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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enhanced Surface Imaging of Crustal Deformation : Obtaining Tectonic Force Fields Using GPS Data. (2015)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing AG,
    Details
    Keywords: Geology. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (107 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783319215785
    Series Statement: SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences Series
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=3568313
    DDC: 551.1360285
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- Abstract -- References -- 2 Introduction to the Vertical Derivatives of Horizontal Stress (VDoHS) Rates -- Abstract -- 2.1 Flat Earth Form of the Force Balance Equations at the Earth's Surface -- 2.2 1-D Expressions -- 2.3 Structure of 2-D Expressions -- 2.4 Spherical Polar Coordinate Form of the Force Balance Equations at the Earth's Surface -- 2.5 Summary and Discussion -- References -- 3 Inversion Methodology -- Abstract -- 3.1 Summary of the Inversion Process -- 3.2 1-D Basis Functions -- 3.3 Interpolation Related Issues and 2-D Basis Functions -- 3.4 Boundary Conditions and Finite Element Solutions for 2-D Problems -- 3.5 Application of the Maximum Entropy Principle -- 3.6 Linking Maximum Entropy to Bayesian Inversion -- 3.7 Obtaining Expected Values for \left\| {{\bf m}} \right\|^{2} and \left\| {\nabla {{\bf m}}} \right\|^{2} -- 3.8 Appraisal of Inversion Solutions -- 3.9 Inclusion of Radial Velocity in the Spherical Case -- 3.10 Summary and Discussion -- References -- 4 1-Dimensional Synthetic Examples -- Abstract -- 4.1 Forward Examples for Strike-Slip and Dip-Slip Faults -- 4.2 Obtaining Fault Characteristics from Strain and VDoHS Rates -- 4.3 Effects of Discrete Sampling Illustrated for a Regular Sample Spacing -- 4.4 Inversions of Randomly Generated Datasets -- 4.5 Effects of Random Noise on Inversion Results -- 4.6 Effect of Near Surface Heterogeneity -- 4.7 Summary and Discussion -- References -- 5 Application to Central South Island, New Zealand -- Abstract -- 5.1 Tectonic Setting and 1-D Inversion Results -- 5.2 Estimation of Alpine Fault Properties -- 5.3 Other Sources of Deformation -- 5.4 Model Appraisal -- 5.5 Summary and Discussion -- References -- 6 2-Dimensional Examples -- Abstract -- 6.1 2-Dimensional Synthetic Examples of Strike-Slip and Dip-Slip Faults and a Mogi Source. , 6.2 2-Dimensional Inversions of Randomly Generated Datasets -- 6.3 2-D Inversion Results -- 6.4 Summary and Discussion -- References -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- Abstract -- References.
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  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Introduction to the Optical Transfer Function : Pm112. (2002)
    Bellingham :SPIE,
    Details
    Keywords: Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (432 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9781510607828
    Series Statement: Press Monograph Series ; v.PM112
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=4947333
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface to Reprinted Edition -- Preface -- 1 OTF Historical Background -- 2 Concepts -- 3 Notation and Coordinates -- Diffraction Integral and Wave-Front Aberration Function -- 5 Mathematical Theory of OTF -- 6 Optical Design and Image Criteria -- 7 Merit Functions and Aberration Balancing -- 8 Measurement -- 9 Calculation of the OTF: Analytical Methids -- 10 Calculation of the OTF: Numerical Methods -- Appendix A Calculated Optical Transfer Functions -- Appendix B Some Mathematics -- Appendix C Diffraction Integral Fundamentals -- Appendix D Updated Calculations -- Index.
