Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Strontium in the Ecosystem: Transfer in Plants via Root System -- Introduction -- 90Sr in Soil: Its Behaviour and Consequences -- 90Sr in Water: Uptake and Interactions -- Metal Uptake by Plants: General Account -- Strontium in Plants -- Strontium and Rhizosphere -- Sr Removal from Soil: Phytoremediation Approach -- Strontium Exposure, Plant Responses and Phytoremediation -- Conclusion -- References -- Factors Influencing the Soil to Plant Transfer of Strontium -- Introduction -- Transfer Factors -- Factors Affecting the Strontium Soil-to-Plant Transfer -- Climate -- Biological Variability -- Soil -- Modification of Strontium Transfer -- Conclusion -- References -- Distribution of Strontium in Soil: Interception, Weathering, Speciation, and Translocation to Plants -- Introduction -- Release of Strontium Radioisotopes to the Environment -- Speciation and Migration of Strontium in Soil -- Translocation of Strontium to Plant Species (Factors Influencing the Radionuclide Transfer) -- Application of Countermeasures for Reduction of Strontium Transfer to Plants -- Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Entry of 90Sr into Plants in Case of a Heterogeneous Radiation Contamination of Ecosystems -- Introduction -- Problems of Entry Forecasting of 90Sr and Other Radionuclides into Plants in Case of a Heterogeneous Contamination -- Assessment of Possibility of Increased Accumulation of 90Sr and Other Radionuclides in Case of a Homogeneous Radiation Contamination -- Assessment of Possibility of Increased Accumulation of 90Sr and Other Radionuclides by Plants in Case of an Inhomogeneous Radiation Contamination -- Conclusions -- References -- References in Russian Language -- Accumulation of 90Sr by Plants of Different Taxonomic Groups from the Soils at the East Ural Radioactive Trace -- Introduction. , The Study Site -- Sampling Method -- Method for 90Sr Determination -- Results and Discussion -- Assessment of Contamination Density -- Vertical Distribution of 90Sr in Soil Profiles -- Inventory of 90Sr in the Different Components of Forest Ecosystems -- Content of 90Sr in the Plants of Different Taxa -- Conclusions -- References -- Soil-to-Crop Transfer Factors (TFs) of Alkaline Earth Elements and Comparison of TFs of Stable Sr with Those of Global Fallout 90Sr -- Introduction -- Strontium, Magnesium, Calcium, and Barium Concentrations in Japanese Agricultural Field Soils -- Strontium, Magnesium, Calcium, and Barium Concentrations in Plants -- Comparisons of Soil-to-Crop Transfer Factors of Alkaline Earth Elements -- Comparisons of Transfer Factors of Stable Sr and 90Sr -- TFs of Stable Sr and 90Sr -- Effect of Differences of Stable Sr and 90Sr Distributions in Soil and Their Uptakes -- Consideration on the Crop 90Sr Concentrations from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Accident -- Conclusions -- References -- 90Sr Distribution in System "Soil-Scots Pine" (Pinus sylvestris L.) -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Contamination of Firewood Taken from the Exclusion Zone of the Chernobyl NPP by 90Sr According to Data from 2005-2016 -- Introduction -- Object and Methods of Research -- Verifying the Homogeneity of the Test Sites on Some Factors and Test Sites Selection -- Soil Sampling -- Wood Sampling -- Contamination of the Firewood in the Exclusion Zone of the Chernobyl NPP by 90Sr -- The Danger of Probable Damage to Health Through Use of Firewood Contaminated by 90Sr -- Handling of the Ash -- Conclusions -- References -- The Behavior of 90Sr in Macrophytes Inhibiting Water Reservoirs in the Belarussian Sector of the Chernobyl NPP Exclusion Zone -- Introduction. , Methods, Objects, and Conditions of the Research -- Aquatic Ecosystems -- Species and Ecological Groups of Macrophytes -- Sampling of Plants and Other Components of Water Ecosystems -- Measuring Activity Concentration of Radionuclides in the Samples -- Results and Discussion -- Accumulation of 90Sr by Different Macrophyte Species -- Dependences of 90Sr Accumulation in Macrophytes from Type of Water Bodies and Season -- Long-Term Trends of 90Sr and Their Behavior in Aquatic Ecosystems -- Conclusions -- References -- Strontium Isotopes in Biological Material: A Key Tool for the Geographic Traceability of Foods and Humans Beings -- Introduction -- Solid Earth and Strontium (and Rubidium) Distribution -- The Rubidium-Strontium Isotope System -- Sr Isotopes in Earth's Materials -- Sr and Its Isotopes in the Biological Environment -- Food Sciences -- Anthropological and Bio-archaeological Sciences -- Environmental Sciences -- Forensic Sciences -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Phytoremediation of Radionuclides: A Report on the State of the Art -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Sources of Radionuclides in the Environment -- 3…Conventional Versus Phytoremediation Clean-up -- 4…Phytoremediation Techniques -- 4.1 Phytoaccumulation -- 4.2 Phytofiltration -- 4.3 Phytostabilization -- 4.4 Phytodegradation -- 4.5 Rhizodegradation -- 4.6 Phytovolatilization -- 