Anmerkung: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of Abbreviations -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1: Grey Matter Changes in the Brain Following Stress and Trauma -- 1.1 During Maturity -- 1.1.1 Previous Studies -- 1.1.2 Hippocampal Volume -- 1.1.3 Amygdala Volume -- 1.1.4 Anterior Cingulate Cortex Volume -- 1.1.5 Discussion -- 1.2 During Childhood -- 1.2.1 Hippocampal Volume -- 1.2.2 Amygdala Volume -- 1.2.3 Prefrontal Cortex Volume -- 1.2.4 Discussion -- 1.2.4.1 Age -- 1.2.4.2 Gender -- 1.2.4.3 Diagnosis and Type of Maltreatment -- 1.3 Animal Models -- 1.3.1 Changes in Grey Matter Volume Following Stress -- References -- 2: Synaptic Changes Responsible for Grey Matter Changes in the Brain of Animal Models Following Stress -- 2.1 Changes in MRI-Determined GMV Following Stress -- 2.2 Changes in the Number of Neurons, Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes Following Stress -- 2.3 Discussion -- 2.3.1 Density of Cell Types in the Cortex Before and After Stress -- 2.3.2 Dendritic Lengths and Spine Densities Before and After Stress -- 2.4 The Relation Between Stress-Induced Decreases in Synapses/Dendrites and Grey Matter Loss -- 2.5 The Relation Between Decreases in Synapses, Dendrites and Grey Matter -- References -- 3: Identification of the Core Neural Network Subserving PTSD in Animal Models and Their Modulation -- 3.1 Animal Models of PTSD -- 3.1.1 PTSD Diagnostic Criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Version IV (DSM-IV) Applied to Ani... -- 3.1.2 Acquisition and Extinction of Conditioned Fear in PTSD and Animal Models -- 3.1.3 Summary of Parallel Changes in Grey Matter and White Matter in PTSD and Animal Models -- 3.2 Neural Circuitry Subserving Animal Models of PTSD -- 3.2.1 The Core Synaptic Circuit: Amygdala, Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Hippocampus. , 3.2.1.1 The Local Inhibitory Intercalated Neurons, ITC, of the Amygdala -- 3.2.2 Input and Output of the Core Synaptic Circuit: Thalamus, Periaqueductal Grey and Hypothalamus -- 3.2.2.1 The Output Circuitry of the Amygdala -- 3.2.2.2 The Input Circuitry of the Amygdala -- 3.2.3 Modulation of the Core Synaptic Circuit by Basal Ganglia: The Ventral Tegmentum Area (VTA), Raphe Nucleus and Nucleus Ac... -- 3.3 Transmitters and Growth Factors Mediating Modulation of the Core Synaptic Circuit in PTSD Animal Models -- 3.3.1 Dopamine and Serotonin Receptors/Transporters: Action at Synapses and their Nucleotide Polymorphisms in PTSD -- 3.3.2 Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF): Action on Dopamine Receptors and Their Nucleotide Polymorphisms in PTSD -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Modulation of the Core Neural Network in Stress: The Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and LTP -- 4.1 BDNF Gene Transcription Controlled by Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors -- 4.1.1 The BDNF Gene -- 4.1.2 Glucocorticoid Receptors, Mineralocorticoid Receptors, Their Chaperones and Co-activators -- 4.1.3 Co-chaperones FKBP5 and FKBP4: Polymorphisms and Stress -- 4.2 Evidence that BDNF Gene Transcription Controlled by Epigenetic Changes -- 4.2.1 Epigenetic Changes in the BDNF Gene -- 4.2.2 Epigenetic Changes in the BDNF Gene Following Different Behavioural Paradigms -- 4.2.2.1 Childhood Stress -- 4.2.2.2 Restraint Stress -- 4.2.2.3 Predator and Social Defeat Stress -- 4.2.2.4 Fear Conditioning (Memory) -- 4.2.2.5 Suicide -- 4.3 BDNF Control of Dendritic Spines -- 4.3.1 BDNF/TrkB Changes in ERK-Mediated Control of Dendritic Spines -- 4.3.1.1 Control of Dendritic Spines Through the ERK Pathway -- 4.3.2 BDNF/TrkB Changes in Small GTPase-Mediated Control of Dendritic Spines -- 4.3.2.1 RhoA, Rac1, Cde42 and Vav2/3. , 4.3.3 BDNF/TrkB Changes in mRNA Modulation of ERK-Mediated Control of Dendritic Spines -- 4.3.3.1 microRNA -- 4.3.4 BDNF/TrkB Changes to TRCP3 Channel-Mediated Control of Dendritic Spines -- 4.4 BDNF/TrkB Control of Dendritic Spines Modulated by Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors -- 4.4.1 Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Modulation of ERK and GTPase Pathways for Control of Dendritic Spines: The GR-ERK-B... -- 4.5 BDNF/TrkB Control of Dendritic Spines Modulated by Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (Hormone) -- 4.5.1 Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (Hormone) Modulation of Protein Lipase C (PLC)/Small GTPase Pathway for Control of Dendri... -- 4.5.2 Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (Hormone) Modulation of Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) Pathway for Control of Dendrit... -- 4.5.2.1 tpA and Dendritic Spines -- 4.5.2.2 CRF Control of Spine Formation and Regression -- 4.6 Cannabinoid (Receptor CB1) Modulation of BDNF Gene Transcription and BDNF/TrkB Control of Dendritic Spines -- 4.7 Serotonin Transporter (SERT) Modulation of BDNF Gene Transcription and BDNF/TrkB Control of Dendritic Spines -- 4.8 Conclusion -- 4.8.1 Dendritic Spines and BDNF -- 4.8.2 BDNF, Glucocorticoid and Mineralocorticoid Receptors -- 4.8.3 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder -- References -- 5: Modulation of the Core Neural Network in Stress: The Role of Endocannabinoids and LTD -- 5.1 The Role of Endocannabinoids -- 5.1.1 Clinical Observations on Endocannabinoids and Extinction -- 5.1.2 Genetic Observations Implicating Endocannabinoids in Extinction -- 5.1.3 The Core Neural Network in Endocannabinoid-Mediated Extinction -- 5.1.4 The Maintenance of Extinction by Endocannabinoids and BDNF -- 5.2 Functional Amygdala Networks in Acquisition and Extinction -- 5.2.1 Lateral Amygdala (LA) -- 5.2.2 Basal Amygdala (BA) and Infralimbic (IL) Cortex. , 5.3 Classical LTP and LTD in the Functional Networks Mediating Acquisition and Extinction -- 5.3.1 Mechanism of Classical Early LTP and LTD at Synaptic Spines -- 5.3.2 Mechanism of Late Classical LTP and LTD at Synaptic Spines -- 5.3.2.1 Changes in Receptor Distributions -- 5.3.2.2 Changes in Spine Shape -- 5.4 Endocannabinoids in Functioning Networks in the Basolateral Amygdala -- 5.4.1 Evidence that Endocannabinoids Have a Critical Role in Extinction -- 5.4.1.1 Acquisition -- 5.4.1.2 Extinction -- 5.4.2 Mechanisms of Action of Endocannabinoids -- 5.4.3 Endocannabinoid Modulation by Glucocorticoids -- 5.4.4 Endocannabinoid Modulation by BDNF -- 5.5 Functional Amygdala Networks that Mediate Extinction: The Roles of LTDi and Endocannabinoids at Extinction Neurons in the ... -- 5.5.1 Summary of Key Observations -- 5.5.2 A Model of the Amygdala in Extinction -- 5.5.3 Caveats Concerning Postulated Roles for Endocannabinoids and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Extinction -- 5.6 Conclusion -- 5.6.1 LTP Occurs Consequent on High-Frequency Stimulation (100-200 Hz for 1 S) -- 5.6.2 LTD Occurs as a Consequence of Low-Frequency Stimulation (1 Hz for 900 s) -- 5.6.3 The Synthesis, Release and Uptake of Endocannabinoids -- 5.6.4 proBDNF Control of Synaptic Spine Regression -- References -- 6: Functioning of the Core Neural Network in Fear and Extinction -- 6.1 Fear -- 6.1.1 Fear