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  • 3
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Earthquakes and Multi-Hazards Around the Pacific Rim, Vol. II. (2018)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing AG,
    Details
    Keywords: Natural disasters-Pacific Area. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (205 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783319922973
    Series Statement: Pageoph Topical Volumes Series
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=5396690
    DDC: 551.209182303
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Earthquakes and Multi-Hazards Around the Pacific Rim, Vol. II: Introduction -- REFERENCES -- 2 Subduction Mode Selection During Slab and Mantle Transition Zone Interaction: Numerical Modeling -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Numerical Methodology -- 2.1. Governing Equations -- 2.1.1 2-D Stokes Equations -- 2.1.2 Mass Conversation (Continuity Equation) -- 2.1.3 Energy Equation -- 2.2. Visco-Plastic-Peierls Rheology -- 2.2.1 Viscous Rheology -- 2.2.2 Plastic Rheology -- 2.2.3 Peierls Deformation -- 2.2.4 Integrated Rheology -- 3. Model Setup -- 4. Model Results -- 4.1. Reference Model -- 4.1.1 Slab Folding Mode -- 4.1.2 Slab Penetration Mode -- 4.1.3 Slab Lying Mode -- 4.1.4 Slab Rolling-Back Mode -- 4.1.5 Variable Ages of Subducting Plate -- 4.2. Effects of the Convergence Velocity -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1. Mechanisms of the Subduction Mode Selection -- 5.2. Further Comparison with Previous Models -- 5.3. Geological Implications -- 5.4. Model Limitations -- 6. Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 3 Characteristics of Viscoelastic Crustal Deformation Following a Megathrust Earthquake: Discrepancy Between the Apparent and Intrinsic Relaxation Time Constants -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Setting of Numerical Simulation -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Viscoelastic Displacements Following -- 3.2. Spatial and Temporal Changes of Displacement -- 4. Discussion -- REFERENCES -- 4 Interpretation of Offshore Crustal Movements Following the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake by the Combined Effect of Afterslip and Viscoelastic Stress Relaxation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Method of Inversion Analysis -- 2.1. GPS Time-Series Data -- 2.3. Observation Equations -- 2.2. Model Setting wðg -- tÞ -- 2.4. Sequential Stepwise Inversion -- 3. Spatiotemporal Distribution of Afterslip -- 4. Postseismic Offshore Crustal Movements -- 5. Discussion -- 6. Conclusions -- REFERENCES. , 5 Rupture Characteristics of the 25 November 2016 Aketao Earthquake (Mw 6.6) in Eastern Pamir Revealed by GPS and Teleseismic Data -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Data and Joint Inversion -- 2.1. GPS Coseismic Displacements -- 2.2. Seismic Data -- 2.3. Joint Inversion -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Rupture Characteristics -- 3.3. Uncertainties -- 3.2. Model Resolution -- 4. Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- 6 Source Characteristics of the Northern Longitudinal Valley, Taiwan Derived from Broadband Strong-Motion Simulation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Data and Methodology M0 -- 3. Results -- 4. Discussion and Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 7 Fault Structural Control on Earthquake Strong Ground Motions: The 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake as an Example -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure and Displacement of the Wenchuan -- 3. Strong Ground Motions of the Wenchuan -- 4. Fault Structural Control on Strong Ground -- 5. Earthquake-Induced Landslides in the Wenchuan -- 6. Discussion and Conclusions -- 7. Data and Resources -- REFERENCES -- 8 Voids and Rock Friction at Subseismic Slip Velocity -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experiments -- 3. Results of Experiments -- 3.1. Transmitted Waves Under Stationary Condition -- 3.2. Transmitted Waves Under Constant Slip -- 3.3. Transmitted Waves Under Variable Slip Velocity -- 4. Interpretations -- 5. Discussion -- 6. Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 9 A Dimensional Analysis Method for Improved Load-Unload Response Ratio -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Two Dimensionless Quantities and LURR Mm) -- 3. Forecasting Attempts -- 3.1. The 2012 Hami Earthquake MS, -- 3.2. The 2013 Songyuan Earthquake Swarm -- 3.3. The 2015 MS5.8 Alashan Earthquake -- 3.4. The 2015 MS8.1 Gorkha, Nepal Earthquake -- 4. Discussion and Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 10 Natural Time, Nowcasting and the Physics of Earthquakes: Estimation of Seismic Risk to Global Megacities. