.2 The Netherlands -- 4.3 Norway -- 4.4 Portugal -- 4.5 Spain -- 4.6 Switzerland -- 4.7 The UK -- 4.8 The USA -- 4.9 Lessons Learned from Case Studies -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Consistency and Implementation -- 5.2 Monitoring to Support AM -- 5.3 Adaptive Management and the Mitigation Hierarchy -- 5.4 Scale of Implementation -- 5.5 Financial Risks and Mitigation Limits -- 6 Conclusions -- Appendix: Summary of Wind Development Project Plans with Adaptive Management Components -- References -- Wildlife Mortality at Wind Facilities: How We Know What We Know How We Might Mislead Ourselves, and How We Set Our Future Course -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Examples -- 2.1 Representative Data -- 2.2 Comparing or Interpreting Raw Counts -- 2.3 Averaging Detection Probability Across Classes -- 2.4 Carcass Fall Patterns -- 2.5 Summary of Issues -- 3 Proposed Solution -- References -- Avoidance Behaviour of Migrating Raptors Approaching an Offshore Wind Farm -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Observations -- 2.2 Data Processing -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Estimating Potential Costs of Cumulative Barrier Effects on Migrating Raptors: A Case Study Using Global Positioning System Tracking in Japan -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Capture and GPS Tracking. , 2.2 Calculation of Additional Distance and Time in a Scenario Avoiding Wind Turbines -- 2.3 Calculation of Energetic Costs During Migration -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Spring Migration of Eastern Buzzards -- 3.2 Autumn Migration of Eastern Buzzards -- 3.3 Autumn Migration of Oriental Honey-Buzzards -- 4 Discussion -- Appendices -- Appendix 1 (Tables A1 and A2) -- Appendix 2 (Tables A3, A4, and A5) -- Appendix 3 (Tables A6, A7, and A8) -- Appendix 4 (Tables A9, A10, and A11) -- References -- A Pioneer in Transition: Horizon Scanning of Emerging Issues in Germany's Sustainable Wind Energy Development -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Framing and Motivation -- 1.2 The Challenged Pioneer in Transition -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Horizon Scanning -- 2.2 Study Limitations -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Fact-Checking -- 3.1.1 Meta-analyses and Cumulative Impacts -- 3.1.2 Planning and Jurisdiction Interfaces -- 3.1.3 Unbiased Knowledge Management -- 3.1.4 Integrating Wind Energy into Landscapes -- 3.2 Model Approaches -- 3.2.1 Best Available Science and Adaptive Management -- 3.2.2 Landscape-Scale Conservation Approaches -- 3.2.3 Planning Approaches -- 3.2.4 Ecosystem Services and Sustainability Appraisals -- 3.3 Proof of Concept -- 3.3.1 Efficacy of Mitigation Measures -- 3.3.2 Population Models -- 3.3.3 Efficacy of Participatory Approaches -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- The Mitigation of Impact and the Impact of Mitigation: An Ethical Perspective -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mitigation Concept -- 2.1 Defining Mitigation -- 2.2 Mitigation Framework -- 3 Mitigation Ethics -- 3.1 Normative Ethics -- 3.2 In Which Circumstances Should Mitigation Be Implemented? -- 3.3 How Much Mitigation Is Required? -- 3.4 Who Is Responsible for Mitigation? -- 4 Implementing Mitigation -- 4.1 Trouble Never Comes Alone -- 4.2 Embracing Uncertainty -- 4.3 Managing Mitigation -- References. , The First Large-Scale Offshore Aerial Survey Using a High-Resolution Camera System -- 1 Background to Avian Offshore Surveys -- 1.1 Visual Boat-Based Surveys -- 1.2 Visual Aerial Surveys -- 1.3 Digital Aerial Surveys -- 2 Implementing the World's Largest Offshore High-Resolution Digital Aerial Survey -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Wind Farm Effects on Migratory Flight of Swans and Foraging Distribution at Their Stopover Site -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Field Study -- 2.3 Determination of Macro Avoidance -- 2.4 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- Automatic Bird Identification for Offshore Wind Farms -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The System -- 2.1 Hardware Level -- 2.1.1 Radar -- 2.1.2 Camera System -- 2.2 Software Level -- 2.3 Data -- 2.3.1 Data Augmentation -- 3 Classification -- 3.1 Target Size Estimate and Velocity -- 3.2 Image Classification -- 3.3 Fusion -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Towards an Ecosystem Approach to Assess the Impacts of Marine Renewable Energy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 OWF Development State of the Art -- 2.1 OWFs in France -- 2.2 OWFs in Eastern English Channel (EC) -- 2.3 Issue Hampering MRE Development -- 3 An Ecosystem Approach for Dieppe-Le Tréport and Courseulles-sur-Mer Wind Farm Sites -- 3.1 The Ecopath Modelling Approach -- 3.1.1 Courseulles-sur-Mer OWF Site -- 3.2 Simulation the `Reef Effect' Due to the Wind Farm Implantation Using EcoSim Simulations -- 4 Lessons Learned and Recommendation for the Future -- References -- Camera-Trapping Versus Conventional Methodology in the Assessment of Carcass Persistence for Fatality Estimationat Wind Farms -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Context -- 1.2 Correction Factor Calculation Trials -- 1.3 Camera-Trapping -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Field Methods -- 2.3 Data Analysis -- 3 Results. , 3.1 Carcass Persistence Rates: Camera-Trapping vs. Conventional Method -- 3.2 Camera Trap Performance -- 3.3 Cost Comparison -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Lost in Bias? Multifaceted Discourses Framing the Communication of Wind and Wildlife Research Results: The PROGRESS Case -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Study Motivation -- 1.2 The "PROGRESS" Case Study -- 1.3 Objectives -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Frame Analysis: Indicating Actors and Subjects in the Discourse -- 2.2 Typology: Indicating Argumentation Patterns and Motives -- 2.3 Data Basis and Limitations -- 3 Frame Analysis and Typology: Indicating Actors and Subjects in the Discourse and Typology of Motives -- 3.1 Indicating Actors -- 3.2 Indicating Argumentation Patterns Within Identified Frames and Typology of Motives -- 3.2.1 Frame "Wildlife Protection and Conservation" -- 3.2.2 Frame "Research Methods Used in PROGRESS" -- 3.2.3 Frame "Economy" -- 3.2.4 Frame "Policy Makers and Jurisdiction (Responsibilities)" -- 3.2.5 Frame "Climate Protection" -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Participating Actors and Their "Framing" of Wildlife Research -- 4.2 Challenges for Science and Practice -- 4.3 Actions Needed -- 4.3.1 Administrative Leeway and Planning Certainty -- 4.3.2 Fostered Communication Between Opposing Actors -- 4.3.3 Enhanced Communication via Best Available Science -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Estimating the Potential Mortality of Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus) Due to Wind Energy Development on the Island of Crete (Greece) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area and Species -- 2.2 Data Collection and Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- Appendix -- References.