Activation -- 6.1.1.1 Principal Pathways -- 6.1.2 Fear Memory -- 6.1.2.1 The LAd Module -- 6.1.2.2 The BAF Module -- 6.2 Extinction -- 6.2.1 Extinction Activation -- 6.2.1.1 Principal Pathways -- 6.2.2 Extinction Memory -- 6.2.2.1 The BAE Module -- 6.2.2.2 The ITC Module -- 6.3 Synaptic Plasticity -- 6.3.1 Conditions for Plasticity -- 6.3.2 Neuromodulators -- 6.3.3 Theta and Gamma Oscillations -- 6.3.4 Excitability -- 6.4 Models of the Amygdala in Fear and Extinction. , 6.4.1 Fear Engram -- 6.4.2 Context -- 6.4.3 Endocannabinoids -- 6.4.4 Hebbian Plasticity -- 6.5 A New Model of the Amygdala in Extinction -- 6.5.1 Incorporating Local Inhibitory Mechanisms for LAd, BAF and BAE Neurons in the Model -- 6.5.2 Control of the CeM Output Neurons in the Model -- 6.6 Considerations of the Model -- References -- 7: Modulation of the Core Synaptic Network in Extinction: The Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor -- 7.1 BDNF Function at Synapses in the Core Neural Network for Extinction -- 7.1.1 BDNF-Mediated Synaptic Interactions Between the BLA, IL and HPC in Extinction -- 7.1.2 BDNF Autoregulatory Loops -- 7.1.3 BDNF Support for Long Periods of Long-Term Potentiation (lLTP) -- 7.2 The Role of the MeCP2 Complex in Extinction -- 7.2.1 MeCP2 Phosphorylation and Neural Activity -- 7.2.2 MeCP2S421 Activity -- 7.2.3 MeCP2S421/S424 Activity -- 7.2.4 MeCP2S80 Activity -- 7.2.5 MeCP2 Residues at S80, S421 and S424 -- 7.2.6 The MeCP2 Hypothesis for Activity-Dependent Transcription of BDNF -- 7.3 Hypotheses Concerning Mechanisms for Extending Periods of Extinction -- 7.3.1 Spine Loss and the Need to Block Glucocorticoids -- 7.3.2 Maintaining lLTP Through Enhanced Basal Levels of BDNF -- 7.3.3 Enhancing Basal Levels of BDNF Through Phosphorylation of MeCP2 Residues -- References -- Appendix A: F-Actin Determination of Dendritic Spine Integrity -- A.1 Introduction -- A.2 Treadmilling Model -- A.2.1 Polymerization and Depolymerization -- A.2.2 Density of Minus Ends -- A.2.3 Steady-State Solutions -- A.2.4 Monte Carlo Simulation -- A.2.5 Parameter Values -- A.2.6 Results for Treadmilling Model -- A.3 Recycling of F-actin -- A.3.1 Inclusion of NMDA -- A.3.2 NMDA and Profilin -- A.3.3 Steps in the Calculation -- A.3.4 NMDA and Cofilin -- A.3.5 Results for Recycling Model -- A.4 Discussion -- Appendix B: Regulation of NMDA Receptors. , B.1 NMDA Receptor Control of Dendritic Spine Formation and Regression.

Anmerkung: Intro -- CONTENTS -- Introduction by Daniel Robinson vii -- THE ARGUMENT -- Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience: The Introduction, M. R. Bennett and P.M.S. Hacker -- Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience: An Excerpt from Chapter 3, M. R. Bennett and P.M.S. Hacker -- Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience: An Excerpt from Chapter 10, M. R. Bennett and P.M.S. Hacker -- Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience: An Excerpt from Chapter 14: The Concluding Remarks, M. R. Bennett and P.M.S. Hacker -- Neuroscience and Philosophy Maxwell Bennett -- THE REBUTTALS -- Philosophy as Naive Anthropology: Comment on Bennett and Hacker, Daniel Dennett -- Putting Consciousness Back in the Brain: Reply to Bennett and Hacker, Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience, John Searle -- REPLY TO THE REBUTTALS -- The Conceptual Presuppositions of Cognitive Neuroscience: A Reply to Critics Maxwell Bennett and Peter Hacker -- Epilogue: Maxwell Bennett -- Still Looking: Science and Philosophy in Pursuit of Prince Reason, Daniel Robinson -- NOTES.