Note: Intro -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1. Introduction: Celebrating and Understanding Reproductive Diversity -- Part I: General Considerations -- 2. The Distinction between Primary and Secondary Sexual Characters -- 3. The Evolution of Sexes, Anisogamy, and Sexual Systems: Natural versus Sexual Selection -- 4. Rapid Divergent Evolution of Genitalia: Theory and Data Updated -- 5. Killing Time: A Mechanism of Sexual Conflict and Sexual Selection -- Part II: Primary Sexual Characters in Selected Taxa -- 6. Gamete Release and Spawning Behavior in Broadcast Spawning Marine Invertebrates -- 7. Prosobranchs with Internal Fertilization -- 8. Opisthobranchs -- 9. Basommatophoran Gastropods -- 10. Stylommatophoran Gastropods -- 11. An Ancient Indirect Sex Model: Single and Mixed Patterns in the Evolution of Scorpion Genitalia -- 12. Spider Genitalia: Precise Maneuvers with a Numb Structure in a Complex Lock -- 13. Genitalic Evolution in Opiliones -- 14. The Evolution of Male and Female Internal Reproductive Organs in Insects -- 15. Selective Forces Propelling Genitalic Evolution in Odonata -- 16. Postcopulatory Sexual Selection in the Coleoptera: Mechanisms and Consequences -- 17. Fertilization Mode, Sperm Competition, and Cryptic Female Choice Shape Primary Sexual Characters in Fish -- 18. Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Amphibians -- 19. Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Reptiles -- 20. Sexual Conflict and the Intromittent Organs of Male Birds -- 21. Genitalic Traits of Mammals: Systematics and Variation -- 22. The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters in Animals: A Summary -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z.

Note: Cover -- Dragonflies and Damselflies: Model Organisms for Ecological and Evolutionary Research -- Copyright -- List of Contributors -- List of Reviewers -- Contents -- Foreword -- 1 Introduction to Dragonflies and Damselflies, Second Edition -- SECTION 1 Genomics SECTION EDITOR: Alex Córdoba-Aguilar -- 2 Genomic insights into micro- and macro-evolutionary processes in Odonata -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Genomic insights into population processes -- 2.2.1 Dispersal and connectivity -- 2.2.2 Range shifts and other spatial processes -- 2.3 Adaptation and adaptive trait evolution -- 2.3.1 Environmental adaptation -- 2.3.2 Morphological adaptation -- 2.3.3 Life stage-specific adaptation -- 2.4 Genomic variation associated with hybridization and speciation -- 2.4.1 Insights from genome assemblies into species- and order-specific functional traits -- 2.5 Conclusions and future directions -- References -- 3 Transcriptomic insights into Odonata ecology and evolution -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Color vision -- 3.3 Transcriptomic insight into the eco-evolutionary role of color variation -- 3.3.1 Ecological significance of color variation within and between species -- 3.3.2 Evolution of color phenotypes -- 3.3.3 Pigments -- 3.3.4 Structural colors -- 3.3.5 Genes involved in body color formation -- 3.4 Embryogenesis -- 3.4.1 Gene expression during embryogenesis -- 3.5 Phylo-transcriptomics -- 3.6 Future directions -- 3.6.1 Color vision -- 3.6.2 Color -- 3.6.3 Embryogenesis -- 3.6.4 Phylogenomics -- 3.