5…Plant Categorization According to Heavy Metals or Radionuclides Response -- 5.1 Indicators -- 5.2 Excluders -- 5.3 Accumulators -- 5.4 Hyperaccmulators -- 6…Improved Phytoremediation -- 6.1 Chemically Induced Phytoremediation -- 6.2 Phytoremediation Through Microorganisms -- 6.3 Phytoremediation Through Transgenic Plants -- 7…Metal Uptake, Translocation and Accumulation -- 8…Advantages and Limitations of Phytoremediation -- 9…Future Prospects of Phytoremediation -- References -- 2 Natural Plant Selection for Radioactive Waste Remediation -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Characteristics of Radioactive Waste -- 3…Vegetation Plant Species and Vegetation Community Composition in the Radioactive Waste Deposited Area -- 4…Concentration of a Target Radionuclide in the Plant -- 5…Biomass of the Plant -- 6…Concentration of a Target Radionuclide in the Radioactive Waste -- 7…Transfer Factor -- 8…Phytoremediation Factor -- 9…Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 3 Radionuclide Uptake from Soil to Plants: Influence of Soil Classification -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Transfer Factors -- 3…Factors Influencing Transfer Factors -- 3.1 Soils -- 3.2 Radionuclide Dependence -- 3.3 Influence of Plant Group -- 3.4 Comparison of TF Values Derived from Pot, Lysimeter, and Field Experiments -- 4…Classification of Soils Based on TFs -- 4.1 Soil Classification -- 4.2 Weather -- 4.3 Crop Variety. , 4.4 The Influence of Soil Properties on Cs Reference Transfer Factors -- 4.5 Contact Time and Fixation -- 4.6 Time Trends -- 4.7 Classification by Cs TFs -- 4.8 The Reference TF for Strontium -- 4.9 Classification by Sr TFs -- 5…Conclusions -- References -- 4 Contributions to the State of the Art in Radionuclides--Plants Interaction Field -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Contributions to the Field -- 3…Wheat Germination: A Simple Model Study for Radioactive Site Remediation -- Toxicological and Biochemical Aspects -- 4…Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 5 Transfer of Radionuclides to Plants: Influence on the Speciation of Radionuclides in Soil -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Quantification of Radionuclide Transfer to Plants -- 3…Speciation Schemes of Radionuclides in Soil -- 4…Factors Affecting the Speciation of Radionuclides in Soil -- 5…Bioavailability of Radionuclides -- 6…Modification of the Speciation of Radionuclides in Soil -- 7…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Radionuclide Uptake by Plants: Soil-to-Plant Transfer Factors, Kinetics of Absorption, and Internal Radionuclide Distribution of 137Cs and 40K in South American Species -- Abstract -- 1…Variability of Soil-to-Plant Transfer Factor -- 2…Cs+ and K+ Kinetics of Absorption -- 3…Radionuclides Internal Distribution in Plants -- 4…Conclusions -- References -- 7 Impact of Plant Growth in Waste-Contaminated Areas -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 1.1 Type of Phytoremediator Plants for Radionuclide Decontamination -- 1.1.1 Phytosequestration -- 1.1.2 Phytodegradation -- 1.1.3 Phytovolatilization -- 1.1.4 Phytostabilization -- 1.1.5 Phytoextraction -- 2…Effective Phytoremediator Plants for Radioactive Decontamination -- 2.1 Mycorrhizal Associations -- 2.2 Sunflowers -- 2.3 Other Types of Phytoremediator Plants -- 3…Destiny of Radionuclides in Plants. , 3.1 Radionuclides in Plants -- 3.2 A Few Case Studies -- 3.3 Influence of Radionuclides on Plant Growth and Development -- 3.3.1 Strontium -- 3.3.2 Cesium -- 3.3.3 Ruthenium -- 3.3.4 Zirconium and Niobium -- 3.3.5 The Rare Earth Elements: Cerium, Yttrium, and Promethium -- 3.3.6 The transuranides: Neptunium, Plutonium, Americium, and Curium -- 3.3.7 Iodine -- 4…Impact of Radionuclides on Hormones and Enzymes -- 4.1 Biology of Molybdenum Cofactor (Moco) -- 4.2 Cadmium and Plants -- 4.3 Case Study -- 5…Conclusion -- References -- 8 Remediation of Radionuclide-Contaminated Sites Using Plant Litter Decomposition -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Radionuclide Fixation During Litter Decomposition Within Aquatic Ecosystems -- 3…Fixation Potential of Terrestrial Ecosystems and the Influence of Litter Decomposition -- 4…Radionuclide Impact on Higher Trophic Levels -- 5…Conclusions -- References -- 9 Bioaccumulation of Radionuclide Metals in Plants: A Case Study of Cesium -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Methodology -- 2.1 Experiments Using Hydroponically Grown Plants -- 2.1.1 Remediation of Cs Solutions Contaminated with Cs -- 2.2 The Percentage Metal Uptake -- 2.3 Distribution of Cs in Calendula alata, Amaranthus chlorostachys, and Chenopodium album -- 2.4 Concentration Ratio -- 2.5 Statistical Analysis -- 2.6 Anatomical Studies -- 2.7 Result and Discussion -- 2.8 Cs Remediation from Different Solution Using Hydroponically Grown Solution -- 2.9 Cs Concentration Ratio -- 2.10 Anatomical Changes -- 3…Conclusion -- References -- 10 Speciation of Actinides After Plant Uptake -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Thorium -- 3…Protactinium -- 4…Uranium -- 5…Neptunium -- 6…Plutonium -- 7…Americium, Curium and Higher Actinides -- 8…Conclusion and Future Prospective -- References -- 11 Kinetic Models for Representing the Uptake of Radionuclides in Plants -- Abstract. , 1…Introduction -- 2…Processes to be Represented -- 3…An Early Approach to Kinetic Modelling and Subsequent Developments to that Approach -- 4…More Recent Modelling Approaches -- 5…Transport of Carbon-14 in Soils and Uptake by Plants -- 6…Conclusions -- References -- 12 Metal--Microbe Interaction and Bioremediation -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Metal-Tolerant Microbes -- 3…Bioremediation: Plant--Microbe Interaction Perspective -- 4…Metagenomics of Metal-Contaminated Sites -- 5…Transgenic Metal-Tolerant Plants -- 6…Conclusion -- References -- 13 Metabolism of 14C-Containing Contaminants in Plants and Microorganisms -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Metabolism of 14C-Labeled Aliphatic and Monoaromatic Hydrocarbons and their Derivatives -- 3…Metabolism of 14C-Labeled PAHs -- 4…Metabolism of 14C-Labeled Organochlorine Pollutants -- 5…Metabolism of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene Labeled with 14C in Plants and Microorganisms -- 6…Conclusion -- References -- 14 90Sr and 137Cs Accumulation in Plants in the Area of Radiation Accidents -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Materials and Methods -- 3…Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Accumulation of 90Sr and 137Cs in the Harvest of Vegetables from Private Farms -- 3.2 Accumulation of 90Sr and 137Cs in Grass Biomass in Natural Ecosystems -- 3.3 Accumulation of 90Sr and 137Cs in Forest Products -- 3.4 Study of the Soil Content of Radionuclides Forms that are Available for Plants -- 4…Conclusion -- References -- 15 Migration of 90Sr and 137Cs in the Soil After Radiation Accidents -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Materials and Methods -- 3…Results and Discussion -- 3.1 The Study of Vertical Migration of 90Sr and 137Cs in Automorphic Soils of Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 3.2 The Study of Vertical Migration of 90Sr and 137Cs in Hydromorphic Soils of Floodplain -- 3.3 Regularities of Local Circulation of Radionuclides. , 3.4 Modeling of Local Circulation of Radionuclides -- 3.4.1 Analytical Models -- 3.4.2 Empirical Models -- 3.4.3 Structural Dynamical Models -- 3.4.4 Use of Virtual Machines -- 4…Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Major Analytical Methods for Determining Lead in Environmental and Biological Samples -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Health Effects -- 3 Overview of Basic Analytical Methods for Determining Lead -- 3.1 X-Ray Fluorescent Spectroscopy and PIXE Method -- 3.2 Atomic Spectroscopy -- 3.2.1 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy -- 3.2.2 Atomic Emission Spectroscopy -- 3.2.3 Atomic Fluorescent Spectroscopy -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Environmental Distribution and Modelling of Radioactive Lead (210): A Monte Carlo Simulation Application -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Radioactive Lead -- 3 Modelling of 210Pb -- 4 Monte Carlo Simulation of 210Pb Data -- 5 Monte Carlo Forecasting -- References -- Lead Pollution and Human Exposure: Forewarned is Forearmed, and the Question Now Becomes How to Respond to the Threat! -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Uses and Sources of Lead -- 3 Exposomics of Pb -- 4 Pharmacokinetics of Lead -- 4.1 Ingestion Pathways -- 4.2 Soil -- 4.3 Soil Dust -- 4.4 Exposure Through Pb-Contaminated Water Consumption -- 4.5 Ingestion of Pb-Contaminated Vegetable/Crops -- 5 Inhalation Pathways -- 5.1 Occupational Exposure -- 5.2 Atmospheric Exposure -- 5.3 Dermal Absorption -- 6 Other Sources of Human Exposure to Lead -- 6.1 Flaking of the Paints -- 7 Health Risk Assessment -- 8 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Impact of Lead Contamination on Agroecosystem and Human Health -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Source of Lead Contamination -- 3 Forms of Lead -- 4 Behaviour of Lead in Soil -- 5 Impact of Lead Contamination -- 5.1 Lead Toxicity -- 5.2 Soil Health and Soil Biodiversity -- 5.3 Plant Growth and Development -- 5.4 Crop Quality and Productivity -- 5.5 Nutrients Availability and Enzymatic Activities in Soil -- 5.6 Human and Animal Health -- 5.7 Aquatic Organisms -- 5.8 Environmental Threats. , 5.9 Impact on Agroecosystem -- 6 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Lead Contamination and Its Dynamics in Soil-Plant System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sources of Lead Contamination -- 2.1 Lead Concentration in Atmosphere -- 2.2 Sewage Channels -- 2.3 Through Contaminated Food -- 2.4 Lead in Water -- 2.5 Lead in Soil -- 3 Lead Toxicity in Plants -- 4 Lead Toxicity Effect on Ecosystem Services -- 4.1 Soil Forming Process -- 4.2 Plant Nutrient Dynamics -- 4.3 Soil Microbial Count -- 4.4 Plant Secretion -- 5 Factors Affecting Lead Mobility in Soil-Plant System -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Lead