Note: Intro -- Introduction -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Geology and Chemistry at the Surface -- 1.1 The Geological Framework of Surface Geochemistry -- 1.1.1 Movement of Materials -- 1.1.2 Physical Constraints -- 1.1.2.1 Slope Failure and Transport -- 1.1.2.2 Resistance to Erosion -- 1.1.2.3 Water Transport of Dissolved and Suspended Material -- 1.1.2.4 Wind Transport -- 1.1.3 Chemical Effects -- 1.1.4 Alteration: Rock to Soil Transformation -- 1.1.4.1 Alteration and the Development of Alteration Profiles: Water Rock Interaction -- 1.1.4.2 Physical-Chemical Interactions -- 1.1.5 Alteration Profile -- 1.1.5.1 Water-Rock Interface -- 1.1.5.2 Alterite Zone -- 1.1.5.3 Soil Zone -- 1.1.5.4 Consequences of Alteration: Physical and Chemical Aspects -- 1.1.6 Plant and Soil -- 1.1.6.1 Erosion, the Movement of Matter and the Role of Plants -- 1.1.6.2 Chemical Conditions of the Rock-Alteration Transition -- 1.2 Chemical Elements and Associations in Surface Environments -- 1.2.1 Affinities of the Major Elements and Surface Geochemistry -- 1.2.2 Agents of Change -- 1.2.2.1 Oxygen -- 1.2.2.2 Water -- 1.2.3 Bonding Between Elements -- 1.2.4 Cation Substitutions -- 1.2.5 Chemical Types of Atoms and Multi-element Units -- 1.2.5.1 Anions and Cations -- 1.2.5.2 Cations and Oxygen Ions (Oxoanions) -- 1.2.6 Reduction of Oxoanions -- 1.2.6.1 Redox Cations (Transition Metals) -- 1.2.6.2 Heavy Metal Elements -- 1.2.7 Metals -- 1.2.7.1 Oxyhydroxide -- 1.2.8 Special Elemental Groups -- 1.2.8.1 Rare Earth Elements (Lanthanides) -- 1.2.8.2 Transuranic Radionuclides -- 1.2.9 Association of the Elements in Phases (Minerals) at the Surface -- 1.2.9.1 Oxoanions -- 1.2.10 Elements in Surface Phases -- 1.2.10.1 Atomic Substitutions within Crystals -- 1.2.11 Silicates -- 1.2.12 Oxides and Hydoxides -- 1.2.13 Carbonates -- 1.2.14 Phosphates -- 1.2.15 Sulfates. , 1.2.16 Substitutions of Ions in Mineral Structures -- 1.2.17 Mineral Surface Reactions -- 1.2.18 Summary -- 1.3 Useful Source Books -- Chapter 2: Elements in Solution -- 2.1 Ions and Water -- 2.1.1 Ions -- 2.1.2 Ions in Water -- 2.1.3 Inner Sphere: Outer-Sphere Attractions -- 2.1.4 Attraction of Ions to Solids: Absorption-Adsorption -- 2.2 Absorption (Outer-Sphere Attraction and Incorporation Within the Mineral Structures) -- 2.2.1 Dynamics of Interlayer Absorption of Hydrated Cations in Clay Minerals -- 2.2.1.1 Selectivity of Cations -- 2.2.1.2 Hydration and Ion Exchange -- 2.2.1.3 Hydration State of Ions in Clay Minerals -- 2.2.1.4 Dehydration and Layer Collapse -- 2.3 Adsorption (Inner-Sphere Surface Chemical Bonding) -- 2.3.1 Edge Surface Sites and their Interactions with Cations and Anions -- 2.3.2 Origin of the Surface Charge of Soil Minerals -- 2.3.3 Acid-Base Reactions at the Surface of Minerals and the Notions of Points of Zero Charge -- 2.3.4 What Is the Significance of PZCs? -- 2.3.5 Ions and Factors Affecting their Attraction to Solids -- 2.3.5.1 Cations -- 2.3.5.2 Oxoanions -- 2.3.5.3 CEC -- 2.4 Eh-pH Relations: The Effects of Redox Reactions -- 2.4.1 Eh and pH in Weathering -- 2.5 Observation of Absorption