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- SECTION 2 Organismal Studies -- 4 Functional morphology in Odonata -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Head -- 4.3 Head-thorax articulation -- 4.4 Thorax -- 4.5 Wings -- 4.6 Legs -- 4.7 Abdomen -- Method Boxes -- References -- 5 The biomechanics of odonate flight -- 5.1 Flight mechanics -- 5.2 Muscle activation. , 5.3 Wing structure -- 5.4 Flapping wing aerodynamics -- 5.4.1 Leading-edge vortex -- 5.4.2 Stroke plane -- 5.4.3 Planform -- 5.5 Aerodynamic interactions -- 5.5.1 Wing phasing -- 5.6 Flight control and sensing -- 5.6.1 Passive control -- 5.6.2 Active control -- 5.6.3 Predicting sensory inputs -- 5.7 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Odonata immunity, pathogens, and parasites -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Parasites -- 6.2.1 Viruses -- 6.2.2 Bacteria -- 6.2.3 Gregarines -- 6.2.4 Trematodes -- 6.2.5 Water mites -- 6.2.6 Parasitoids -- 6.2.7 Coinfection -- 6.3 Odonate immunity -- 6.3.1 Overview of insect immunity -- 6.3.2 Components of odonate immunity -- 6.4 Ecology and evolution of immunity and parasites -- 6.4.1 PO and food webs -- 6.4.2 Metacommunity structure -- 6.4.3 Coevolution -- 6.5 Future research directions -- 6.5.1 Genetics -- 6.5.2 Microbiome -- 6.5.3 Climate change -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Odonata perception is more than vision -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Adult -- 7.2.1 Antennae -- 7.2.2 Mouthparts and gustatory sensilla -- 7.2.3 The ovipositor sensilla: sensing the plant taste and stiffness -- 7.3 Nymph -- 7.3.1 Antennae -- 7.4 Conclusions and future perspectives -- References -- 8 Thermoregulation in Odonata -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Mechanisms of thermoregulation -- 8.2.1 Ectothermy and behavior -- 8.2.2 Ectothermy and color -- 8.2.3 Endothermy -- 8.3 Global change and thermal limits -- 8.4 Global change and body coloration -- 8.5 Odonate resilience: a link to thermoregulation? -- 8.6 Linking thermoregulation mechanisms to global temperature changes -- 8.7 Some topics for future thermoregulation research -- 8.7.1 Genetics and physiology of thermoregulation -- 8.7.2 Mechanisms of thermoregulation -- 8.7.3 Trade-offs between thermoregulation and other functions. , 8.7.4 Human awareness via insect thermoregulation risk under climate change -- Acknowledgments -- References -- SECTION 3 Population Ecology: Christopher D. Beatty -- 9 Genetic structure, cryptic species, and hybridization causes and evolutionary consequences in Odonata -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Gene flow within species: population genetic structure in odonates -- 9.3 Cryptic species in odonates -- 9.4 Gene flow between species: hybridization in odonates -- 9.5 Conclusions and research directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Odonata survival -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The effect of marking -- 10.3 A review of the literature using marking methods with odonates -- 10.4 The effect of sex and age on survival and recapture rates -- 10.5 The effect of female color polymorphism -- 10.6 Individual and environmental covariates -- 10.7 Conclusions and further research -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Migration in Anisoptera -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Migratory case studies in odonates -- 11.2.1 Anax junius -- 11.2.2 Pantala flavescens -- 11.3 Migration and weather -- 11.4 Migration and reproduction -- 11.5 Population studies in migrating dragonflies -- 11.6 Migrants vs. residents-how might they evolve? -- 11.7 Future directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Dispersal and metapopulation ecology in Odonata -- 12.1 Dispersal biology in ecology and evolution -- 12.2 Dispersal biology in Odonata -- 12.3 Methods for studying dispersal in odonates -- 12.4 Dispersal and population structure -- 12.4.1 Context- and phenotype-dependent dispersal -- 12.4.2 Spatially structured populations -- 12.4.3 Dispersal and species ranges -- 12.5 Dispersal and colonization in the Anthropocene -- 12.5.1 Effects of human alteration of matrix environments on dispersal and habitat colonization -- 12.5.2 Colonization and ecological traps. , 12.6 Future research directions in the study