Toxicity in Plants: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Source of Lead -- 3 Speciation, Availability, Uptake, Transportation and Accumulation of Pb -- 4 Pb-Induced Toxicity in Plants -- 4.1 Effects on Cell Wall -- 4.2 Inhibition of Enzyme Activity -- 4.3 Effects on Germination and Growth -- 4.4 Effects on Photosynthesis -- 4.5 Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress -- 4.6 Genotoxicity -- 5 Phytoremediation of Lead -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Mechanisms Involved in Photosynthetic Apparatus Protection Against Lead Toxicity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pb Toxicity for Plants -- 3 Effects of Lead Toxicity on Photosynthetic Apparatus and Photosynthetic Process -- 3.1 Pigments Biosynthesis -- 3.2 Chloroplast Ultrastructure -- 3.3 Light and Dark Reactions of Photosynthesis -- 3.3.1 Light Reactions -- 3.3.2 Dark Reactions -- 3.4 Thioredoxin System -- 4 Plant Response to Lead Toxicity -- 4.1 Mechanisms of Photosynthetic Apparatus Protection Against Lead Toxicity -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Plant Growth and Different Plant Enzymes in Response to Lead Stress -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Effects of Lead Stress on Growth -- 2.1 Mineral Nutrition -- 2.2 Photosynthesis -- 2.3 Water Uptake. , 3 Effects of Lead Stress on Different Enzyme Activities -- 3.1 Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Lipid Peroxidation -- 3.2 Antioxidative Mechanism -- 3.3 Photosynthesis -- 3.4 Respiration -- 3.5 Nitrate Assimilation -- 3.6 Soluble Protein -- 3.7 Proline Synthesis -- 3.8 Seed Germination -- 3.9 Phytochelatins -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Biological Strategies of Lichen Symbionts to the Toxicity of Lead (Pb) -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Definition, Biological and Ecological Characteristics of Lichens -- 1.2 Lichens and Environment -- 1.2.1 Tolerance of Lichens to Abiotic Stress -- 1.2.2 Tolerance to Heavy Metals -- 1.3 Uses of Lichens in the Evaluation of Environmental Quality -- 2 Lichens and Pb -- 2.1 Damaging Effects of Pb on Lichens -- 2.2 Exclusion Systems and Walls -- 2.3 Intracellular Effects of Pb -- 2.4 Antioxidant Capacity and Redox Dimension of Lichen Symbiosis -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Phytoremediation of Lead: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Lead Enrichment in the Environment -- 3 Ecotoxicology of Lead -- 3.1 Effects of Lead on Living Beings and Human Health -- 3.2 Effect of Lead on Microorganisms -- 3.3 Effects of Lead on Ecosystem -- 3.4 Ecotoxicology of Pb-210 -- 4 Remediation Techniques of Lead -- 4.1 Conventional Remediation Techniques -- 4.2 Bioremediation Techniques -- 4.2.1 Remediation of Lead by Bacteria -- 4.2.2 Remediation of Lead by Algae -- 4.2.3 Remediation of Lead by Fungi -- 4.2.4 Phytoremediation (Green Technology) -- Phytoaccumulation -- Phytostabilization (Phytoimmobilization) -- Phytotransformation -- Phytofiltration -- Phytostimulation or Rhizodegradation -- Phytovolatilization -- 5 Bioavailability of Lead -- 6 Lead: Uptake, Translocation and Accumulation -- 7 Phytoremediation of Lead: Future Prospects -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- About the Editors -- Uranium in the Beginning of the Nuclear Age: Reflections on the Historical Role of Jáchymov and an Overview of Early and Present Epidemiological Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Uranium and the Role of Jáchymov -- 2.1 Some Important Uranium Milestones -- 2.2 Early Mining Period -- 2.3 Radioactive Era -- 2.4 Nuclear Age -- 2.5 World Production of Uranium -- 3 Quantification of Uranium-Related Exposure -- 3.1 Basic Aspects -- 3.2 Exposure of the Public -- 3.3 Exposure of Miners -- 3.4 Pollution of the Environment and Its Mitigation -- 4 Results of Epidemiological Studies -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Uranium and Its Distribution in Typical Belarusian Soils -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Nature (Origin) of Uranium in the Territory of Belarus -- 3 Objects and Methods -- 4 Vertical Distribution of Uranium in Soils -- 5 Speciation Uranium in Soils and Kd Coefficient -- 5.1 Uranium in the Interstitial (Pore) Waters of Soils -- 5.2 Reversibly Bound (Exchangeable) and Mobile (Conditionally Biologically Available) Uranium in the Soils -- 5.3 The "Solid Phase-Pore Solution" Distribution Coefficient in Soil (Kd) -- 6 Effect of Temperature on Uranium Mobile Species in the Soils -- 7 Effect of Humidity on Uranium Mobile Species in the Soil -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Environmental and Health Impact Due to Uranium Mining -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Uranium Characteristics, Reserves and Mining Process -- 2.1 Open-Pit (OP) Mining -- 2.2 Underground (UG) Mining -- 2.3 In Situ Leach (ISL) Mining -- 2.4 Milling Process -- 3 Environmental and Health Impacts Due to the Mining Activities -- 4 Some Case Study on Uranium Mining Impacts -- 4.1 Africa -- 4.2 Portugal -- 4.3 Canada -- 4.4 India -- 5 