Note: Intro -- Introduction to the Problem and Aims -- References -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Urban Morphology and Databases -- 1 Facilitating Advanced Urban Meteorology and Air Quality Modelling Capabilities with High Resolution Urban Database and Access Portal Tools -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Approach -- 1.3 Features of Nudapt -- 1.3.1 Morphology Databases and Urban Canopy Parameters (UCP) -- 1.3.2 Relevant Ancillary Data -- 1.3.3 NUDAPT Design Concept -- 1.4 Discussion and Summary -- References -- 2 Relating Small-Scale Emission and Concentration Variability in Air Quality Models -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Formulation -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.4 Results -- 2.5 Conclusions -- 2.6 Appendix: Other Closures Used for Prognostic Equation for the Variance of Pollutant Concentration -- References -- 3 Performance of Different Sub-Grid-Scale Surface Flux Parameterizations for Urban and Rural Areas -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methodology -- 3.2.1 Model Set-Up -- 3.2.2 Simulated Situations -- 3.2.3 Result Evaluation -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Parameterizations of Urban Canopy -- 4 How to Use Computational Fluid Dynamics Models for Urban Canopy Parameterizations -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Averaging Schemes in Mesoscale Models -- 4.3 The Role of CFD Models -- 4.4 An Example -- 4.5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Review of Japanese Urban Models and a Scale ModelExperiment -- 5.1 Urban Models Developed in Japan -- 5.1.1 Simple Urban Canopy Models in Japan -- 5.1.2 Computational Fluid Dynamics Models in Japan -- 5.2 Scale Model Experiments -- 5.2.1 Brief Review of Reduced Scale Model Experiments for Urban Climate -- 5.2.2 Comprehensive Outdoor Scale Model -- COSMO -- Experiments for Urban Climate -- References. , 6 Urban Soil-Canopy-Atmosphere Exchangesat Submesoscales: Learning from ModelDevelopment, Evaluation, and Coupling with LES -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Model Development -- 6.3 Model Validation and Implementation -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 The Effect of Stratification on the AerodynamicRoughness Length -- 7.1 Introduction -- References -- Part III Strategy for Urbanization of Different Types of Models -- 8 FUMAPEX Experience of Model Urbanisation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methodology for Urbanization of City-Scale Meteorological Models -- 8.2.1 FUMAPEX Strategy to Improve NWP and Meso-Scale Meteorological Models for Urban Areas -- 8.2.2 Urban Fluxes and Sublayer Parameterisation -- 8.3 Results and Recommendations -- 8.3.1 Experience of Model Urbanisation -- 8.3.2 Further Improvements in NWP and UAQ Forecasting Systems -- References -- 9 Evolution of Urban Surface Exchange in the UK Met Offices Unified Model -- 9.1 Basic Approach -- 9.2 Heterogeneity -- 9.3 The Urban Tile, Thermal Canopy, Roughness Lengths for Heat and Anthropogenic Heat Flux -- 9.4 The Two-Tile Approach -- 9.5 Summary -- References -- 10 Sensitivity Tests in the Dynamical and Thermal Partof the MRF-Urban PBL Scheme in the MM5 Model -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Methodology -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part IV Evaluation and Case Studies/Observations -- 11 Urban Surface Energy Balance Models: Model Characteristics and Methodology for a Comparison Study -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Urban Surface Energy Balance Models -- 11.2.1 Model Outputs -- 11.2.2 Representation of the Urban Environment -- 11.2.3 Model Inputs -- 11.2.4 Methods of Calculation -- 11.3 Methodology for the Model Comparison -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Measuring Meteorology in Urban Areas Some Progress and Many Problems -- 12.1 Introduction. , 12.2 The Height of the Boundary Layer -- 12.3 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Derivation of Vertical Wind and Turbulence Profiles, the Mixing-Layer Height, and the Vertical Turbulent Exchange Coefficient from Sodar and Ceilometer Soundings in Urban Measurement Campaigns -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Results -- 13.2.1 Profiles and Diurnal Variation of Mean Wind Speed -- 13.2.2 Profiles and Diurnal Variation of the Variance of the Vertical Wind Component -- 13.2.3 Stratification of the Urban Boundary Layer and Mixing-Layer Height -- 13.2.4 Turbulent Viscosity -- 13.3 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 14 Verification and Case Studies for Urban Effects in HIRLAM Numerical Weather Forecasting -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Methodology -- 14.2.1 DMI-HIRLAM NWP Modelling and Meteorological Data -- 14.2.2 Approach Based on Improved Urban Roughness and Anthropogenic Fluxes -- 14.2.3 Building Effect Parameterization -- 14.3 Results and Discussions: Sensitivity Tests and Verification for Copenhagen Metropolitan Areas -- 14.3.1 Modified Urban Roughness and Anthropogenic Fluxes -- 14.3.2 Modified Urban Building Effects -- 14.3.3 Overall Urbanized NWP Performance -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Model Urbanization Strategy: Summaries,Recommendations and Requirements -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Fitness-for-Purpose Guidance -- 15.3 Strategy to Urbanize Different Types of Models -- 15.4 Overview of Major Applications -- 15.4.1 Numerical Weather Prediction and Meso-Meteorological Models -- 15.4.2 Urban Air Pollution and Emergency Response Models -- 15.4.3 Multiscale Atmospheric Environment Modeling -- 15.4.4 Urban Pollution and Climate Integrated Modeling -- 15.5 Database and Evaluation Aspects of Urbanized Models -- 15.5.1 Database Requirements -- 15.5.2 Evaluation -- 15.6 Potential Community Activities -- References -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2. , Colour Plate -- Index.