Note: Front Cover -- EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION -- The context of the problem -- Conclusions -- The technical issues -- Arrangement of papers -- Acknowledgements -- CHAPTER 1. FLUIDIC DIVERTER VALVES APPLIED TO INTERMITTENT DOMESTIC HEATING -- Summary -- Intermittent Control -- Sequence of Loads -- Fluidic Diverting Valves -- Energy Consumption of the Heating Circuits -- Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 2. SOME EFFECTS OF VENTILATION RATE, THERMAL INSULATION AND MASS ON THE THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF HOUSES IN SUMMER AND WINTER -- Summary -- Introduction -- Thermal Performance Calculations and Results -- Practical Aspects of Construction including the Moisture Problem -- Conclusions -- References -- CHAPTER 3. THERMAL COMFORT -- Summary -- The Thermal Environment People Prefer -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 4. THE ENERGY COST OF THE CONSTRUCTION AND HABITATION OF TIMBER FRAME HOUSING -- Summary -- Introduction -- Timber Frame Housing -- Energy Cost of Construction -- Energy Cost of Habitation -- References -- CHAPTER 5. ENERGY TO BUILD -- SUMMARY -- MATERIALS -- EXTERNAL SKIN OF BUILDINGS -- INTERNAL STRUCTURE -- CONCLUSIONS -- CHAPTER 6. HEATING BUILDINGS BY WINTER SUNSHINE -- Summary -- Introduction -- Solar Construction -- Economic Viability of a Solar Wall -- Solar Incidence and Sunshine Hours -- Estimates of Glasswall Temperature -- Is A Solar Wall Economic? -- Discussion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- CHAPTER 7. A THERMAL MODEL FOR A SOLAR HEATED BUILDING -- Summary -- Acknowledgement -- References -- CHAPTER 8. Solar Housing -- Summary -- Optimisation of monthly mean daily heat balance of a rectangular building -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 9. THERMAL INSULATION STANDARDS -- Summary -- Current Standards -- Mean U-Values or Volumetric Heat Loss -- Relation with Thermal Capacity -- References. , CHAPTER 10. SOME PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE DESIGN OF LOW ENERGY HOUSING -- PREDICTION OF ANNUAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION -- COSTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 11. THE AUTONOMOUS HOUSING RESEARCH PROGRAMME -- Summary -- Introduction -- Justification -- Large Scale Systems -- Autonomous Systems Integration -- Power -- Water Supply and Food Production -- Design Guide -- Conclusion -- References -- CHAPTER 12. MINIMISING ENERGY COSTS IN BUILDINGS: THE SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL AND POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS -- Summary -- The 'Energy Crisis' -- Energy Use and Conservation in Buildings -- Appropriate Technologies -- Decentralisation -- Implications -- References -- DISCUSSION SESSIONS -- Morning session -- Afternoon session -- List of Participants.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Dedication -- Chapter 1 Fluid Physics in Circulatory Systems - Problems, Analogies and Methods -- Presentation philosophy -- 1.1 Basic Biological Notions and Fluid-Dynamical Ideas -- Conduit flow examples -- Basic continuous flow concepts -- Eulerian versus Lagrangian descriptions -- Steady versus transient models -- Newtonian versus non-Newtonian flows -- Porous media continuum flow models -- Darcy flows in human and animal tissue -- Objectives in conduit and Darcy flow modeling -- 1.2 Quantitative Modeling Perspectives -- 1.2.1 Rheology considerations in conduit flows -- Better arterial flow models needed -- 1.2.2 Darcy flow model in continuous media -- Temperature