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Statistical Physics of Seismicity: Ergodic Property -- 3. Average Earthquake Statistics no -- 4. Application to Megacities: Nowcasting -- 4.1. Method Mk, -- 4.2. Automated Web Application -- 4.3. Sensitivity Analysis -- 5. Discussion and Summary -- REFERENCES -- 11 Natural Time and Nowcasting Earthquakes: Are Large Global Earthquakes Temporally Clustered? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods and Data -- 2.1. Method 1: Nowcasting -- 2.2. Method 2: Time Series Analysis -- 3. Results n -- 4. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 12 Optimal Scaling of Aftershock Zones using Ground Motion Forecasts -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methodology -- 2.1. Aftershock Model -- 2.2. Ground Motion Prediction Equations -- 2.2.1 Cua and Heaton GMPEs -- 2.2.2 BC Hydro GMPEs -- 2.2.3 Shaking Exceedance Probability -- 2.3. Shaking Exceedance Counts -- 2.4. Forecast Verification Metrics -- 2.4.1 ROC -- 2.4.2 Gandin and Murphy Skill Score -- 2.4.3 Joint Log Likelihood -- 3. Example: 2011 Tohoku Earthquake -- 4. Results and Discussion -- REFERENCES -- 13 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment for Himalayan-Tibetan Region from Historical and Instrumental Earthquake Catalogs -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Data and Methods -- 2.1. Earthquake Catalogs -- 2.2. Earthquake Source Models -- 2.2.1 Areal Seismic Sources -- 2.2.2 Linear Seismic Sources -- 2.2.3 Smoothed-Gridded Seismicity -- 2.3. Maximum Magnitude and Focal Depths -- 2.4. Seismicity Model and Parameters -- 2.5. Selection of Ground Motion Prediction -- 2.6. Logic Tree Structure -- 2.7. Seismic Hazard Estimation -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 4. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 14 Scenario-Based Seismic Hazard Analysis for the Xianshuihe Fault Zone, Southwest China -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Seismicity and Geology -- 3. Stochastic Finite-Fault Ground-Motion M0ij -- 3.1. Kangding Mw6.0 Earthquake and Ground. , 3.2. Scenario-Based Seismic Hazard Analysis -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 15 Tsunami Simulation Method Assimilating Ocean Bottom Pressure Data Near a Tsunami Source Region -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Method for Estimation of a Tsunami Height Field -- 3. Method for Numerical Computation Tests -- 4. Results of the Numerical Computation Tests -- 5. Conclusion -- REFERENCES.
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  • 4
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    African Climate and Climate Change : Physical, Social and Political Perspectives. (2011)
    Dordrecht :Springer Netherlands,
    Details
    Keywords: Climatic changes--Africa. ; Climatic changes--Social aspects--Africa. ; Klimaänderung. swd. ; Afrika. swd. ; Aufsatzsammlung. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (209 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9789048138425
    Series Statement: Advances in Global Change Research Series ; v.43
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=691007
    DDC: 551.696
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Contents -- Contributors -- Introduction -- 1 General Background -- 2 Uncertainty over Climate Change -- 3 Reasons for Particularly High Vulnerability of Africa -- 4 Expected Impacts of Climate Change on Africa -- 5 Options for Reducing Vulnerability -- 6 Structure of Book -- References -- Large Scale Features Affecting Ethiopian Rainfall -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods -- 2.1 Data -- 2.1.1 Rain Gauge Data -- 2.1.2 Other Data -- 2.2 Methods -- 3 Large Scale Features Associated with Kiremt Rainfall Anomalies -- 3.1 Upper Level Tropospheric Wind and Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) -- 3.2 Stratospheric Influence - Quasi Biennial Oscillation (QBO) -- 3.3 African Easterly Jet (AEJ) -- 3.4 Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) -- 3.5 Low Level Humidity -- 3.6 Low Level wind -- 3.7 Low Level Pressure -- 3.8 ENSO -- 3.9 Discussion on Kiremt Large Scale Features -- 4 Large Scale Features Associated with Belg Rainfall Anomalies -- 4.1 Sub-Tropical Westerly Jet (STWJ) -- 4.2 Low Level Humidity -- 4.3 Low Level Wind -- 4.4 Low Level High Pressures -- 4.5 ENSO -- 4.6 Indian Ocean Related Teleconnections -- 4.7 Discussion on Belg Season Large Scale