Phenomena for Some Specific Elements in Solution -- 2.5.1 Transuranium Elements -- 2.5.2 Lanthanides -- 2.5.3 Transition and Other Metals -- 2.5.4 Oxides and Oxyhydroxides: Complex Cases -- 2.5.5 Summary -- 2.5.6 Soils and Cation Retention: Clays Minerals Versus Organic Material -- 2.5.7 Surface Precipitation of New Phases -- 2.6 Summary -- 2.6.1 Controlling Factors -- 2.7 Useful References -- Chapter 3: Weathering: The Initial Transition to Surface Materials and the Beginning of Surface Geochemistry -- 3.1 Alteration Processes: Oxidation, Hydration, and Dissolution. , 3.1.1 Air and Water: Interaction of the Atmosphere and Aqueous Solutions -- 3.1.2 Oxidation -- 3.1.3 Hydrolysis -- 3.1.4 Hydration -- 3.1.5 Biological Weathering -- 3.1.6 Rocks and Alterite Compositions -- 3.2 Weathering (Water-Rock Interaction) -- 3.2.1 Initial Stages of Weathering: Major Elements -- 3.2.2 Silicate Mineral Transformations: The Origins of Alteration -- 3.2.3 Rock Alteration: Gain and Loss of Major Elements -- 3.2.4 Rock Types and Element Loss or Gain in the Alterite Material -- 3.2.5 Granite Alterite -- 3.2.5.1 Basalt Alterite -- 3.2.6 Weathering Profiles and the Soil Zone -- 3.2.7 Alterite Chemical Trends -- 3.2.8 End Member Alterite Products: Laterites and Bauxites -- 3.3 Rock Weathering: Minor Elements -- 3.3.1 Major, Minor, and Trace Element Affinities -- 3.3.1.1 Alkali and Alkaline Earth Elements -- 3.3.2 K-Rb -- 3.3.3 Ca-Sr -- 3.3.4 Ca-Ba -- 3.3.5 Li -- 3.3.6 Cs -- 3.3.7 Transition Metal Elements -- 3.3.8 Oxides and Associations of Elements -- 3.3.9 Importance of Oxidation State (Solubility of Oxide) -- 3.3.10 Co -- 3.3.11 Ni -- 3.3.12 Zn -- 3.3.13 Cu -- 3.3.14 V and Cr -- 3.3.15 Some Heavy Trace Elements Bi, Cd, Sb, Sn, Pb, As, Hg -- 3.3.16 Elements in Refractory Phases (Very Low Solubility and High Chemical Stability) -- 3.3.17 Summary of Minor Element Relations -- 3.4 Following the Elements -- 3.5 Useful References -- Chapter 4: Soils: Retention and Movement of Elements at the Interface -- 4.1 Background Setting -- 4.1.1 Soil Development Types -- 4.1.1.1 Immature Soils -- 4.1.1.2 Temperate Climate Soils -- 4.1.1.3 Mature Soils -- 4.1.2 Summary -- 4.2 Chemical Uplift by Plants -- 4.2.1 The Chemical Effects -- 4.2.1.1 Potassium and Silica -- 4.2.1.2 Climate and Chemical Uplift -- 4.2.1.3 Time -- 4.2.2 Elements in Soils -- 4.2.2.1 Fe -- 4.2.2.2 Phosphorous -- 4.2.2.3 Boron -- 4.2.2.4 Transition Metals. , 4.2.3 Correlative Effects -- 4.2.4 Uplift Dynamics -- 4.3 Chemical Controls Engendered by Plants -- 4.3.1 Soil pH -- 4.3.1.1 pH as a Major Factor for Minor Element Cation Retention and Movement in Soils -- 4.3.2 Modelling Cation Absorption to Describe Experimental Observation -- 4.3.2.1 Plant Uplift Action and Minor Elements in Soil Profiles -- 4.3.3 Profiles and Uplift of Minor Elements -- 4.3.3.1 Concentration of Mineral Elements of Minor Abundance by Plants -- 4.3.3.2 Elemental Concentration by Plants Exterior to the Metabolic System -- 4.3.4 Cases of Minor Elements Retention in Soils -- 4.3.4.1 Rare Earth Elements -- 4.3.4.2 Zinc -- 4.3.4.3 Copper -- 4.3.4.4 Arsenic and Antimony -- 4.3.5 Summary -- 4.3.5.1 Movement in Soils -- 4.4 Useful Texts -- Chapter 5: Transport: Water and Wind -- 5.1 Water Transport Materials -- 5.1.1 Materials Present in Transport Waters -- 5.1.2 Alteration Products in Rivers -- 5.1.3 Dissolved Material and Colloidal Material -- 5.1.3.1 Major Abundance Soluble Elements -- Cations Ca, Na, K, Mg -- 5.1.3.2 Elements of Low Solubility -- 5.1.3.3 Soluble Elements, Major and Trace Abundances -- 5.1.3.4 Insoluble Trace Elements -- 5.1.4 Suspended Matter -- 5.1.4.1 Major Elements -- 5.1.4.2 Minor Elements -- 5.1.5 Comparison of Dissolved and Particulate Matter in a River -- 5.1.5.1 Soluble Elements -- 5.1.5.2 Elements of Low Solubility -- Al and Fe -- 5.1.5.3 Minor Elements and Insoluble Elements -- Co-Fe -- 5.1.6 Rivers and Seawater: The Deltas -- 5.1.7 Summary: River Transport -- 5.2 Wind-Borne Materials -- 5.2.1 Types of Loess -- 5.2.1.1 Cold Loess -- 5.2.1.2 Hot Loess -- 5.2.2 Volcanic Ash -- 5.2.2.1 Volcanic Input -- 5.2.2.2 Wind Transport of Special Elements -- Nitrogen -- Mercury -- 5.2.3 ``Human Loess´´ -- 5.2.3.1 Industrial Input -- Sulfur -- Organic Matter -- 5.2.3.2 Gases and Dust Particles: Reactions During Transport. , 5.2.3.3 Radioactive Fallout -- 5.2.4 Summary -- 5.3 Geochemical Alteration of Loess and Volcanic Materials at the Surface and the Effect of Plants -- 5.3.1 Major Elements -- 5.3.2 Minor Elements -- 5.3.3 Soluble Elements -- 5.3.4 Transition Metals and Heavy Elements -- 5.3.5 Summary -- 5.4 Summary: Transport by Wind and Water -- 5.5 Useful References -- Chapter 6: Sediments -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Freshwater Sedimentation: Lakes and Streams -- 6.2.1 Fe Effect -- 6.2.1.1 Water Column in Freshwater Sedimentation -- 6.2.2 The Ferrous Wheel -- 6.2.2.1 Freshwater Sediments -- 6.2.2.2 Sulfur Effect -- 6.2.2.3 Phosphorous -- 6.2.3 Diagenesis and Migration -- 6.3 Sedimentation in Saltwater and Salt Marshes -- 6.3.1 Fe and S in Salt Marsh Sediments: Oxidation Effects -- 6.3.1.1 Iron -- Oxidation -- Reduction -- 6.3.1.2 Sulfur -- 6.3.1.3 Clay Phases -- 6.3.1.4 Phosphorous -- 6.3.1.5 Uranium in Salt Marsh Sediments -- 6.3.1.6 Mercury in Salt Marshes -- 6.4 Element Concentration -- 6.4.1 Rare Earth Elements in the Alteration-Transportation-Deposition Cycle -- 6.4.2 Sedimentary Iron Deposits -- 6.5 Evaporites and Concentrated Saline Solutions -- 6.5.1 Carbonates -- 6.5.2 Silicates -- 6.5.3 Phosphates -- 6.5.4 Sulfates -- 6.5.5 Salts -- 6.5.6 Oxyonions in the Last Stages of Evaporite Mineral Formation -- 6.5.6.1 Boron -- 6.5.7 Mineral Associations in Evaporite Deposits -- 6.6 Summary -- 6.6.1 Particulate Material Sediments -- 6.6.2 Evaporites and Organically Precipitated Materials -- 6.7 Useful References -- Summary -- Geochemical Cycle at the Surface: Origins of Chemical Change and the Resulting Movement of Elements -- Major Actors in Chemical Change: Water, Air, and Biological Action -- Geochemical Principles -- Chemical Trends of Alteration -- Soils -- Transport of Alterite Materials -- Sedimentation -- Evaporites -- Bibliography.

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