Recommendations and Conclusions -- References. , Biogeochemistry of Uranium in Tropical Environments -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geochemistry of U in Natural Waters and Sediments -- 2.1 Toxicity and Uptake of U by Aquatic Organisms -- 3 Geochemistry of U in Tropical Soils -- 3.1 Bioavailability of U in Soils and Soil-to-Plant Transfer Mechanisms -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- The Behaviour of Uranium in Soils and the Mechanisms of Its Accumulation by Agricultural Plants -- 1 Sources of 238U Entrance into Agricultural Ecosystems -- 2 Behaviour and Forms of 238U in Soils of Agricultural Lands -- 3 Mechanisms of Transfer of 238U from Soil to Plants -- 4 The Results of Experimental Studies on the Accumulation of 238U in the Yield of Cereals on Different Soils with the Application of Mineral Fertilisers and Ameliorants -- 4.1 The Effect of Mineral Fertilisers on the Accumulation of 238U in the Barley Crop on the Main Types of Soils of the Non-chernozem Zone -- 4.2 Influence of Mineral Fertilisers and Ameliorants on the Accumulation of 238U in the Cereal Crops -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Factors Influencing the Soil to Plant Transfer of Uranium -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Transfer Factors -- 3 Factors Affecting the Uranium Soil-to-Plant Transfer -- 3.1 Uranium Speciation in Soil -- 3.2 Influence of Soil Properties -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Uranium and Plants: Elemental Translocation and Phytoremediation Approaches -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Uranium and Its Application -- 3 Uranium in the Environment -- 4 Plant-Based Remediation -- 5 Membrane Transport and Rhizosphere for Uranium Phytoremediation -- 6 Uranium Uptake by Plants -- 7 Microbial Activities on Uranium -- 8 Accumulation of Uranium in Plants -- 9 Conclusive Remarks -- References -- Soil-to-Crop Transfer Factor: Consideration on Excess Uranium from Phosphate Fertilizer -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Estimation of Excess Amount of U in Agricultural Fields -- 2.1 Correlations Between Th and U Concentrations in Nonagricultural Soil Samples -- 2.2 Concentrations of Estimated essU in Agricultural Fields -- 3 Correlations Between U in Crops and essU in Corresponding Agricultural Soils -- 3.1 Concentrations of U in Crops -- 3.2 Correlations Between U in Crops and essU in Soil -- 4 Soil-to-Crop Transfer Factor of U from a Field Study -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Influence of Uranium Speciation on Plant Uptake -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Material -- 2.2 Hydroponic Experiment -- 2.3 Preparation of Different Species of Uranium -- Visual MINTEQ 3.1 Software -- Preparation of UO22+, (UO2)3(OH)5+, and UO2(OH)3− -- Preparation of UO2(CO3)34− and UO2PO4− -- 2.4 Bioaccumulation Amount and Bioaccumulation Factor -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Growth Inhibition Rates on the Azolla-Anabaena Under Stresses of Different Species of Uranium -- 3.2 Variation of Uranium Concentrations in Different Hydroponic Solutions -- 3.3 Bioaccumulation Amount and Bioaccumulation Factor of Azolla-Anabaena for Uranium in Different Hydroponic Solutions -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Assessment Modelling and the Evaluation of Radiological and Chemical Impacts of Uranium on Humans and the Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Quantification of Environmental Transfer Processes -- 2.1 General Considerations -- 2.2 Uptake and Retention in Soils and Sediments -- 2.3 Uptake and Retention of Uranium in Terrestrial Plants -- 2.4 Transfers of Uranium to Terrestrial Animals -- 2.5 Interactions with Freshwater Sediments and Uptake by Freshwater Biota -- 2.6 Interactions with Marine Sediments and Uptake by Marine Biota -- 3 Assessing Radiological and Toxicological Impacts when Environmental Concentrations Are Known -- 3.1 Radiotoxicity to Humans. , 3.2 Chemical Toxicity to Humans -- 3.3 Radiological Toxicity to Biota -- 3.4 Chemical Toxicity to Biota -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Biokinetic Modelling and Risk Assessment of Uranium in Humans -- 1 Background -- 1.1 Presence in Soil -- 1.2 Presence in Groundwater -- 2 Uranium Exposure to Humans -- 3 Risk Assessment of Uranium Ingestion -- 3.1 Radiological Toxicity -- 3.2 Chemical Toxicity -- 3.3 Age-Dependent Annual Ingestion Dose for Different Age Groups -- 4 Biokinetic Modelling of Uranium in Human Body -- 4.1 Bernard and Struxness Model (1957) -- 4.2 Lipsztein's Model (1981) -- 4.3 Wrenn's Model (1994) -- 4.4 ICRP's Uranium Systemic Model -- 4.5 Hair Compartment Model of Uranium -- 5 Case Study -- 5.1 Study Area -- 5.2 Instrumentation -- 5.3 Uranium Content in Groundwater -- 5.4 Biokinetic Behaviour -- Uranium Burden in Different Compartments in Human Body -- GI Tract -- Blood -- Liver -- Kidneys -- Skeleton -- Other Soft Tissue (OST) -- Urinary Bladder -- Time-Dependent Alteration of Uranium Load -- Transfer Coefficients -- Removal of Uranium from the Body by Various Excretory