Features -- 5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Ethiopian Rainfall in Climate Models -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Models, Observations and Methodologies -- 3 Ethiopian Rainfall in HadAM3 and HiGAM -- 3.1 The Geographical Distribution of Kiremt Rainfall -- 3.2 The Seasonal Cycle of Rainfall in Ethiopia -- 4 Interannual Variability of Ethiopian Rainfall -- 4.1 Kiremt Rainfall Time-Series -- 4.2 Kiremt Rainfall and Atmospheric Circulation Anomalies -- 5 Conclusions and Discussion -- References -- Extreme Rainfall Events over Southern Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Model Details -- 2.1 Satellite-Derived and Reanalysis Data -- 2.2 Model Details. , 3 Definition and Identification of Extremes, Associated SST Anomalies and Model Experiments -- 3.1 Definition and Identification of Extremes -- 3.2 Rainfall, Pressure and SST Anomalies Associated with Extremes -- 3.3 Model Experiments -- 4 Model Experiment Results: HadAM3 -- 4.1 Rainfall Spatial Averages and Daily Rainfall Extremes -- 4.2 Pixel-by-Pixel Temporal Averages -- 4.2.1 Mean Daily Rainfall and Rainfall Variability -- 4.2.2 Large-Scale Atmospheric Associations with Daily Rainfall Means -- 5 Model Experiment Results: PRECIS -- 5.1 Rainfall Spatial Averages and Daily Rainfall Extremes -- 5.2 Pixel-by-Pixel Temporal Averages of Daily Rainfall -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Understanding the Large Scale Driving Mechanisms of Rainfall Variability over Central Africa -- 1 Introduction/Rationale -- 2 Review of the Main Drivers of Central African Climatology -- 2.1 Convective Systems -- 2.2 The ITCZ -- 2.3 Sea Surface Temperature -- 2.4 Central African Jets -- 3 Teleconnections -- 3.1 EL Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) -- 3.2 Large-Scale Circulation -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Data Sources -- 4.2 Regions -- 4.3 Composite Analysis -- 5 Analysis of Rainfall Variability over Central Africa -- 5.1 Region B (0--6S, 18--32E) -- Rainfall Seasonal Cycle and Time Series Analysis -- 5.2 Analysis of Region B's Wet and Dry Year Composites During the Primary Rainy Season (MAM) -- 5.3 Analysis of Region B's Wet and Dry Year Composites During the Secondary Rainy Season (SON) -- 5.4 Region E (3--5--N, 15--22E and 5--7--N, 22--32E) -- Rainfall Seasonal Cycle and Time Series Analysis -- 5.5 Cause of Extreme and Deficit Rainfall During the Apr--Oct Rainy Season -- 6 Summary of Findings -- References -- Climate Change Impacts on Hydrology in Africa: Case Studies of River Basin Water Resources -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Summary of Changes to the Hydrological Cycle in Africa. , 2.1 Historical Observations -- 2.2 Future Projections -- 2.3 Uncertainty in Projected Climate Change Impacts -- 3 Case Study I: The Okavango River System -- 3.1 Hydro-Climate and Development Context -- 3.2 Hydrological Modeling Tools -- 3.3 Methodology for Climate Impacts Simulation -- 3.4 Simulated Future Climate Change -- 3.5 Summary of Results from Okavango River Case Study -- 4 Case Study II: The Mitano River Basin, Uganda -- 4.1 The Hydro-Climate and Development Context -- 4.2 Hydrological Modeling -- 4.3 Methodology for Climate Impacts Simulation -- 4.4 Simulated Future Climate Change -- 4.5 Summary of Results from Mitano River Case Study and Implications for Water -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Adaptation to Climate Change and Variability: Farmer Responses to Intra-seasonal Precipitation Trends in South Africa -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate Variability, Uncertainty and Change -- 2.1 Climate Variables: Informing Adaptation Research -- 3 Investigating Climate Variability Through Self Organising Mapping -- 3.1 Study Region Characteristics -- 4 Living with Risk and Uncertainty -- 5 Recognising Changes in Climate -- 5.1 Changing Climate Risk -- 6 Strategies in Response to Disturbance and Change -- 6.1 Changes to Farming Practices: Short-Term Coping -- 6.2 Exploiting the Spatial and Temporal Diversity of the Landscape -- 6.3 Commercialising Livelihoods Through Individual and Collective Action -- 7 Discussion -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Climate Change and Migration: A Modelling Approach -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate Change Migration Modelling -- 3 Proactive Conceptual Development -- 4 Bounded Rationality -- 5 Reactive Conceptual Development -- 6 Conceptual Model Development -- 7 Translation into An Agent-Based Model -- 8 Model Validation -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- Index.
