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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 28 (1974), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The morphology of the eyes of 3 salariin Blenniidae have been investigated and compared: Salarias fasciatus (inhabiting the sublittoral), Istiblennius edentulus (eulittoral), and Alticus kirkii (supralittoral). An effective protection against desiccation in A. kirkii is offered by the very thick cornea conjunctiva. Extension of the visual field in this species is achieved by protrusion of the eyes from the head, by recession of the dermal pigment, and by a relatively large lense which allows better perception of marginal rays. The retina of I. edentulus is adapted for amphibious vision by the existence of many prominent swellings and folds, and of a central depression into which the lens can be with-drawn. Thereby, the stronger rays of light retraction present on land are focussed on the swellings, since the retina of the depression is under-developed. The cornea conjunctiva and propria of A. kirkii are separated, and thereby constitute an additional eye chamber. Presumably this cavity possesses a lower refractive index than the cornea or water, and thereby enables sharp vision in air, since the light-concentrating effect of the curved cornea is thus diminished. Additionally, the shape of the cornea propria can be varied, since it is centrally connected with the lens; by this means the eye chamber can be extended, enabling displacement of the tocal point of the light rays to correspond with the momentary residence. The adaptations described here for I. edentulus and for A. kirkii have so far not been reported in other amphibious vertebrates.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Marine biology 13 (1972), S. 238-246 
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Fünf Arten von salariinen Blenniidae (Pisces) wurden hinsichtlich ihrer äußeren Morphologie untersucht und die Ergebnisse in Beziehung zur Lebensweise der jeweiligen Form gesetzt. 2. Von den untersuchten Arten lebt Salarias fasciatus im Sublitoral, Antennablennius hypenetes, Istiblennius flaviumbrinus und I. edentulus im eulitoralen Gezeitenbereich und Alticus kirkii im Supralitoral; alle diese Arten bewohnen felsige Substrate und weiden von diesen den feinen Algenbewuchs ab. 3. Die äußeren morphologischen Anpassungen an die jeweilige Lebensweise können nach 4 Hauptfunktionen geordnet werden: (a) fortbewegung und Festklammern. Die unteren Strahlen der Pectoralia sowie alle gegliederten Analis-Strahlen laufen zu kleinen Häkchen aus. Diese sind bei A. kirkii am kräftigsten, bei S. fasciatus am schwächsten ausgebildet; die anderen Arten nehmen in dieser Hinsicht cine Zwischenstellung ein. Die Zahl der zu Häkchen auslaufenden Pectoralia-Strahlen schwankt zwischen 4 (A. kirkii) und 2 (S. fasciatus). Die Ventralia, deren 4 Strahlen sich auf 2 Teilflossen verteilen, sind bei A. kirkii kurz und breit, bei den anderen 4 Arten aber lang und schlank. Diese Strukturen dienen dem Festhalten an Unebenheiten des Substrats; sie sind bei A. kirkii am besten an diese Aufgabe angepaßt und können von dieser Art sogar zum Klettern an Land verwendet werden. (b) Schutz der Flossen. Die Flossen werden an den Stellen, an denen sie sehr intensiv mit rauhem Substrat in Berührung kommen, von einer Culticula geschützt. Die Cuticula ist besonders dick an den Ventralia, den unteren Pectoralia-Strahlen und an den Spitzen der Analis-Strahlen von A. kirkii, schwächer bei den eulitoralen Formen; bei S. fasciatus ist sie nicht wahrnehmbar. (c) Gasaustausch. Atmungsorgane, die ihre Funktion auf dem Land erfüllen können, wurden in Form von Hautblutgefäßen am Kopf und Körper von A. kirkii, I. edentulus und I. flaviumbrinus entdeckt; bei A. kirkii sind diese am zahlreichsten und stärksten entwickelt. Parallel zur Entwicklung dieser Organe muß bei A. kirkii die Verhaltensweise des “Wälzens” (Magnus, 1966) entstanden sein, die es dem Fisch an Land ermöglicht, die Haut für längere Zeit feucht zu halten. (d) Reizaufnahme. Die Leistung der Sinnesorgane kann nach ihrem äußeren Bau am wenigsten beurteilt werden; es gibt jedoch einige auffallende Unterschiede. Bei A. kirkii fallen die aus dem Kopfprofil hervortretenden Augen auf, die eine Orientierung nach allen Richtungen ermöglichen. Die Seitenlinie von A. kirkii ist bis auf geringe Reste reduziert, während sie bei dem submers lebenden s. fasciatus eine normale Ausbilding erfährt; die anderen 3 Arten nehmen eine Zwischenstellung ein. Die Kopfporen werden bei allen 5 Arten in identischer Weise ausgebildet. 4. Es wird angenommen, daß S. fasciatus und A. kirkii repräsentative Endglieder einer Entwicklungsreihe sind, die in einer konstruktiven Evolution zu der amphibischen Lebensweise hinführte.