diffusion -- Darcy flow pressure diffusion -- Important porous media approach -- Relevance of Darcy flows to biofluids -- 1.3 Preview of Complicated but Simple Boundary Value Problem Solutions -- Closing remarks -- 1.4 References -- Chapter 2 Math Models, Differential Equations and Numerical Methods -- 2.1 Presentation Approach -- What we won't do -- Pursuing studies that uncover the physics -- Examples on presentation approach -- 2.2 Diffusion Processes, Partial Differential Equations and Formulation Development -- 2.2.1 Heat transfer applications -- 2.2.2 Heat equation derivation -- 2.2.3 Pressure diffusion in porous media -- 2.2.4 Dynamically coupled heat and pressure diffusion -- 2.3 Boundary-Conforming Curvilinear Grid Generation -- 2.3.1 Comments on classical coordinate transforms and conformal mapping -- 2.3.2 Curvilinear gridding method for irregular domains -- 2.3.2.1 Grid generation for eccentric annular flow -- Mapping formalism and key ideas -- Thompson's mapping -- Some reciprocity relations -- Relation to conformal mapping, finally -- Solutions to mesh generation equations. , Boundary conditions -- Fast iterative solutions -- On Laplacian transformations -- 2.3.2.2 Grid generation for singly-connected conduit flow -- 2.4 Finite Difference Solutions Made Easy - Iterative Methods, Programming and Source Code Details -- 2.4.1 Basic ideas in finite differences -- A simple differential equation -- Variable coefficients and grids -- 2.4.2 Formulating steady flow problems -- Direct versus iterative solutions -- Iterative methods -- Convergence acceleration -- Wells and internal boundaries -- Peaceman well corrections -- Derivative discontinuities -- Point relaxation methods -- Observations on relaxation methods -- Minimal computing resources -- Good numerical stability -- Fast convergence -- Why relaxation methods converge -- Over-relaxation -- Line and point relaxation -- Curvilinear grid generation and relaxation solutions -- Coupled equations on curvilinear meshes -- 2.5 References -- Chapter 3 Hagen-Poiseuille Extensions - Real Flow Effects and General Bifurcations -- 3.1 Blood Rheology and Overview -- 3.1.1 Hagen-Poiseuille - Misunderstandings and limitations -- 3.1.2 Ideal versus non-Newtonian rheology -- 3.1.3 Some conventional rheological models -- 3.1.4 Perfect concentric flow velocity, pressure and flow rate relations -- Newtonian flow solution -- Bingham Plastic pipe flow -- Power Law fluid pipe flow -- Herschel-Bulkley pipe flow -- Ellis fluid pipe flow -- 3.1.5 Example solutions for imperfect arteries with stenosis and book presentation outline -- Book presentation outline -- 3.2 Newtonian Flow in Simple Bifurcations -- 3.2.1 Theory - Two uneven bifurcated blood vessels with Q1 specified -- Case 1. Flow rate Q1 prescribed -- Case 2. Inlet pressure Pi prescribed -- Case 3. Identical outlet pressures Po,2 and Po,3 given -- 3.2.2 Software - Two uneven bifurcated arteries with Q1 specified (Reference, CODE-1). , An example computation -- An additional validation -- 3.2.3 Theory - Two uneven bifurcated arteries with Pi specified -- 3.2.4 Software - Two uneven bifurcated arteries with Pi specified (Reference, CODE-2) -- A practical example -- 3.3 Theory - Complicated Arteries with Chained Bifurcations -- 3.4 Network with Arbitrary Number of Bifurcations -- 3.5 Bifurcated Newtonian Flow in Noncircular Clogged Blood Vessels -- 3.6 References -- Chapter 4 Non-Newtonian Flow in Circular Conduits and Networks -- Bifurcation model and analytical approach -- Different rheological applications -- Validation procedures -- 4.1 Power Law