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  • 1
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 64 (1988), S. 1859-1872 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: A study of plasma-film interactions present during the deposition process of a-Si:H prepared by radio frequency (rf) sputtering in 10 mTorr of either He, Ar, or Xe and 0.5 mTorr H2, at rf power levels of 0.27–3.3 W/cm2 (50–600 W), on nominally unheated substrates, is presented. Measurement techniques included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared (IR) and optical absorption, and electron-spin resonance (ESR). The SEM images indicated that the films prepared in He/H2 at low power are morphologically porous and/or columnar; the evidence suggests that as the rf power is increased, the islands coalesce to form larger ones and the images appear glassy and cracked. IRabsorption spectra indicated that the porous films undergo post-depositional oxidation. A comparison between the observed deposition rates and the rates expected from previously published sputtering yields indicated that resputtering of the growing film is a dominant feature in films deposited in Ar/H2 and Xe/H2 but a weaker one in those grown in He/H2. The dependence of the total H concentration, as determined from the 640 cm−1 IR wagging mode absorption, on the deposition rate, is in reasonable agreement with the kinetic model of Moustakas et al.; the comparison with that model indicates that the product of the sticking coefficient and capture cross section for hydrogen is much lower when depositing in He/H2 than in Ar/H2 or Xe/H2. Theanalysis of the concentration of hydrogen in dihydride and trihydride configurations, as determined from the 850–890 cm−1 IR bending mode absorption, indicated that this quantity is determined by the number of sites available for these configurations and a random statistical process. The number of these available sites is generally much higher in He/H2 sputtered films than in Ar/H2 or Xe/H2 ones, and in the former sputtering medium also sharply increases with decreasing rf power. These observations are in excellent agreement with the picture of dihydride and trihydride configurations residing at internal surfaces, the area of which increases as the rf power is decreased as the film resputtering process weakens and the morphology becomes increasingly porous and/or columnar. Analysis of the ESR measurements indicates that the density of unpaired bonds sharply increases as the dihydride and trihydride, and apparently the internal surface area, also increase. It is also concluded that the density of weak bonds, essentially constructed by the pairing of dangling bonds on the internal surfaces of the film and invisible by ESR, is much largerin the films prepared with He than with Ar or Xe. The optical absorption measurements in the Tauc region indicate that the He/H2 films are considerably more disordered than the Ar/H2 ones; the subgap Urbach slopes of the former are also much larger (as high as 490 meV) than the former and indicate that band tail states originate, to a considerable extent, from weak SiSi bonds created as mentioned above. Finally, it should be noted that the films deposited in Ar/H2 at high power approach device quality, in spite of the relatively low effective substrate temperature, which is around 100–150 °C. The analysis may thus indicate that the source of the special care and attention to the various deposition conditions required in the synthesis of high photovoltaic quality rf-sputtered films may be due to the double role of plasma-film processes, which are both responsible for destroying incipient porous and/or columnar morphology yet introduce other defects into the growing film.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 2
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 62 (1987), S. 1240-1244 
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Quelle: AIP Digital Archive
    Thema: Physik
    Notizen: It is shown that the bulk hydrogen concentration in radio-frequency (rf) sputtered films of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) can be determined from reflected electron energy-loss spectroscopy signals obtained even during ion beam etching of the film. As a result, depth profiling, with a 50-A(ring) depth resolution of the hydrogen concentration, and with 1 at. % accuracy of the a-Si@B:Hx/a-Si@B:Hy multilayer, is achieved. Using this technique to depth profile annealed multilayer samples of rf sputter-deposited a-Si:H, it was found that despite the loss of hydrogen at elevated temperatures the original interface widths are unchanged even after a 500 °C, 1 h anneal. This result contrasts sharply with previous measurements of hydrogen motion in glow-discharge a-Si:H and indicates a significant difference between the two types of a-Si:H with respect to hydrogen motion at elevated temperatures.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Quelle: ACS Legacy Archives
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 4
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    The @Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 11 (1979), S. 173-175 
    ISSN: 0021-9614
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 5
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research/Environmental Mutagenesis and Related Subjects 113 (1983), S. 249-250 
    ISSN: 0165-1161
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Medizin
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 6