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  • 5
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Earthquakes and Multi-Hazards Around the Pacific Rim, Vol. I. (2018)
    Cham :Springer International Publishing AG,
    Details
    Keywords: Natural disasters-Pacific Area. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (262 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783319715650
    Series Statement: Pageoph Topical Volumes Series
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=5210172
    DDC: 551.209182303
    Language: English
    Note: Intro -- Conents -- 1 Earthquakes and Multi-hazards around the Pacific Rim, Vol. 1: Introduction -- REFERENCES -- 2 Scaling law of average failure rate and steady-state rate in rocks -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental methodology and material -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Stages of evolution to failure -- 3.2. Scaling law of average failure rate and steadystate rate -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 3 Apparent Dependence of Rate- and State-Dependent Friction Parameters on Loading Velocity and Cumulative Displacement Inferred from Large-Scale Biaxial Friction Experiments -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Large-Scale Biaxial Rock Friction Experiments -- 2.1. Experimental Procedure -- 2.2. Experimental Results -- 2.2.1 Behavior of Stick-Slips -- 2.2.2 Behavior of Experimental Apparatus -- 3. Method for Numerical Simulations -- 4. Results -- 4.1. Slip Law -- 4.1.1 Dependence of Constitutive Parameters on Cumulative Displacement -- 4.1.2 Dependence of Constitutive Parameters on Loading Velocity -- 4.2. Aging Law -- 5. Discussion -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 4 Source Functions and Path Effects from Earthquakes in the Farallon Transform Fault Region, Gulf of California, Mexico that Occurred on October 2013 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tectonic Setting -- 3. Data and Method -- 4. Site Effects -- 5. P- and S-Wave Attenuation in the Gulf of California -- 6. Source Functions -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 5 Stress Distribution Near the Seismic Gap Between Wenchuan and Lushan Earthquakes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Data and Method -- 2.1. Focal Mechanism Solutions -- 3. Stress Field Study -- 4. Discussions -- 5. Conclusions -- 6. Data and Resources -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 6 Parametrizing Physics-Based Earthquake Simulations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Virtual Quake -- 2.1. Fault Model. , 2.1.1 Modifications to the UCERF3 Model -- 2.2. Fault Element Interactions -- 2.2.1 Stress Green's Functions -- 2.2.2 Static Failure -- 2.3. Rupture Model -- 2.3.1 Using Stress Drops to Determine Slip -- 3. Stress Drop Algorithm -- 3.1. Stress Drops in Virtual Quake -- 3.1.1 Scaling Relations -- 3.2. Dynamic Stress Drops for Frictional Weakening -- 4. Virtual Quake Simulations -- 4.1. Effects of the Dynamic Stress Drop Model -- 5. Conclusions and Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 7 Spatial Evaluation and Verification of Earthquake Simulators -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 3. Methods -- 3.1. Modeling Off-Fault Seismicity -- 3.1.1 Event-Shifting -- 3.1.2 Power-Law Smoothing -- 3.2. Retrospective Forecast Verification and the ROC Area Skill Test -- 4. Discussion -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 8 Radar Determination of Fault Slip and Location in Partially Decorrelated Images -- 1. Introduction -- 2. UAVSAR Interferograms -- 3. Fracture Detection -- 4. Results -- 4.1. El Mayor-Cucapah Coseismic and Early Postseismic, Line 26501 -- 4.2. El Mayor-Cucapah Coseismic and Moderate Postseismic, Line 26501 -- 4.3. San Andreas Triggered Slip from EMC, Line 26514 -- 4.4. El Mayor-Cucapah Postseismic to 2014, Line 26501 -- 4.5. South Napa Coseismic, Line 05512 -- 4.6. South Napa Postseismic, Line 05512 -- 5. Discussion -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 9 Detecting Significant Stress Drop Variations in Large Micro-Earthquake Datasets: A Comparison Between a Convergent Step-Over in the San Andreas Fault and the Ventura Thrust Fault System, Southern California -- 1. Key Points -- 2. Introduction -- 3. Data -- 3.1. Seismicity Data and Tectonic Setting -- 3.2. Seismicity statistics -- 4. Determining Stress Drops From Stacked Source Spectra -- 4.1. Separation Into Source, Path and Site-Response Spectra. , 4.2. Calibration to Absolute Seismic Moment -- 4.3. Empirical Green's Function and High-Frequency Correction -- 4.4. Spectral model and stress drop estimates -- 5. Results -- 5.1. Spatial Variation in Average Stress Drop Estimates -- 5.2. Possible Source of Bias in Stress Drop Estimates Leading to Systematic Differences -- 5.3. Stress Field Heterogeneity in the Western and Eastern Transverse Ranges -- 6. Discussion -- 6.1. Uncertainty and Physical Variations in Stress Drop Estimates -- 6.2. What are the Primary Controlling Parameters For Stress Drop Variations? -- 7. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 10 Real-Time Earthquake Intensity Estimation Using Streaming Data Analysis of Social and Physical Sensors -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Selection and Validation of Predictive Relationship Between MMI and Tweets Rate -- 3. Streaming Methodology and Environment -- 4. Implementation and Results -- 5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 11 The Dependency of Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment on Magnitude Limits of Seismic Sources in the South China Sea and Adjoining Basins -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical Earthquakes and Tsunamis -- 2.1. Seismicity and Tectonic Settings -- 2.2. Historical Tsunami Events -- 3. Methodology of PTHA -- 3.1. Tapered GR Distributions for Seismic Sources -- 3.2. Magnitude Upper Limits for Seismic Sources -- 3.3. Upper and Lower Bounds for Corner Magnitude mc -- 3.4. Monte Carlo Simulation and Tsunami Modeling -- 4. The Dependency of Tsunami Hazards on Magnitude Limits -- 4.1. Tsunami Hazard Maps -- 4.2. Tentative Validation of Tsunami Hazard by Historic Tsunamis -- 4.3. Tsunami Hazard Curves -- 5. Closing Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 12 Can Apparent Stress be Used to Time-Dependent Seismic Hazard Assessment or Earthquake Forecast? An Ongoing Approach in China -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Pre-shock Increase of Apparent Stress? -- 3. Apparent Stress Associated with an Earthquake Sequence? -- 4. Problems of the Case Studies and Ongoing Improvements -- 5. Scaling of Apparent Stress with Magnitude, and its Implication for using the Variation of Apparent Stress in Earthquake Forecast -- 6. Radiated Energy as the Key Issue for Understanding and Measuring Apparent Stress -- 7. Discussion with(out) Conclusion/s -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 13 An Ensemble Approach for Improved Short-to-Intermediate-Term Seismic Potential Evaluation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Models and Their Combination -- 3. Methods -- 4. Application to Seismic Data -- 5. Comparison and Discussion -- 6. Prediction Attempts -- 7. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 14 Reducing False Alarms of Annual Forecast in the Central China North-South Seismic Belt by Reverse Tracing of Precursors (RTP) Using the Pattern Informatics (PI) 'Hotspots' -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Region for Test and Data Used -- 3. Method of the RTP to Reduce False Alarms -- 3.1. The RTP Approach -- 3.2. The Pattern Informatics (PI) Analysis -- 3.3. The ROC Test of the Forecasts -- 4. RTP Approach Applied to Annual Forecast: 2004-2012 -- 4.1. RTP with PI for Annual Forecast -- 4.2. Retrospective Determination of the Overlapping Threshold -- 5. Conclusions and Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 15 Test of the Predictability of the PI Method for Recent Large Earthquakes in and near Tibetan Plateau -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The PI Method -- 3. The Tibetan Plateau and the Its Seismicity -- 3.1. Location of the Tibetan Plateau and Its Recent Large Earthquakes during 2008-2014 -- 3.2. Earthquakes Above M7.0 in and Near the Tibetan Plateau Since 1900 -- 3.3. The Monitoring Ability and Completeness of Earthquake Catalogue in and near the Tibetan Plateau. , 4. The Computing Parameters for the Test -- 5. Results of Retrospective Tests for the Predictability of PI Method -- 5.1. PI Patterns and the Target Earthquakes -- 5.2. Retrospective Evaluation for the Predictability of PI Method by ROC Test -- 5.3. Retrospective Evaluation for the Predictability of PI Method by R Score Test -- 6. Discussions -- 6.1. Are the Computing Parameters Reasonable? -- 6.2. What else will Affect the Hotspot Pattern? -- 6.3. Need we Use the Original Earthquake Catalogue or De-clustered Catalogue for Forecasting Map? -- 7. Conclusions and Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES -- 16 Long-Term Seismic Quiescences and Great Earthquakes in and Around the Japan Subduction Zone Between 1975 and 2012 -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Data -- 3. Method -- 4. Results -- 5. Discussions and Concluding Remarks -- 5.1. Characteristic of Seismic Quiescence -- 5.2. Seismic quiescences and great earthquakes -- Acknowledgments -- REFERENCES -- 17 Statistical Studies of Induced and Triggered Seismicity at The Geysers, California -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Earthquake Catalogs -- 3. Aftershock Statistics of Major Induced Earthquakes at The Geysers -- 4. Triggered Earthquakes and Their Aftershocks at The Geysers -- 5. Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- REFERENCES.