Fluids with Inlet Flow Rate Prescribed -- Iterative "half-step" solution for Pa and Pi -- Shear stress -- Typical parameters -- Example calculations -- 4.2 Herschel-Bulkley Fluids and Yield Stress -- 4.2.1 Analytical and numerical approach -- Yield stress modeling -- 4.2.2 BIFURC-6 runs assuming ôy = 0 psi (Power Law limit) -- 4.2.3 BIFURC-6 runs assuming ôy = 0.00001 psi -- 4.3 Newtonian and Herschel-Bulkley Examples -- Power Law limitations -- 4.4 References -- Chapter 5 Flows in Clogged Arteries and Veins -- 5.1 Hagen-Poiseuille Revisited - Rectangular Coordinates -- Newtonian pipe flow recapitulation -- A physical description -- Detailed assessments -- Recapitulation -- 5.2 Non-Newtonian Power Law Circular Pipe Flow in Rectangular Coordinates -- 5.3 Clinical Implications for Pressure Gradient and Viscous Shear Stress -- 5.4 Evolutionary Approaches for Complicated Geometries -- Static versus evolutionary approaches -- 5.5 A Detailed Clog Flow Computation -- Simulation 1 - Newtonian flow in perfect circle -- Simulation 2 - Power Law flow in perfect circle -- Simulation 3 - Power Law flow in a clogged blood vessel -- 5.6 References -- Chapter 6 Square Stents, Centrifugal Effects, Pulsatile Flow, Clogged Bifurcations and Axial Variations. , 6.1 Stent Geometry Effects on Volume Flow Rate -- 6.1.1 Conventional stents, analytical flow model -- Stent detailed function -- Analytical modeling -- Exact analytical Hagen-Poiseuille solution -- 6.1.2 Finite difference method -- 6.1.3 Square stent designs, analytical and numerical models -- Exact analytical solution for rectangular stents -- Finite difference solution -- Example calculation -- 6.2 General Formulations and Solutions for Complicated Geometries and Arbitrary Fluids -- Recapitulation -- 6.3 Centrifugal Force Influence on Volume Flow Rate -- Straight, closed ducts -- Hagen-Poiseuille flow between planes -- Flow between concentric plates -- Typical calculations -- Flows in closed curved ducts -- 6.4 Unsteady Pulsatile Flow Model for Complicated Duct Cross-Sections -- 6.5 Bifurcated Conduits with Newtonian Flow in Clogged Geometric Cross-sections -- 6.6 Modeling Axial Variations with Pseudo-Three- Dimensional Method -- 6.7 Modeling Transient Wall Effects -- 6.8 Steady Bifurcated Newtonian Flows With Arbitrary Clogs, A Numerical Example -- 6.8.1 Motivating questions and examples -- 6.8.2 Detailed single-element pipe flow solutions -- 6.8.3 Method for bifurcated systems with clogged piping elements -- 6.8.4. Effective radius flow properties -- 6.8.5 Discussion and conclusions -- 6.9 References -- Chapter 7 Tissue Properties from Steady and Transient Syringe Pressure Analysis -- 7.1 Importance of Compressibility, Permeability, Anisotropy, Pressure and Porosity in Medical Applications -- Compressibility -- Permeability -- Anisotropy -- Local pressures -- Porosity -- Additional highlights -- 7.2 Geoscience Perspectives and Background -- 7.3 Formation Testing in Petroleum Well Logging -- 7.4 Operational Guidelines to Biofluids Pressure Testing -- Intelligent syringe concepts. , Multiprobe syringe assemblies for anisotropy and heterogeneity mapping -- 7.5 Intelligent Syringe Fundamentals -- 7.5.1 Background and Motivation -- 7.5.2 Clinical and Diagnostic Objectives -- 7.5.3 Syringe Flow Basics and Porous Media Pressure Conventions -- 7.5.4 Single Intelligent Syringe Basic Layout -- Figure 3A description -- Figure 3B description -- Figure 3C description -- Figure 3D description -- Figure 3E description -- General Comments -- 7.5.5 Syringe Arrays for Heterogeneity Mapping and Biopsy Sampler -- Array