Paths -- 5.5 Doses to Internal Organs/Tissues -- 6 Summary -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Sources Contributing to Radionuclides in the Environment: With Focus on Radioactive Particles -- 1 Release of Radioactivity in the Environment -- 2 Particle Characterisation Techniques -- 2.1 Identification and Isolation of Radioactive Particles -- 2.2 Nano- and Microfocusing Analytical Techniques -- 2.3 Identification of Isotope Ratios for Source Identification of Single Particles Using MS Techniques -- 3 Linking Sources and Particle Characteristics -- 3.1 Particles Originating from Testing of Nuclear Weapons -- 3.2 Particles Released During Nuclear Accidents -- 3.3 Particles Originating from Nuclear Reprocessing Activities -- 3.3.1 Particles Released from North American Sites -- 3.3.2 Particles Released from Russian Sites -- 3.3.3 Particles Released from European Reprocessing Plants -- 3.4 Particles Associated with Dumping of Waste -- 3.5 Nuclear Accidents Involving Satellites -- 3.6 Conventional Detonation of Nuclear Weapons -- 3.7 Depleted Uranium Ammunitions -- 3.8 Radioactive Particles of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material Origin -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Mobility and Bioavailability of Radionuclides in Soils -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Objective and Overview -- 1.2 Vertical Movement of Radionuclides in Undisturbed Soils -- 1.3 The Solid-Liquid Distribution Coefficient, Kd -- 1.4 Radionuclide Bioavailability in Soils -- 2 Factors Controlling the Behaviour of Radionuclides in Soil -- 2.1 Soil Organic Matter -- 2.2 Mineral Soil Components -- 2.3 Redox Potential (Eh) and the pH -- 2.4 Rainfall -- 2.5 Soil Structure and Texture -- 2.6 Climate Change and Soil Management -- 3 Behaviour of Key Specific Artificial Radionuclides in Soil -- 3.1 Caesium -- 3.2 Plutonium and Americium -- 3.3 Strontium -- 4 Natural Radionuclides -- 4.1 Uranium -- 4.2 Thorium -- 4.3 Radium -- 5 Conclusions -- References. , The Influence of Edaphic Factors on Spatial and Vertical Distribution of Radionuclides in Soil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sources of Radionuclides in Soil -- 3 Environmental Geochemistry of Selected Radionuclides -- 4 Edaphic Factors Influencing Radionuclide Distribution in Soil -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Modelling Speciation and Distribution of Radionuclides in Agricultural Soils -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Important Soil Parameters and Processes -- 2.1 Chemical Parameters and Processes -- 2.2 Physical Parameters and Processes -- 2.3 Influence of Agricultural Use -- 3 Sorption Modelling Concepts -- 3.1 Empirical Models -- 3.2 Ion Exchange -- 3.3 Mineral Surface Complexation Models -- 3.4 Ion Binding of Organic Matter -- 3.5 Model Parametrisation -- 3.6 Assemblage Models -- 4 Constructing a CA Soil Model -- 4.1 Speciation Code and Representative Soil Components -- 4.2 Thermodynamical Data -- 4.3 Model Parameters -- 4.4 Calculating the Distribution Coefficient -- 5 Verifying and Validating the Model -- 5.1 Comparison of Simulations with Averages of Experimental Kd Values for Two Soil Types -- 5.2 Simulating Experimental Uranium Distributions in Batch Experiments with Several Specified Soils -- 5.3 Sources of Uncertainties -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Radiotracers as a Tool to Elucidate Trace Element Behaviour in the Water-Sediment Interface -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental Studies on Sediment-Water Exchanges of Radiotracers -- 3 Biological Effects -- 4 Water and Sediment Effects -- 5 Transfer Kinetics from Overlying Water to Sediments -- 6 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Uptake and Retention of Simulated Fallout of Radiocaesium and Radiostrontium by Different Agriculture Crops -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Interception of Radionuclides by Agricultural Crops -- 3 Activity Concentration of Radionuclides in Crops. , 3.1 Distribution of Radionuclides Between Plant Parts -- 4 Foliar Uptake of Radionuclides -- 4.1 Radiocaesium Transfer, from Potato Tops to Tubers -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Root Uptake/Foliar Uptake in a Natural Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Sample Collection and Processing -- 2.3 Activity Determination -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Activity Concentration Radionuclides as a Function of Soil Depth -- 3.2 Activity Concentration in Sylva Plant Species -- 3.3 Activity Concentration of Radionuclides in Physiologically Different Plants -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Assessment of Radioactivity in Forest and Grassland Ecosystems -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Sample Collection and Processing -- 2.3 Activity Determination -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Dose Calculations -- 3.1.1 Absorbed and Observed Dose Rates -- 3.1.2 Annual Effective Dose Equivalents -- 3.2 Radiation Hazard Indices -- 3.3 Comparison of the Activity Concentrations