    Notes: Abstract The external morphology of 5 species of salariin Blenniidae has been examined. Differences have been established between Salarias fasciatus living in the sublittoral, Antennablennius hypenetes, Istiblennius edentulus and I. flaviumbrinus inhabiting the eulittoral zone, and, especially, Alticus kirkii living on steep rocks of the supralittoral zone. The rays of the anal and (partly) pectoral fins terminate in little hooks; these are most pronounced in A. kirkii and least developed in S. jasciatus. The pelvic fins are short and broad in A. kirkii, but long and slender in the other 4 species. These structures make it possible to cling to uneven substrates. Fins are protected from rough rocks by a well developed cuticula; this is thickest in A. kirkii. Respiratory organs, adapted to function on land, have been discovered in the form of cutaneous blood vessels on the heads and the bodies of A. kirkii, and (less numerous and less developed) in I. edentulus and I. flaviumbrinus. Sensory organs have become specialized in A. kirkii; the eyes protude from the head, and the lateral line is reduced to a small relict. S. fasciatus and A. kirkii must be regarded as terminal representatives of a sequence of development which followed a trend toward the amphibian way of life.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Es wurde die Fauna in 8 Aufwuchsproben aus dem oberen Felslitoral bei Banyuls-sur-Mer (französische Mittelmeerküste) untersucht. Bivalvia und Amphipoda waren am häufigsten vertreten; weniger häufig wurden Nematodes, Polychaeta, Copepoda und Halacaridae angetroffen; andere Tiergruppen kamen nur vereinzelt vor. 2. Der Verdauungstrakt von 67 Individuen der Schleimfischarten Blennius trigloides, B. canevae, B. sphinx, B. incognitus und B. dalmatinus (Blennioidei, Perciformes, Pisces) — aus dem gleichen Biotop wie die Aufwuchsproben — wurde auf seinen Gehalt an aufgenommenen Nährtieren hin untersucht. Amphipoda wurden am häufigsten gefunden, weniger häufig Copepoda und Algen, in geringen Mengen Halacaridae, Bivalvia und Ostracoda. Die übrigen in den Aufwuchsproben enthaltenen Tiergruppen waren nur gelegentlich oder gar nicht im Verdauungstrakt festzustellen. 3. Sämtliche aufgenommenen Hauptnährtiere der Blennius-Arten sind in der Biozönose des untersuchten Aufwuchses enthalten. 4. Die Algen des oberen Felslitorals dienen ebenfalls als Nahrung für die Blennius-Arten. Da sie außerdem als Substrat für die Hauptnahrungstiere Bedeutung haben, wird die enge lokale Bindung dieser Fische an den Standort der Algen verständlich.