syringe and biopsy sampler -- Array syringe general concept -- 7.6 Mathematical Models for Porous Media Flow -- 7.6.1 Transient Isotropic Darcy Flow - Forward Solutions -- 7.6.2 Transient Transversely Isotropic Darcy Flow - Forward Solutions -- 7.6.3 Transient Isotropic and Transversely Isotropic Flow - Inverse Solutions -- 7.6.4 Steady Transversely Isotropic Flow - Inverse Solutions -- 7.6.5 Modeling Notes and Physical Consequences -- Geometric factor -- Flowline compressibility -- Flowline pressure drops -- Pressure effects on tissue -- 7.6.6 Anisotropic Permeabilities from Oscillatory Pressure Fields -- 7.6.7 Formulation for Supercharged Damage Zones -- 7.6.8 General Properties, Calculated Results and Validations -- Example 1. Forward and Inverse Simulations in Isotropic Media Using Drawdown Method -- Example 2. Forward and Inverse Simulations in Transversely Isotropic Media Using Pure Drawdown (or Pure Buildup) Methods -- Example 3. Forward and Inverse Simulations in Transversely Isotropic Media Using Drawdown-Buildup Method -- Example 4. Forward and Inverse Simulations in Transversely Isotropic Media Using Drawdown and Phase Delay Method -- Example 5. Forward and Inverse Simulations in Transversely Isotropic Media for Flows with Nonzero Dip Angle -- 7.6.9 Application to Subcutaneous Injection Yorkshire Swine Laboratory Data. , Experimental Details.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 Motivating Ideas - General Formulation and Results -- 1.1 Overview -- 1.2 Introduction -- 1.3 Physical Model and Numerical Formulation -- 1.3.1 Design philosophy -- 1.3.2 New discretization approach -- 1.3.3 Analytical formulation -- 1.3.4 An alternative approach -- 1.3.5 Solution philosophy -- 1.3.6 Governing equations -- 1.3.7 Finite difference methodology -- 1.4 Validation Methodology -- 1.4.1 Fundamental physics -- 1.4.2 Biot-Savart finite coil validations -- 1.4.3 Analytical dipole validations -- 1.4.4 Fully three-dimensional solutions -- 1.5 Practical Applications -- 1.5.1 Example 1. Granularity transition to coil source -- 1.5.2 Example 2. Magnetic field, coil alone -- 1.5.3 Example 3. Steel mandrel at dip -- 1.5.4 Example 4. Conductive mud effects in wireline and MWD logging -- 1.5.5 Example 5. Longitudinal magnetic fields -- 1.5.6 Example 6. Elliptical coils -- 1.5.7 Example 7. Calculating electromotive force -- 1.5.8 Example 8. Detailed incremental readings -- 1.5.9 Example 9. Coil residing along bed interface -- 1.6 Closing Remarks -- 1.7 References -- 2 Detailed Theory and Numerical Analysis -- 2.1 Overview -- 2.2 Introduction -- 2.2.1 Physical and mathematical complications -- 2.2.2 Numerical challenges -- 2.2.3 Alternative approaches -- 2.2.4 Project summary -- 2.3 Preliminary Mathematical Considerations -- 2.3.1 General governing differential equations -- 2.3.2 Anisotropic model -- 2.3.3 Equivalent vector and scalar potential formulation -- 2.3.4 Recapitulation and mathematical observations -- 2.3.5 Matching conditions at bed interfaces -- 2.3.6 Exact surface charge modeling -- 2.3.7 Constant frequency analysis -- 2.4 Boundary Value Problem Formulation -- 2.4.1 Model for weak charge buildup -- 2.4.2 Distributed surface charge. , 2.4.3 Predictor-corrector model for strong polarization -- 2.4.4 Fully coupled model for strong polarization -- 2.5 Computational Issues and Strategies -- 2.5.1 Alternative computational approaches -- 2.5.2 Difference model at field points within layers -- 2.5.3 Discontinuous functions and normal derivatives -- 2.5.4 Scalar potential solution -- 2.5.5 No limiting assumptions -- 2.5.6 Logging tool mandrels -- 2.5.7 Matrix analysis -- 2.5.8 Programming notes -- 2.5.9 Validation procedures -- 2.6 Typical Simulation Results -- 2.6.1 Example 1. Vertical hole, 20 KHz -- 2.6.2 Example 2. Vertical hole, 2 MHz -- 2.6.3 Example 3. Vertical hole, 2 MHz, collar -- 2.6.4 Example 4. Tilted beds, 45° dip, 20 KHz -- 2.6.5 Example 5. Tilted beds, 45° dip, 2 MHz -- 2.6.6 Example 6. Tilted beds, 60° dip, 2 MHz -- 2.6.7 Example 7. Tilted beds, 75° dip, 2 MHz -- 2.6.8 Example 8. Tilted beds, 90° dip, 2 MHz -- 2.6.9 Example 9. 