with Those Found in Similar Studies -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Terrestrial Environmental Dynamics of Radioactive Nuclides -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Deposition of Radioactive Nuclides in the Terrestrial Environment -- 3 Radioactive Nuclide Behavior Within Soil -- 4 Radioactive Nuclide Dynamics Within Forest Ecosystem -- 5 Rediffusion of Radioactive Nuclides -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Biotransformation of Radionuclides: Trends and Challenges -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Uranium -- 1.2 Technetium -- 1.3 Plutonium -- 1.4 Neptunium -- 1.5 Strontium and Cesium -- 1.6 Iodine -- 2 Mechanisms of Bioimmobilization of Radionuclides -- 2.1 Biosorption -- 2.2 Bioaccumulation -- 2.3 Biomineralization/Bioprecipitation -- 2.4 Bioreduction -- 3 Prospects and Challenges -- References. , Methods for Decrease of Radionuclides Transfer from Soil to Agricultural Vegetation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Characteristics of Radioactive Contamination of Soils -- 2.1 The Accident at Mayak PA, 1957 -- 2.2 Chernobyl Disaster, 1986 -- 2.3 Fukushima Dai-Ichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident, 2011 -- 3 Methods for Decrease of Cesium and Strontium Radionuclides from Radioactively Contaminated Soil to Agricultural Vegetation -- 3.1 Removal or Plowing of Contaminated Soil Layer -- 3.2 Use of Mineral Fertilizers -- 3.3 Use of Organic Fertilizers -- 3.4 Liming -- 3.5 Phytoremediation -- 3.6 Addition of Sorbents -- 3.6.1 Materials and Methods -- 3.6.2 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Bacterial Diversity in Clay and Actinide Interactions with Bacterial Isolates in Relation to Nuclear Waste Disposal -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Bacterial Diversity in Clay -- 3 Determination of Actinide Interactions with Mont Terri Opalinus Clay Isolates -- 3.1 U(VI) Interaction Studies with Paenibacillus sp. and Sporomusa sp. Cells -- 3.1.1 U(VI) Binding by Paenibacillus sp. and Sporomusa sp. cells as a Function of [U(VI)] and pH Including the Bacteria-Mediat... -- 3.1.2 U(VI) Speciation Explored by Potentiometric Titration (Lütke et al. 2013 -- Moll et al. 2013a) -- 3.1.3 U(VI) Speciation Explored by Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLFS) in the Paenibacillus sp. Syst... -- 3.2 Cm(III) Interaction Studies with Paenibacillus sp. and Sporomusa sp. Cells (Lütke 2013 -- Moll et al. 2013a, 2014) -- 4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Analysis of Radionuclides in Environmental Samples -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principles of Sampling and Sample Pretreatment -- 3 Carriers and Tracers in Radiochemical Analysis -- 4 Methods of Nonselective Preconcentration of Radionuclides. , 5 Methods of Selective Preconcentration and Separation of Radionuclides in Radiochemical Analysis -- 5.1 Use of Selective Sorbents -- 5.1.1 Thin-Layer Inorganic Sorbents -- 5.1.2 Surface-Modified Sorbents -- 5.2 Use of Extraction Chromatographic Resins -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Uncertainty Analysis and Risk Assessment -- 1 Risk Analysis -- 1.1 Definition of Risk -- 1.2 Relationships Between Risk and Uncertainty -- 1.3 Relationship Between Risk and Hazard -- 1.4 Risk Quantification and Presentation -- 1.4.1 Identification of Scenarios -- 1.4.2 Consequence Analysis -- 1.4.3 Assignment of Probabilities to the Scenarios -- 1.4.4 Risk Curves and Risk Matrices -- 1.4.5 Risk Quotients -- 2 Probability -- 3 Uncertainty Analysis -- 3.1 Sources of Uncertainty -- 3.2 Assigning Probability Distributions to Model Parameters -- 3.2.1 Distribution Fitting -- 3.2.2 Maximum Entropy -- 3.2.3 Bayesian Inference -- 3.2.4 Expert Elicitation -- 3.3 Propagation of Uncertainties -- 3.3.1 Monte Carlo Analysis -- 4 Sensitivity Analysis -- 5 Conclusions -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Distribution of Caesium in Soil and its Uptake by Plants -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Caesium in the Environment and its Bioavailability in Soils -- 1.2 Radiocaesium Migration in Soil After Chornobyl Catastrophe -- 1.3 Migration of 137Cs in Forest Ecosystems -- 1.4 Radiocaesium in Soil After Fukushima Accident -- 1.5 Radiocaesium Uptake by Plants -- 2 Conclusion -- References -- Factors Influencing the Soil to Plant Transfer of Radiocaesium -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Quantification of the Transfer Process -- 3 Factors Affecting the Caesium Soil-to-Plant Transfer -- 4 Modification of the Radiocaesium Transfer -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Role of Mycorrhizal Fungi in Caesium Uptake by Plants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Radiocaesium Accumulation by Ectomycorrhizal Fungi -- 2.1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Their Role in Radiocaesium Accumulation by Plants -- 2.2 Distribution of Caesium in Plant and AM Fungal Tissues -- 3 Conclusions -- References -- Influence of Biologically Active Preparations on Caesium-137 Transition to Plants from Soil