of dispersal in Odonata -- 12.6.1 Dispersal in the context of anthropogenic change -- 12.6.2 Rapidly advancing methods -- 12.6.3 Research across a greater diversity of the world's landscapes -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Biogeographical ecology in Odonata -- 13.1 Introduction to biogeography -- 13.1.1 Biogeographical concepts through history -- 13.1.2 Historical and ecological biogeography -- 13.2 Biogeographic realms and odonate species distributions -- 13.2.1 Nearctic -- 13.2.2 Palearctic -- 13.2.3 Indo-Malayan -- 13.2.4 Australasia -- 13.2.5 Oceanic-Pacific -- 13.2.6 Afrotropics -- 13.2.7 Neotropics -- 13.3 Factors influencing odonate distributions -- 13.3.1 Climatic factors -- 13.3.2 Precipitation -- 13.3.3 Temperature -- 13.3.4 Tracking suitable climates: differences in temperature causes different species compositions -- 13.3.5 Geographic barriers -- 13.3.6 Mountains and plains -- 13.3.7 River basins -- 13.3.8 Glaciation patterns -- 13.4 Considerations of scale in odonate biogeographical analysis -- 13.5 Life history evolution in odonate biogeography -- 13.5.1 Latitudinal differences in voltinism -- 13.5.2 Latitudinal patterns in thermal adaptation and space-for-time substitution studies -- 13.6 Conservation Biogeography -- 13.7 Future directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- SECTION 4 Community Ecology -- 14 Evolutionary community ecology of Odonata -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Interactions in odonates -- 14.2.1 Predation-odonates as prey -- 14.2.2 Predation-odonates as predators -- 14.2.3 Competition -- 14.2.4 Parasitism -- 14.2.5 Reproductive interactions -- 14.3 Natural and sexual selection in communities -- 14.3.1 Selection in larvae -- 14.3.2 Selection in adults -- 14.4 Eco-evolutionary effects in communities -- 14.4.1 Adaptation to biotic interactions. , 14.4.2 Adaptation during range expansion -- 14.5 Future directions and conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 Ecological differentiation, interference, and coexistence in Odonata -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Coexistence theory -- 15.2.1 Local coexistence -- 15.2.2 Regional (non-local) coexistence -- 15.2.3 Interspecific interference and coexistence -- 15.2.4 Intraspecific interference and coexistence -- 15.3 Empirical studies on coexistence and competition in Odonata assemblages -- 15.3.1 Local coexistence -- 15.3.2 Regional coexistence -- 15.3.3 Exploitative competition among larvae -- 15.3.4 Interference competition among larvae -- 15.3.5 Interspecific aggressive and reproductive interference at the adult stage -- 15.3.6 Intraspecific interference at the adult stage -- 15.4 Conclusions and recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 Odonata trophic ecology from hunting behavior to cross-ecosystem impact -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Background to odonate trophic ecology -- 16.2.1 Trophic role of odonates in aquatic food webs -- 16.2.2 Odonate hunting behavior -- 16.2.3 Visual, chemical, and olfactory cues -- 16.3 Shifts and variation in odonate trophic relations -- 16.3.1 Ontogenetic scaling and trophic niche shifts -- 16.3.2 Sex differences in adult diet -- 16.3.3 Carryover effects of larval diet on adult phenotypic traits and fitness -- 16.3.4 Carryover effects of predation risk on adult traits -- 16.3.5 Metamorphosis and shifts from aquatic to terrestrial diets -- 16.4 Trophic and non-trophic interactions in food webs -- 16.4.1 Cannibalism and intraguild predation (IGP) -- 16.4.2 Non-trophic interactions -- 16.4.3 Trophic cascades and cross-ecosystem fluxes -- 16.5 Importance of abiotic factors in odonate trophic ecology -- 16.6 Eco-evolutionary dynamics of trophic interactions -- 16.7 Conclusions and research directions. , Acknowledgments.