    Notes: Abstract Eight epiphytal samples were taken from the upper littoral at Banyuls-sur-Mer (French Mediterranean coast) and the fauna living on the thalli of algae or between bivalves was examined. Intestinal food contents of 67 specimens of 5 Blennius species (B. trigloides, B. canevae, B. sphinx, B. incognitus, and B. dalmatinus) occurring in the same biotope were also investigated. The epiphytal samples consisted of a rich supply of amphipods, bivalves, and algae. Amphipods are the preferred food of the Blennius species examined. These fishes also consume large amounts of copepods and algae, and small quantities of halacarids, bivalves, and ostracods. In addition to serving as a substrate for the main food-animals of the fishes, the algae themselves constitute an important food source. Presumably, for these reasons, the fishes remain close to the area inhabited by the algae on rocky substrates.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 50 (1996), S. 539-549 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 23 (1972), S. 193-231 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. An insgesamt 20 Fundstellen des südlichen und westlichen Mittelmeeres (Abb. 1) wurden ökologische und biologische Untersuchungen bis ca. 1,5 m unter die Wasserlinie vorgenommen, die besonders Schleimfische der GattungBlennius betrafen. 8 der Fundstellen wurden genauer beschrieben und in Profilen dargestellt. Insgesamt konnten 12Blennius-Arten in die Untersuchungen einbezogen werden. 2. NachdemAbel (1962) Angaben über die Tiefenverbreitung und die Licht- und Wohnraumansprüche von 10Blennius-Arten gemacht hatte, wurden hier 4 weitere Arten und weitere ökologische Faktoren berücksichtigt. 3. Auf Grund des Verbreitungsbildes wirdB. cristatus als thermophil,B. dalmatinus als eventuell thermophob bezeichnet, während alle übrigen Arten als eurytherm anzusprechen sind. 4. In bezug auf die Lichtansprüche stellten sich 4 Arten —B. sanguinolentus, B. pavo, B. sphinx undB. dalmatinus — als photophil,B. gattorugine undB. zvonimiri aber als photophob heraus. Die übrigen Arten stellen dagegen keine Lichtansprüche. 5. NurB. pavo undB. dalmatinus erwiesen sich als euryhaline Arten, die auch im Brackwasser zu finden sind. 6. Typische Bewohner der Brandungszone sindB. galerita, B. trigloides undB. cristatus, währendB. sphinx, B. canevae undB. gattorugine als fakultative Besiedler dieses Bereichs anzusehen sind. Alle übrigen Arten meiden in mehr oder weniger ausgeprägtem Maße die Brandungszone, indem sie entweder in tiefere Wasserschichten oder an geschützte Stellen ausweichen. Die Tiefenverbreitung hängt daher weitgehend von dem Faktor Wasserbewegung ab und ist mindestens in ihrer oberen Grenze bei den turbidophoben Arten nicht eindeutig festlegbar. 7. Die Hauptfluchtrichtung steht einerseits mit der Bevorzugung verschieden starker Turbulenzen zusammen. So fliehenB. galerita, B. trigloides, B. sphinx undB. canevae aufwärts, während die meisten übrigen Arten bei Gefahr seitwärts ausweichen. Andererseits resultiert die abwärts gerichtete Flucht vonB. gattorugine undB. zvonimiri aus der Bevorzugung lichtarmer Ökotope. 8. Als morphologische Anpassungen an die durch Wasserbewegung beeinflußten Ökotope konnte die Körpergestalt — rund bis depreß bei den Bewohnern des Brandungsbereiches, kompreß bei den übrigen Arten — und die unterschiedliche Stärke der Flossenstrahlen von Pectoralia, Ventralia und Analis festgestellt werden. Keine Korrelation zum Ökotop besteht dagegen in der Ausbildung des Seitenorgansystems. 9. AußerB. galerita suchen alle übrigen 11 Arten mindestens zur Laichzeit Verstecke auf.B. cristatus, B. gattorugine, B. vandervekeni, B. sanguinolentus, B. pavo undB. trigloides suchen optische (sichtgeschützte) Höhlen auf, während die übrigen Arten enge, ihrem Körperdurchmesser entsprechende haptische Höhlen bevorzugen. 10. Bei einigen Arten wurden ergänzende Beobachtungen über das Balz- und Rivalenverhalten sowie über Färbung und Farbwechsel gemacht. 11. Es wird angenommen, daß die Schaffung verschiedener Ökotope und Mikroklimate Voraussetzung für die Aufspaltung der GattungBlennius in eine große Zahl verschiedener Arten war.