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  • 6
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Earthquakes and Multi-hazards Around the Pacific Rim, Vol. I (2018)
    Cham : Birkhäuser
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Earth sciences ; Earth Sciences ; Geophysics ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Pazifischer Ozean ; Erdbebenzone ; Seismizität ; Tsunami ; Störung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Pazifischer Raum ; Erdbeben ; Erdbebengefahr ; Erdbebenvorhersage ; Seismologie ; Verwerfung
    Description / Table of Contents: This is the first of two volumes devoted to earthquakes and multi-hazards around the Pacific Rim. The circum-Pacific seismic belt is home to roughly 80% of the world’s largest earthquakes, making it the ideal location for investigating earthquakes and related hazards such as tsunamis and landslides. Gathering 16 papers that cover a range of topics related to multi-hazards, the book is divided into three sections: earthquake physics, earthquake simulation and data assimilation, and multi-hazard assessment and earthquake forecasting models. The first section includes papers on laboratory-derived rheological parameters as well as seismic studies in the Gulf of California and China. In turn, the second section includes papers on improvements in earthquake simulators as well as the statistical methods used to evaluate their performance, automated methods for determining fault slip using near-field interferometric data, variabilities in earthquake stress drops in California, and the use of social media data to supplement physical sensor data when estimating local earthquake intensity. The final section includes a paper on probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment, several papers on time-dependent seismic hazard analysis around the Pacific Rim, and a paper on induced and triggered seismicity at the Geysers geothermal field in California. Rapid advances are being made in our understanding of multi-hazards, as well as the range of tools used to investigate them. This volume provides a representative cross-section of how state-of-the-art knowledge and tools are currently being applied to multi-hazards around the Pacific Rim. The material here should be of interest to scientists involved in all areas of multi-hazards, particularly seismic and tsunami hazards. In addition, it offers a valuable resource for students in the geosciences, covering a broad spectrum of topics related to hazard research
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 262 p. 157 illus., 130 illus. in color, online resource)
    ISBN: 9783319715650
    Series Statement: Pageoph Topical Volumes
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71565-0
    URL: https://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz496908545cov.jpg
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-71565-0
    Language: English
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  • 7
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Enhanced Surface Imaging of Crustal Deformation : Obtaining Tectonic Force Fields Using GPS Data (2015)
    Cham : Springer International Publishing
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Geography ; Physical geography ; Geology ; Earth Sciences ; Geophysics. ; Natural disasters. ; Mathematical physics. ; Geography ; Physical geography ; Geology ; Geology, Structural ; Imaging systems in geology ; Plate tectonics -- Research ; Faults (Geology) ; Global Positioning System ; Inversion (Geophysics) ; Rock deformation ; Earth (Planet) ; Südinsel ; Rezente Krustenbewegung ; GPS ; Messung ; Seismometrie ; Neuseeland ; Erdbeben ; Neotektonik ; Krustenbewegung ; Deformation ; Deformationsmessung ; Südinsel ; Rezente Krustenbewegung ; GPS ; Messung ; Seismometrie ; Neuseeland ; Erdbeben ; Neotektonik ; Krustenbewegung ; Deformation ; Deformationsmessung
    Description / Table of Contents: 1. Introduction.- 2. Introduction to the Vertical Derivatives of Horizontal Stress (VDoHS) Rates -- 3. Inversion Methodology -- 4. 1-Dimensional Synthetic Examples -- 5. Application to Central South Island, New Zealand -- 6. 2-Dimensional Examples -- 7. Concluding Remarks.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (X, 99 p. 50 illus., 37 illus. in color, online resource)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2015
    ISBN: 9783319215785
    Series Statement: SpringerBriefs in Earth Sciences
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21578-5
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21578-5
    URL: https://zbmath.org/?q=an:1327.86002
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-21578-5
    Language: English
    Note: Description based upon print version of record , 1. Introduction.- 2. Introduction to the Vertical Derivatives of Horizontal Stress (VDoHS) Rates3. Inversion Methodology -- 4. 1-Dimensional Synthetic Examples -- 5. Application to Central South Island, New Zealand -- 6. 2-Dimensional Examples -- 7. Concluding Remarks.