Note: Cover -- Insect Behavior: From mechanisms to ecological and evolutionary consequences -- Copyright -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- List of contributors -- CHAPTER 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Introduction -- References -- CHAPTER 2: The genetics of reproductivebehavior -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Reproductive behaviors in insects are polygenic and each gene has a small effect -- 2.2.1 Exploring genetic variation in insect reproductive behavior using quantitative genetics -- 2.2.2 Estimating genetic variance and heritability for phenotypic traits -- 2.2.3 Empirical evidence from quantitative genetics for the polygenic control of reproductive behaviors in insects -- 2.2.4 Revealing specific gene effects through quantitative trait loci mapping and 'omics' approaches -- 2.2.5 Identifying QTLs and candidate genes of interest for insect reproductive behavior -- 2.2.6 Empirical evidence from QTL-based studies examining the polygenic control of reproductive behaviors in insects -- 2.3 Genes that have a major effecton insect reproductive behavior: the exception to the polygenic rule -- 2.4 Genes for reproductive behavior areoften linked to other traits -- 2.4.1 Estimating genetic correlations between traits using quantitative genetics -- 2.4.2 Empirical examples of genetic correlations between reproductive behavior and other traits in insects -- 2.5 Genes can have non-additive effects on reproductive behavior -- 2.5.1 Estimating the effects of dominance and epistasis on phenotype using quantitative genetics -- 2.5.2 Empirical examples of non-additive genetic effects for insect reproductive behavior -- 2.6 Genes for reproductive behavior frequently interact with the environment -- 2.6.1 Estimating GEIs and GSEIs for phenotypic traits using quantitative genetics -- 2.6.2 Empirical examples of GEIs for insect reproductive behavior. , 2.7 Wider evolutionary implications and areas for future research on the genetic architecture of insect reproductive behavior -- References -- CHAPTER 3: Neurobiology -- 3.1 Methods in insect behavioral neurobiology -- 3.2 The insect nervous system -- 3.2.1 General structure -- 3.2.2 Neurons and glia -- 3.3 Control of behavior by characterized brain regions -- 3.3.1 Vision: optic lobes -- 3.3.2 Olfaction: antennal lobes -- 3.3.3 Integration and learning: mushroom bodies -- 3.3.4 Navigation and motor control: central complex -- 3.4 Metamorphosis and nervous system plasticity -- 3.4.1 Restructuring of the nervous system during metamorphosis -- 3.4.2 Plasticity of the adult nervous system -- 3.5 Case study: neurons and circuits for Drosophila sexual behavior -- Acknowledgement -- References -- CHAPTER 4: The role of hormones -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Behavior and hormonally-controlled life-stage transitions -- 4.3 Polyphenisms and behavior -- 4.4 Hormones, receptors, and sensitive periods -- 4.5 Hormonally-induced behaviors associated with moulting and metamorphosis -- 4.6 Hormones and migration -- 4.7 Hormonal control of pheromone production and mating activity -- 4.8 Hormones and parental care -- 4.9 Dominance and social behavior -- 4.10 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 5: Phenotypic plasticity -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Phenotypic plasticity, genes, and environments, and their interaction -- 5.1.2 Sources of behavioral variability -- 5.2 Polyphenisms -- 5.2.1 Social context and polyphenisms -- 5.2.2 Nutritional context and polyphenisms -- 5.2.3 Seasonal context and polyphenisms -- Diapause -- Migration -- 5.3 Gene-by-environment interactions (GxE) -- 5.3.1 The Drosophila foraging gene model -- 5.3.2 Phenotypic plasticity and the Drosophila foraging gene -- 5.3.3 The foraging gene in eusocial insects -- 5.3.4 Pleiotropy and the foraging gene. , 5.3.5 Trade-offs -- Horned and hornless beetles -- Parasitoids -- 5.4 Potential molecular mechanisms of plasticity: behavioral epigenetics -- 5.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 6: Habitat selection and territoriality -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Adult sex roles and behavior -- 6.3 Mating habitats, site selection, and territoriality -- 6.3.1 The spatiotemporal basis of mating habitats -- 6.3.2 The occurrence and economics of site defence -- 6.3.3 Encounter site fidelity -- 6.3.4 Contest form -- 6.4 The logical basis of dyadic contests -- 6.4.1 Fighting ability, resource value, and motivation -- 6.4.2 The availability and assessment of information -- 6.4.3 Convention -- 6.5 The functional basis of competitive ability -- 6.5.1 An empirical framework -- 6.5.2 Physical determinants of RHP -- 6.5.3 Subjective RV and motivation -- 6.6 Residency and role-related phenomena -- 6.6.1 Residency-based convention -- 