Anmerkung: Cover -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1. Marine biodiversity: its past development, present status, and future threats -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 What is biodiversity? -- 1.3 Comparing marine and terrestrial biodiversity -- 1.4 The rise of marine biodiversity -- 1.5 The distribution of marine biodiversity -- 1.6 Human impacts on marine biodiversity -- 1.7 The relationship between global climate and marine biodiversity -- 1.8 Could marine biodiversity be facing large-scale climate-induced extinction? -- 1.9 Additional impacts of CO[sub(2)] on the marine environment -- 1.10 Hypoxia and 'dead zones' -- 1.11 Summary -- 2. Biodiversity in the context of ecosystem function -- 2.1 Historical development of the concept -- 2.2 Biological diversity-meaning and measurement -- 2.3 Biodiversity in the context of function -- 2.4 Conclusions -- 3. Ecosystem function and co-evolution of terminology in marine science and management -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 What's in a name? Ecosystem function -- 3.2.1 Ecosystem function defined -- 3.3 Measuring ecosystem function -- 3.4 Ecological terms and the co-evolutionary model -- 3.5 Co-evolution, policy drivers, and opportunities -- 3.6 Conclusions -- 4. Ecological consequences of declining biodiversity: a biodiversity-ecosystem function (BEF) framework for marine systems -- 4.1 The significance of marine biological diversity -- 4.1.1 Significance -- 4.1.2 A three-point framework for marine biodiversity -- 4.2 Marine biodiversity and ecosystem function -- 4.2.1 Daunting scales -- 4.2.2 Marine biodiversity -- 4.2.3 Marine ecosystem functioning -- 4.3 Marine biotic impoverishment -- 4.4 Marine BEF findings -- 4.5 The fundamental marine BEF relationship in abstraction -- 4.5.1 Where's the inflection point? -- 4.5.2 The BEF curve for marine systems -- 4.6 Synthesis -- 4.6.1 A simple but telling marine BEF framework. , 4.6.2 Remember the humongous multipliers -- 4.6.3 Future directions -- 4.7 Conclusions -- 5. Lessons from the fossil record: the Ediacaran radiation, the Cambrian radiation, and the end-Permian mass extinction -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Strengths and limitations of the geological record -- 5.3 Ediacaran ecosystems -- 5.3.1 Productivity-biodiversity relationship -- 5.3.2 Influence of bioturbation on ecosystem functioning -- 5.3.3 Species richness-functional diversity relationship -- 5.4 Cambrian ecosystems -- 5.4.1 Productivity-biodiversity relationship -- 5.4.2 Influence of bioturbation on ecosystem functioning -- 5.4.3 Species richness-functional diversity relationship -- 5.5 The end-Permian mass extinction and its aftermath -- 5.5.1 Environmental changes during the late Paleozoic to early Mesozoic -- 5.5.2 Permian-Triassic marine nutrient levels and primary productivity -- 5.5.3 Productivity-biodiversity-biomass relationship -- 5.5.4 Discussion -- 5.6 Conclusions -- 6. The analysis of biodiversity-ecosystem function experiments: partitioning richness and density-dependent effects -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Partitioning richness and abundance effects -- 6.3 Empirical example -- 6.3.1 Experimental layout -- 6.3.2 Fitting the mixed-effect model and evaluating contrasts -- 6.4 Results -- 6.5 Conclusions -- 7. The importance of body size, abundance, and food-web structure for ecosystem functioning -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Historical context and the evolution of an idea -- 7.2.1 Integrating body mass, abundance, and food-web structure into biodiversity and ecosystem functioning studies -- 7.3 The relevance of body mass to biodiversity-ecosystem functioning research -- 7.4 Abundance, body mass, and species diversity patterns -- 7.5 Conclusions -- 8. Effects of biodiversity-environment conditions on the interpretation of biodiversity-function relations. , 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methods of analysis -- 8.2.1 Compilation of publications -- 8.2.2 Calculation of effect sizes -- 8.2.3 Extraction of data -- 8.2.4 Statistical Analysis -- 8.3 Are alternative drivers of change more important than species richness for ecosystem properties? -- 8.3.1 Summary of studies focusing on relationship between species richness and ecosystem properties -- 8.3.2 Effects of species richness