90° dip, 2 Hz, with collar -- 2.6.10 Example 10. Anisotropic effects -- 2.6.11 Example 11. More anisotropic effects -- 2.6.12 Example 12. Transmitter placement -- 2.6.13 Example 13. More, transmitter placement -- 2.6.14 Example 14. Double bed intersections -- 2.7 Post-Processing and Applications -- 2.7.1 Amplitude and phase -- 2.7.2 Effects of interfacial surface charge -- 2.7.3 Cylindrical radial coordinates -- 2.7.4 Coordinate system notes -- 2.7.5 Magnetic field modeling -- 2.8 Restrictions with Fast Multi-frequency Methods -- 2.8.1 Method 1 -- 2.8.2 Method 2 -- 2.9 Receiver Design Philosophy -- 2.10 Description of Output Files -- 2.10.1 Output 'Answer.Dat' files in rectangular coordinates -- 2.10.2 Output 'Quiklook.Dat' files in rectangular coordinates -- 2.10.3 Output functions in cylindrical coordinates -- 2.10.4 Typical "Point Summary" output -- 2.10.5 Additional simulation files. , 2.10.6 Creating color plots in planes perpendicular to z coordinate surfaces -- 2.11 Apparent Resistivity Using Classic Dipole Solution -- 2.12 Coordinate Conventions for Mud and Invasion Modeling -- 2.12.1 Modeling borehole mud and invaded zones -- 2.13 Generalized Fourier Integral for Transient Sounding -- 2.14 References -- 3 Validations - Qualitative Benchmarks -- 3.1 Overview -- 3.2 Introductory Problems -- 3.2.1 Example 1. Horizontal "coil alone," vertical well in homogeneous unlayered medium -- 3.2.1.1 Validation of results -- 3.2.1.2 Understanding electric fields -- 3.2.1.3 Understanding magnetic fields -- 3.2.1.4 Understanding point summaries -- 3.2.2 Example 2. Vertical "coil alone," horizontal well in homogeneous unlayered medium -- 3.2.3 Example 3. 45 degree "coil alone" problem in homogeneous unlayered medium -- 3.2.4 Example 4. Ninety degree dip, three-layer problem, "coil alone" -- 3.2.4.1 Understanding interfacial surface charge -- 3.2.5 Example 5. Ninety degree dip, three-layer problem, "steel mandrel" -- 3.2.6 Example 6. Forty-five degree dip, three-layer problem, "coil alone" -- 3.2.7 Example 7. Fully 3D, anisotropic, three-layer problem, with non-dipolar transmitter coil residing across three thin beds -- 3.3 Advanced Problems -- 3.3.1 Example 1. Vertical hole, 20 KHz -- 3.3.2 Example 2. Vertical hole, 2 MHz -- 3.3.3 Example 3. Vertical hole, 2 MHz, collar -- 3.3.4 Example 4. Titled beds, 45° dip, 20 KHz -- 3.3.5 Example 5. Tilted beds, 45° dip, 2 MHz -- 3.3.6 Example 6. Tilted beds, 60° dip, 2 MHz -- 3.3.7 Example 7. Tilted beds, 75° dip, 2 MHz -- 3.3.8 Example 8. Tilted beds, 90° dip, 2 MHz -- 3.3.9 Example 9. 