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  • 8
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Earthquakes and Multi-hazards Around the Pacific Rim, Vol. II (2019)
    Cham : Birkhäuser
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Earth sciences ; Earth Sciences ; Geophysics ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Pazifischer Ozean ; Erdbebenzone ; Seismizität ; Tsunami ; Störung ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Pazifischer Raum ; Erdbeben ; Erdbebengefahr ; Erdbebenvorhersage ; Seismologie ; Verwerfung
    Description / Table of Contents: This is the second of two volumes devoted to earthquakes and multi-hazards around the Pacific Rim. The circum-Pacific seismic belt is home to roughly 80% of the world’s largest earthquakes, making it the ideal location for investigating earthquakes and related hazards such as tsunamis and landslides. Following the Introduction, this volume includes 14 papers covering a range of topics related to multi-hazards. The book is divided into five sections: viscoelastic deformation, earthquake source models, earthquake prediction, seismic hazard assessment, and tsunami simulation. Viscoelastic relaxation can play an important role in subduction zone behavior, and this is explored in the first section, with specific examples including the Tohoku-oki earthquake in Eastern Japan. In addition to laboratory rock friction experiments, the second section examines earthquake source models for the 2016 MW 6.6 Aketao earthquake in Eastern Pamir and two earthquakes in Eastern Taiwan, along with strong ground motion studies of the 2008 MW 7.9 Wenchuan, China earthquake. The Load/Unload Response Ratio (LURR), Natural Time (NT), and “nowcasting” are earthquake prediction techniques that are analyzed in the third section, with nowcasting predictions performed for a number of large cities globally. Strong ground motions and seismic hazard assessment are the focus of the fourth section, with specific applications to the Himalayan-Tibetan region and the Xianshuihe Fault Zone in Southwest China. In the last section, a new approach in modeling tsunami height distributions is described. Rapid advances are being made in our understanding of multi-hazards, as well as the range of tools used to investigate them. This volume provides a representative cross-section of how state-of-the-art knowledge and tools are currently being applied to multi-hazards around the Pacific Rim. The material here should be of interest to scientists involved in all areas of multi-hazards, particularly seismic and tsunami hazards. In addition, it offers a valuable resource for students in the geosciences, covering a broad spectrum of topics related to hazard research
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VI, 205 p. 113 illus., 96 illus. in color, online resource)
    ISBN: 9783319922973
    Series Statement: Pageoph Topical Volumes
    URL: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92297-3
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-92297-3
    Language: English
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    Large-scale features of Last Interglacial climate: results from evaluating the lig127k simulations for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6)–Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) (2021)
    Copernicus
    In:  EPIC3Climate of the Past, Copernicus, 17(1), pp. 63-94, ISSN: 1814-9332
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: The modeling of paleoclimate, using physically based tools, is increasingly seen as a strong out-of-sample test of the models that are used for the projection of future climate changes. New to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) is the Tier 1 Last Interglacial experiment for 127 000 years ago (lig127k), designed to address the climate responses to stronger orbital forcing than the midHolocene experiment, using the same state-of-the-art models as for the future and following a common experimental protocol. Here we present a first analysis of a multi-model ensemble of 17 climate models, all of which have completed the CMIP6 DECK (Diagnostic, Evaluation and Characterization of Klima) experiments. The equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) of these models varies from 1.8 to 5.6 ∘C. The seasonal character of the insolation anomalies results in strong summer warming over the Northern Hemisphere continents in the lig127k ensemble as compared to the CMIP6 piControl and much-reduced minimum sea ice in the Arctic. The multi-model results indicate enhanced summer monsoonal precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere and reductions in the Southern Hemisphere. These responses are greater in the lig127k than the CMIP6 midHolocene simulations as expected from the larger insolation anomalies at 127 than 6 ka. New synthesis for surface temperature and precipitation, targeted for 127 ka, have been developed for comparison to the multi-model ensemble. The lig127k model ensemble and data reconstructions are in good agreement for summer temperature anomalies over Canada, Scandinavia, and the North Atlantic and for precipitation over the Northern Hemisphere continents. The model–data comparisons and mismatches point to further study of the sensitivity of the simulations to uncertainties in the boundary conditions and of the uncertainties and sparse coverage in current proxy reconstructions. The CMIP6–Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4) lig127k simulations, in combination with the proxy record, improve our confidence in future projections of monsoons, surface temperature, and Arctic sea ice, thus providing a key target for model evaluation and optimization.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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    Mid-Pliocene Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation simulated in PlioMIP2 (2021)
    COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH
    In:  EPIC3Climate of the Past, COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH, 17(1), pp. 529-543, ISSN: 1814-9324
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-01
    Description: In the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (PlioMIP2), coupled climate models have been used to simulate an interglacial climate during the mid-Piacenzian warm period (mPWP; 3.264 to 3.025 Ma). Here, we compare the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), poleward ocean heat transport and sea surface warming in the Atlantic simulated with these models. In PlioMIP2, all models simulate an intensified mid-Pliocene AMOC. However, there is no consistent response in the simulated Atlantic ocean heat transport nor in the depth of the Atlantic overturning cell. The models show a large spread in the simulated AMOC maximum, the Atlantic ocean heat transport and the surface warming in the North Atlantic. Although a few models simulate a surface warming of ∼ 8–12 ∘C in the North Atlantic, similar to the reconstruction from Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) version 4, most models appear to underestimate this warming. The large model spread and model–data discrepancies in the PlioMIP2 ensemble do not support the hypothesis that an intensification of the AMOC, together with an increase in northward ocean heat transport, is the dominant mechanism for the mid-Pliocene warm climate over the North Atlantic.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Software , notRev
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