and/or additional drivers of change on ecosystem properties -- 8.3.3 Distinguishing the effects of biodiversity, the abiotic and/or biotic environment on ecosystem properties -- 8.4 Conclusions -- 9. Extending the approaches of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning to the deep ocean -- 9.1 Deep-sea ecosystems: characteristics, biodiversity, and functioning -- 9.2 Approaches to the investigation of deep-sea biodiversity and ecosystem functioning -- 9.2.1 Biodiversity metrics -- 9.2.2 Functional diversity -- 9.2.3 Deep-sea ecosystem functioning -- 9.2.4 Variables used for measuring ecosystem efficiency -- 9.3 Relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the deep sea -- 9.4 Relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in different deep-sea ecosystems -- 9.5 Conclusions and perspectives -- 10. Incorporating extinction risk and realistic biodiversity futures: implementation of trait-based extinction scenarios -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 How to implement non-random extinction scenarios -- 10.3 Case study: implications of regional biodiversity loss on carbon cycling in the shelf sea sediments of the North Sea -- 10.3.1 Study sites and data collection -- 10.3.2 Benthic bioturbation characterization -- 10.3.3 Modelling -- 10.3.4 Estimating non-linear changes in ecosystem functioning -- 10.4 Results and discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions and recommendations. , 11. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: an ecosystem-level approach -- 11.1 The need to work at seascape scales -- 11.2 Building a credible evidence base -- 11.3 Case study 1: The Ythan estuary, Scotland -- 11.3.1 Biodiversity in the two periods -- 11.3.2 Ecological functioning in the two periods -- 11.4 Case study 2: Hawaii and the northern Line Islands, central Pacific -- 11.4.1 Hawaii -- 11.4.2 Northern Line Islands -- 11.5 Effects of fishing on fish assemblage structure -- 11.5.1 Hawaii -- 11.5.2 Northern Line Islands -- 11.6 Implications for ecosystem function -- 11.7 Conclusions -- 12. Multitrophic biodiversity and the responses of marine ecosystems to global change -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 How and why biodiversity is changing in oceans and estuaries -- 12.3 Lessons learned: different designs for different questions -- 12.4 Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the Anthropocene -- 13. Reality check: issues of scale and abstraction in biodiversity research, and potential solutions -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 At which spatial and temporal scales have most biodiversity-ecosystem function (BEF) studies been conducted to date? -- 13.3 What important ecological processes or patterns may be lost in abstracting BEF experimental systems from natural ecosystems? -- 13.4 Does the reduced temporal/spatial scale or compromised ecological realism of marine BEF studies affect our ability to extrapolate results to other systems? -- 13.5 Relative merits of different approaches to overcoming limitations of BEF studies -- 13.5.1 Empirical research to elucidate ecological concepts -- 13.5.2 Empirical research for direct application to management/conservation -- 13.6 Conclusions -- 14. Why bother going outside: the role of observational studies in understanding biodiversity-ecosystem function relationships. , 14.1 The role of observation in the design, execution, and interpretation of BEF relationships -- 14.2 The heterogeneous nature of seafloor landscapes -- 14.3 Observing the nature of functions -- 14.4 Scaling laws and relevance to BEF -- 14.5 A more integrative approach to empirical research in biodiversity-ecosystem function studies -- 15. Implementing an ecosystem approach: predicting and safeguarding marine biodiversity futures -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Taking an ecosystem approach -- 15.2 Ecosystem services, function, and biodiversity -- 15.2.1 Taking a systems perspective -- 15.2.2 Linking ecology and economics -- 15.3 An economic framework for ecosystem services -- 15.3.1 Valuation of ecosystem services -- 15.3.2 Valuation methods -- 15.4 A framework for implementing an ecosystem approach -- 15.5 Challenges for the future -- 15.5.1 Science needs -- 15.5.2 Policy needs -- 15.5.3 Conclusions -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y.