90° dip, 2 MHz, with collar -- 3.3.10 Example 10. Anisotropic effects -- 3.3.11 Example 11. More anisotropic effects -- 3.3.12 Example 12. Transmitter placement -- 3.3.13 Example 13. More, transmitter placement. , 3.3.14 Example 14. Double bed intersections -- 3.4 Sign Conventions and Validation Methodology -- 3.5 References -- 4 Validations - Quantitative Benchmarks at 0° and 90° -- 4.1 Overview -- 4.2 Wireline Validations in Homogeneous Media -- 4.2.1 Simplified analytical models and comparison objectives -- 4.2.1.1 Classical dipole model -- 4.2.1.2 Nonconductive Biot-Savart model -- 4.2.1.3 Electromagnetic versus simulation parameters -- 4.2.1.4 Reiteration of basic ideas -- 4.2.2 Inverse dependence of magnetic field source strength on coil diameter -- 4.2.3 Calculating transmitter magnetic field source strength -- 4.2.4 Validating receiver Bimag/Breal ratio on a wide range of variable grids -- 4.2.4.1 Stretching Simulation Set No. 1 -- 4.2.4.2 Stretching Simulation Set No. 2 -- 4.2.4.3 Stretching Simulation Set No. 3 -- 4.2.4.4 Stretching Simulation Set No. 4 -- 4.2.5 Simulations holding resistivity fixed, with frequency varying -- 4.2.6 Simulations holding frequency fixed, with resistivity varying -- 4.3 Wireline Validations in Two-Layer Inhomogeneous Media -- 4.3.1 Remarks and observations -- 4.3.1.1 Detailed simulation results -- 4.3.1.2 Simulation differences explained -- 4.3.2 One inch diameter transmitter, vertical well -- 4.3.2.1 Run 22a highlights -- 4.3.2.2 Run 22b highlights -- 4.3.2.3 Run 22c highlights -- 4.3.3 Six inch diameter transmitter, vertical well -- 4.3.3.1 Run 23a highlights -- 4.3.3.2 Run 23b highlights -- 4.3.3.3 Run 23c highlights -- 4.3.4 One inch diameter transmitter, horizontal well -- 4.3.4.1 Run 25a highlights -- 4.3.4.2 Run 25b highlights -- 4.3.4.3 Run 25c highlights -- 4.3.5 Six inch diameter transmitter, horizontal well -- 4.3.5.1 Run 26a highlights -- 4.3.5.2 Run 26b highlights -- 4.3.5.3 Run 26c highlights -- 4.4 Electric and Magnetic Field Sensitive Volume Analysis for Resistivity and NMR Applications. , 4.4.1 Depth of electromagnetic investigation in layered media with dip -- 4.4.2 Typical layered media simulations (Cases 1-5) -- 4.5 MWD "Steel Collar" and Wireline Computations in Homogeneous and Nonuniform Layered Dipping Media -- 4.5.1 Wireline vs MWD logging scenarios -- 4.5.2 Wireline "coil alone" simulation in uniform media -- 4.5.3 MWD "steel drill collar" simulation in uniform media -- 4.5.4 Wireline "coil alone" simulation in layered media -- 4.5.5 MWD "steel drill collar" simulation in layered media -- 4.6 Exact Drill Collar Validation Using Shen Analytical Solution -- 4.7 Dipole Interpolation Formula Validation in Farfield -- 4.8 Magnetic Dipole Validation in Two-Layer Formation -- 4.9 References -- 5 Validations-Quantitative Benchmarks at Deviated Angles -- 5.1 Overview -- 5.2 Limit 1. No Collar, No Mud -- 5.2.1 Observations on variable mesh system -- 5.2.2 Review of results for 0° and 90° -- 5.2.3 Validation for general dip angles -- 5.3 Limit 2. Collar Only, No Mud -- 5.4 Limit 3. Mud Only, No Collar -- 5.5 Limit 4. Collar and Mud -- 6 Validations - Quantitative Benchmarks at Deviated Angles with Borehole Mud and Eccentricity -- 6.1 Overview -- 6.2 Repeat Validations -- 6.2.1 Simulation Set 1. Objective, validate steel drill collar logic for 6 inch transmitter coil in homogeneous medium, with borehole radius of "0" meaning "no mud" first. Later on, add mud effects -- 6.2.2 Simulation Set 2. Objective, borehole modeling at 0 deg dip, vertical well application. Here, 1 Ωm formation runs next, model the borehole with 0.01 Ωm if there is a hole, so we can "see" 0.02 its attenuative effects quickly -- 6.2.3 Simulation Set 3. Objective, repeat calculations immediately above, but for 90 deg dip, horizontal well application. Intention is to duplicate above results with differently oriented logic loop. , 6.2.4 Simulation Set 4. Objective, repeat work just above, but for 45° dip deviated well. Intention to duplicate prior results with differently oriented logic loop.

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