    Notes: Abstract Twelve species of the fish genusBlennius (Blennioidei, Perciformes) have been investigated with regard to their ecological requirements at 20 distinct localities of the western and southern Mediterranean Sea. The species examined respond differently to the environmental factors temperature, light, salinity, and wave-action.Blennius cristatus is a thermophil species, whereasB. dalmatinus may be thermophobe.B. sanguinolentus, B. pavo, B. sphinx, andB. dalmatinus prefer habitats exposed to the sunlight;B. gattorugine andB. zvonimiri inhabit shadow biotopes. One can findB. galerita, B. trigloides, andB. cristatus at the surf-stage normally, whereasB. sphinx, B. canevae, andB. gattorugine are facultative inhabitants of this biotope. The vertical distribution depends on wave-action and, in part, on light. The main escape direction is upward to the water surface by most species inhabiting the surf-stage, downward byB. gattorugine andB. zvonimiri, and laterally by the other species examined. Morphological adaptations to the habitat in the surf-stage are indicated by the round or slightly depressed form of the body, and by the strong rays of the pectoral, pelvic and anal fins. None of theBlennius species examined exhibits ecological requirements similar to those of another species. It is probable that the striking specific radiation of the genusBlennius is rendered possible by the availability of different biotopes and microclimates.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 48 (1994), S. 89-105 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Four helminth parasites out of 19 species found in the Lübeck Bight, Baltic Sea, were chosen for investigations on the transfer from invertebrate to small-sized fish hosts: larvae of the tapewormsSchistocephalus sp. andBothriocephalus sp. (Cestoda) living in planktonic copepods as primary hosts;Podocotyle atomon (Digenea) andHysterothylacium sp. (Nematoda) were found in benthic crustaceans, especiallyGammarus spp. These hosts were the prey of 3 gobiid fishes,Gobiusculus flavescens (feeding mainly on plankton),Pomatoschistus minutus (preferring benthos), andP. pictus (feeding more on plankton than benthos). Because the fishes selected smaller sizes of crustaceans, they ingested all stages of the copepods but only the smaller-sized groups of gammarids which were often less infested by parasites. In order to evaluate the probability for a fish to be parasitized by a helminth, an infestation potential index (IP) was calculated.Podocotyle atomon andHysterothylacium sp. revealed an IP which was far lower in gobies than expected when the prevalences of the previous hosts were taken into consideration. The IP of tapeworm larvae was mainly influenced by the feeding pressure of the gobiid predators, which might change with developmental stage and season. It is concluded that parasite transfer to the next host decreases when sizes of prey and predator differ only moderately. This mechanism can reduce the numbers of parasites transferred to less suitable or wrong hosts.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Parasites were observed in medium- and small-sized fish taken from the discards of a commercial shrimper during seven different cruises in the tidal channels of the North Frisian Wadden Sea (Süderaue, North Sea) from April to September 1991. In total, 442 fish comprising four species (Sprattus sprattus, Hyperoplus lanceolatus, Ammodytes tobianus, Pomatoschistus minutus) were investigated. The parasite fauna consisted of 22 species. The parasite community structure of the 4 hosts was compared. The diet of the hosts seemed to be the main factor determining the structure of the parasite community. Other factors could not be assessed. Eight species of parasites occurred as larval stages. This indicated that fish were intermediate or paratenic hosts in their life cycle. The nematodeHysterothylacium sp. (Anisakidae) and the digeneanCryptocotyle lingua (Heterophyidea) were the dominant parasites, reaching their highest prevalence and density in sprat and sand eel. Sprat and sand eel play a very important role in parasite transmission to predacious fish and seabirds.