6.6.2 Contestant roles: know thy challenger? -- 6.6.3 Time-in-residency effects -- 6.6.4 Dear enemies or nasty neighbours? -- 6.7 Future research prospects -- References -- CHAPTER 7: Long-range migration and orientationbehavior -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 What is migration? -- 7.2.1 The migration syndrome -- 7.2.2 A Holistic Model-the Migration System -- 7.3 Migration through the atmosphere -- 7.4 Orientation behavior of insect migrants -- 7.4.1 The initiation of migration and the orientation at take-off -- 7.4.2 Orientation in the 'transmigration' phase -- 7.4.3 The termination of migration: fallout and settling behavior -- 7.5 Some examples of long-range insect flight trajectories and population trajectories -- 7.6 Population consequences of migration -- 7.7 Environmental change and migration -- 7.8 Some outstanding questions and issues in insect migration behavior -- 7.9 Concluding remarks -- References. , CHAPTER 8: Feeding behavior -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Patterns of feeding: control of meals and inter-meal intervals -- 8.3 Automating the recording of feeding behavior -- 8.4 Regulation of multiple nutrient intakes -- 8.5 Physiological and molecular mechanisms of appetite in Drosophila -- 8.6 The geometric framework -- 8.7 Using the geometric framework to map the consequences of feeding behavior for individuals -- 8.8 Microbial associations, parasites, and immunity -- 8.9 Beyond the individual: social interactions -- 8.10 Trophic interactions and ecosystem dynamics -- 8.11 Contribution of insects beyond entomology -- 8.12 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 9: Anti-predator behavior -- 9.1 Overview -- 9.2 Some simple ways of classifying anti-predator defences -- 9.3 Anti-predator behavior as partof a primary defence -- 9.3.1 Seek (or create) a refuge -- 9.3.2 Micro-habitat selection -- 9.3.3 Behavioral mimicry -- 9.3.4 Warning displays -- 9.4 Anti-predator behavior when the primary defence fails -- 9.4.1 Flee -- 9.4.2 Startle defences -- 9.4.3 'Death feigning' (tonic immobility) -- 9.4.4 Fighting back -- 9.5 The comparative approach to understanding variation in anti-predator -- 9.6 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 10: Chemical communication -- 10.1 What is communication? -- 10.2 What makes chemical communication special? -- 10.2.1 Specificity -- 10.2.2 Cost -- 10.2.3 Directionality -- 10.2.4 Speed -- 10.2.5 Persistence -- 10.2.6 Susceptibility to eavesdropping -- 10.2.7 Physical and energetic limits -- 10.2.8 Chemical diversity -- 10.3 The detection versus reliability problem -- 10.4 Chemical compounds as mediators of conflict and resolution -- 10.5 Honest signals -- 10.6 Deceptive signals -- 10.7 Chemical communication and higher-order processes -- 10.8 Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 11: Visual communication. , 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Physiology: structure and optics of the compound eye -- 11.3 Ecology: Senders, receivers, and signalling environments -- 11.3.1 Signal generation -- 11.3.2 Signal transmission -- 11.3.3 Signal reception and processing -- 11.4 Evolution: forms and function of visual communication -- 11.4.1 Visual communication between mates -- 11.4.2 Visual communication between rival conspecifics -- 11.4.3 Visual communication in cooperation among conspecifics -- 11.4.4 Protective signalling to avoid predation -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 12: Acoustic communication -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 The behavioral context for signalling -- 12.2.1 Mate attraction -- 12.2.2 Agonistic interactions between males -- 12.2.3 Spacing -- 12.2.4 Courtship -- 12.3 Signal production -- 12.3.1 Far-field sound -- 12.3.2 Near-field sound -- 12.3.3 Substrate vibration -- 12.4 The transmission channel forthe signal -- 12.4.1 Transmission of air-borne sound:geometric spreading, excess attenuation,and degradation of temporal cues -- 12.4.2 Noise in the air-borne sound channel -- 12.4.3 Transmission of substrate vibrations -- 12.4.4 Noise in the vibratory channel -- 12.5 Localization of the signal -- 12.6 The costs of acousticcommunication: 'unintended receivers' (see 'eavesdropping' in Chapter 10) -- 12.7 The receiver: insect ears -- 12.7.1 Evolution of ears in two behavioral contexts: intraspecific communication andpredator avoidance -- 12.7.2 Receptor organs for near-field and far-field sound and substrate vibrations -- Antennal ears for near-field sound -- Tympanal ears for far-field sound -- Vibration receptors -- 12.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- CHAPTER 13: Reproductive behavior -- 13.1 Introduction to reproductive behavior -- 13.1.1 Basic anatomy and physiology -- 13.1.2 Parental investment -- 13.1.3 Sexual selection. , 13.1.4 Mating systems.