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    BBA Specialized Section on Nucleic Acids and Related Subjects 76 (1963), S. 485-487 
    ISSN: 0926-6550
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 7
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    BBA - Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 76 (1963), S. 485-487 
    ISSN: 0006-3002
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie , Chemie und Pharmazie , Medizin , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 8
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Springer
    Der Nervenarzt 69 (1998), S. 737-751 
    ISSN: 1433-0407
    Schlagwort(e): Schlüsselwörter Schizophrenie ; Pharmakotherapie ; Psychotherapie ; Soziotherapie ; Rehabilitation ; Key words Schizophrenia ; Pharmacotherapy ; Psychotherapy ; Social therapy ; Rehabilitation
    Quelle: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Thema: Medizin
    Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Summary Long-term treatment of patients with chronic schizophrenias requires integration of many therapeutic approaches, co-operation of several professions, and regard for the views of patients and relatives. This review deals with practical aspects of pharmacotherapy, psychotherapy, cognitive resp. psychological treatments, social resp. milieu therapy, rehabilitation, interventions based on the concept of Expressed Emotions (EE), psychoeducation and work with relatives. Continuous neuroleptic treatment is indispensable in most cases to achieve social integration. Indications for adding on antidepressants, lithium, carbamazepine, benzodiazepines and other drugs are discussed, as well as treatment of negative symptoms, depression and management of treatment-resistant symptoms. Psychotherapy needs to regard the possibilities of the patient. In the context of a stable long-term relationship, the patient is supported in experiencing himself as a subject capable of action. Effectiveness of cognitive treatments to date is limited. The best results are achieved by social skills training. Social therapy, which aims at the improvement of functional aspects of the patient, is of paramount importance. Improved possibilities for work rehabilitation are contrasted by difficulties in financing long-term social rehabilitation. Interventions based on the EE concept are highly effective, but are rarely used. Programs that merely convey information without targeting behaviour modification are ineffective. The functions of facilities of treatment in the community are explained, the integrative role of case-management is stressed.
    Notizen: Zusammenfassung Die Langzeitbehandlung der chronischen Schizophrenien erfordert die Integration vieler Therapiemodalitäten, die Zusammenarbeit zahlreicher Berufsgruppen und v.a. die Berücksichtigung der Sichtweisen des jeweils Betroffenen und seiner Angehörigen. In dieser Übersicht werden praxisrelevante Aspekte von Pharmakotherapie, Psychotherapie, experimentalpsychologisch begründeten Therapieverfahren, Soziotherapie, Rehabilitation, auf dem Expressed-Emotions-(EE) Konzept aufbauenden Methoden, psychoedukativen Verfahren und der Angehörigenarbeit dargestellt. Eine neuroleptische Langzeitbehandlung ist meist unverzichtbar, um eine anhaltende Besserung der psychischen Funktionen zu erreichen und eine soziale Integration zu ermöglichen. Indikationen für Additiva wie Antidepressiva, Lithium, Carbamazepin, Benzodiazepine und andere Substanzen werden dargestellt. Die Behandlung von Negativsymptomatik und Depression sowie das Vorgehen bei therapieresistenter Symptomatik werden erörtert. Psychotherapeutisches Handeln muß sich an den Möglichkeiten des Patienten orientieren. Im Rahmen eines langfristigen, unerschütterlichen Beziehungsangebotes muß der Betroffene unterstützt werden, sich als aktiv handelndes Subjekt zu erfahren. Die spezifischen Effekte experimentalpsychologisch begründeter Therapieverfahren sind bisher begrenzt. Am günstigsten ist das Training sozialer Fertigkeiten zu beurteilen. Der Soziotherapie als Förderung vorhandener Ressourcen kommt eine übergeordnete Bedeutung zu. Deutlich verbesserte Möglichkeiten beruflicher Rehabilitation kontrastieren mit Finanzierungsproblemen bei langfristiger sozialer Rehabilitation. Verhaltensmodifizierende Interventionen auf Basis des EE-Konzepts sind hochwirksam, werden aber selten angewendet. Reine Informationsvermittlung bleibt ohne Wirkung. Die nichttherapeutische Angehörigenarbeit als selbständiges Aufgabenfeld wird dargestellt. Die Funktion komplementärer Einrichtungen wird erläutert, wobei die integrative Funktion des „case-management” betont wird.
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 9
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    BBA - Enzymological Subjects 76 (1963), S. 485-487 
    ISSN: 0926-6569
    Quelle: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Thema: Biologie
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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  • 10
    Digitale Medien
    Digitale Medien
    Oxford [u.a.] : International Union of Crystallography (IUCr)
    Acta crystallographica 42 (1986), S. 46-49 
    ISSN: 1600-5759
    Quelle: Crystallography Journals Online : IUCR Backfile Archive 1948-2001
    Thema: Chemie und Pharmazie , Geologie und Paläontologie , Physik
    Materialart: Digitale Medien
    Standort Signatur Einschränkungen Verfügbarkeit
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