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  • 8
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 34 (1980), S. 91-110 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The three syntopic blenniidsLipophrys canevai, L. adriaticus, andL. dalmatinus were investigated off Katarina Island near Rovinj, Yugoslavia, in regard to their habitats and food organisms. The shallow, sheltered rocky sea shore turned out to be the characteristic habitat forL. dalmatinus andL. adriaticus, whereasL. canevai also inhabits surf-exposed biotopes. The overlap of the microhabitats was below 50 %. Algae are the main food of all three species with respect to biomass, but harpacticoids dominated inL. adriaticus and especiallyL. dalmatinus when considering abundance of food organisms. Overlap of trophic niches was high (80 %) betweenL. canevai andL. adriaticus but lower (〈45 %) betweenL. dalmatinus and the other two species. Morphological studies considered external morphology, pigmentation, and anatomy of eyes, including the closely related, cave-dwellingL. nigriceps. This species reveals special adaptations to life in dimly lit biotopes: reduction of the basic melanophore pigmentation, development of clinging organs, and enlargement of eyes and lenses combined with an effective ratio of retinal elements and modes of accommodation. It is concluded that the four species are members of one “Lebensorttyp” (Riedl, 1966) of whichL. nigriceps has superimposed the basic characteristics with specializations to a greater and the other three species to a lesser degree.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Cercariae of the trematodeCryptocotyle concavum, which encyst in skin and/or kidney of sticklebacks and gobies, were studied in the Schlei Fjord (western Baltic Sea). Mean incidence of dermal cysts was 48 % inGasterosteus aculeatus and 37 % inPungitius pungitius. No cysts were found in the kidneys of sticklebacks. While 97 % ofPomatoschistus microps had encysted metacercariae in the kidneys, only 2 % had cysts in the skin.Pomatoschistus minutus, however, showed hardly any cyst infestation of either skin or kidney. InP. microps the intensity of infestation by metacercariae was frequently more than 50 cysts; in contrast, sticklebacks rarely exhibited more than 5 dermal cysts. Infested fish were larger than 10 mm in total length, the incidence rate increasing with growth. Parasitic infestation depends on ambient salinity:C. concavum was not found at salinities below 4 ‰. In contrast to the high incidence in fish, the first hosts — the snailsHydrobia stagnalis andH. neglecta — showed remarkably low infection rates (3 to 5 %). The findings reported are related to the distribution ofC. concavum, the mode of life of infested fish, the feeding habits of the final hosts and the infestation ofP. microps by other parasites. Evidently,P. microps represents an optimal second host forC. concavum.
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  • 10
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    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Helgoland marine research 47 (1993), S. 81-111 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The parasite fauna of five goby species (Gobiidae, Teleostei) was investigated in the Baltic Sea during the period 1987 to 1990. 13 parasite species were found in samples from the Lübeck Bight:Bothriocephalus scorpii, Schistocephalus sp. (Cestoda);Cryptocotyle concavum, Cryptocotyle lingua, Podocotyle atomon, Derogenes varicus (Digenea);Hysterothylacium sp. (cf.auctum),Contracaecum sp.,Anisakis simplex (Nematoda);Corynosoma sp.,Echinorhynchus gadi, Neoechinorhynchus rutili, Pomphorhynchus laevis (Acanthocephala). The number of parasite species were: 10 in the sand gobyPomatoschistus minutus, 8 in the black gobyGobius niger, 7 in the two-spotted gobyGobiusculus flavescens, 6 in the common gobyPomatoschistus microps, and 5 in the painted gobyPomatoschistus pictus. Neoechinorhynchus rutili occurred only inP. minutus, andCorynosoma sp. only inG. niger. The extent to which the gobies were parasitized clearly depended on the respective ways of life and, moreover, on the kind of prey ingested by the hosts. Additionally, the age of the hosts might be important. The highest rate of parasitism, more than 60%, was reached byHysterothylacium sp. inG. niger and byCryptocotyle concavum inP. microps. Infestation incidence lay mostly below 40% which means a satellite species status (Holmes, 1991). The number of parasite species was highest in summer; the highest intensities of single parasites occurred in spring (Podocotyle atomon) or autumn (Crytocotyle concavum).Bothriocephalus scorpii, Hysterothylacium sp. andPodocotyle infested their juvenile hosts very early, but onlyHysterothylacium was accumulated byG. niger during its whole life span, whereasBothriocephalus persisted also in older gobies in low intensities. The cercariae ofCryptocotyle spp. penetrate actively into their hosts; all the other parasites named were transmitted in larval form by prey organisms which consisted mainly of planktonic and benthic crustaceans. The gobies were final hosts for only 5 parasites; but two species may be transmitted to larger fish, and 6 species to sea birds or mammals. The parasite community of the five gobies may possibly be taken to characterize the ecological quality of the environment of the Lübeck Bight.
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