on the Territories Contaminated after Chernobyl Accident -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objects and Methods of Research -- 2.1 137Cs Vegetation Accumulation in Wood Ecosystems of Cherikov District of Mogilyov Area at Different Levels of Radioactive Pollution of Soil -- 2.2 Research of Specific Specificity of 137Cs Accumulation by Plants of Wood Ecosystems -- 2.3 Definition, Forms of 137Cs Content in  Soil -- 2.4 Factors of 137Cs Accumulation and Transition in Wood Vegetation -- 2.5 Induced Succession of Rhizosphere Communities -- 3 Invertebrates Natural Forest Ecosystems -- 3.1 The Taxonomic Diversity of Soil Fauna -- 3.2 The Number of Soil Fauna -- 3.3 Biomass Soil Fauna -- 3.4 Structure of Soil Fauna Community -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , The Distribution of 137Cs in Selected Compartments of Coniferous Forests in the Czech Republic -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Coniferous Forests as an Important Receptor and Reservoir of Airborne 137Cs -- 2.1 The Movement of 137Cs in Forest Soils -- 2.2 The Redistribution of 137Cs in Forest Vegetation, Mosses and Fungi -- 3 History of the Atmospheric Deposition Loads of 137Cs in the Czech Republic -- 3.1 Global Fallout -- 3.2 Post-Chernobyl Fallout -- 3.3 Post-Fukushima Fallout -- 4 Material and Methods -- 4.1 Determining the 137Cs Activity Concentrations in Forest Humus -- 4.2 Determining the 137Cs Activity Concentrations in Spruce Bark -- 4.3 Determining the 137Cs Activity Concentrations in Forest Soils -- 4.4 Determining the 137Cs Activity Concentrations in Plant Material -- 5 Results -- 5.1 The Large-Scale Distribution of 137Cs in Forest Floor Humus (Oh) -- 5.2 The Large-Scale Distribution of 137Cs in Spruce Bark -- 5.3 The Distribution and Migration of 137Cs in Forest Soils -- 5.4 The Distribution of 137Cs in Selected Biota -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Cesium Uptake in Plants: Mechanism, Regulation and Application for Phytoremediation -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cesium Uptake Mechanism -- 2.1 KT/KUP/HAKs -- 2.2 HKT -- 2.3 Voltage-Gated Potassium Channels -- 2.4 Voltage Insensitive Channels -- 2.5 Other Membrane Proteins -- 3 Regulation -- 3.1 Interaction with Potassium and Other Ions -- 3.2 Hormones -- 3.3 Transcriptional Regulation -- 3.4 Post-Transcriptional and Post-Translational Regulation -- 4 Application for Phytoremediation -- 4.1 Use of Plants to Remediate Radiocesium -- 4.2 Search for Plant Species Suitable for Efficient Phytoremediation of Radiocesium -- 4.3 Biotic Factors Influencing Cesium Phytoremediation Efficiency -- 4.4 Abiotic Factors Influencing Cesium Phytoremediation Efficiency -- 4.5 Biosorption of Cesium Using Plant Materials. , 5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- Effective Half-Lives of Radiocesium in Terrestrial Plants Observed After Nuclear Power Plant Accidents -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Effective Half-life -- 3 Herbaceous Plants -- 3.1 Very Short-Term Decreasing Rate of Radiocesium in Herbaceous Plants -- 3.2 Short-Term Teff of 137Cs in Herbaceous Plants -- 3.3 Long-Term Teff of 137Cs in Herbaceous Plants -- 4 Woody Plants -- 4.1 Short-term Teff of 137Cs in Fruit and Tea Plants -- 4.2 Short-Term Teff of 137Cs in Japanese Trees Obtained After the Chernobyl and Fukushima Accidents -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Cultivar Difference and Fertilizer Effects on Radioactive Cesium Accumulation in Rice Grown in Fukushima Paddy Field from 2011 to 2014 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Difference in Radioactive Cs Accumulation Among Rice Cultivars Grown in the Paddy Field at Fukushima from 2011 to 2014 -- 2.1 Radioactive Cs Accumulation Among Selected 85 Rice Cultivars Grown in Fukushima Paddy Fields in 2011 -- 2.2 Radioactive Cs Accumulation Among 15 Selected Rice Cultivars Grown in Fukushima Paddy Field from 2012 to 2014 -- 3 Radioactive Cs Concentration of Rice Straw and Brown Rice Grown in Paddy Field Under Four Fertilizer Treatments at Kawamata-cho -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Distribution of 137Cs Between the Components of Pine Forest of Chernobyl NPP Exclusion Zone -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Object and Methods of Research -- 3 Current State of Pine Forests of Belarusian Part of Exclusion Zone of ChNPP -- 4 Distribution of 137Cs Between Horizons of Forest Litter and Soil in Predominant Types of Pine Forest -- 5 Accumulation of 137Cs by Phytomass of Pine Forests -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Accumulation of Cesium by Aquatic Plants and Algae -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Assimilation and Accumulation of Radioactive Cesium by Living Cells. , 3 Significance of Bioremediation and Phytoremediation for Decontamination of Radionuclides from Polluted Environment -- 4 Assimilation and Accumulation of Radioactive Cesium by Aquatic Plants and Microalgae -- 4.1 Advantage of Microalgae for Decontamination of Water -- 4.2 Screening of High Cesium Accumulating Algae -- 5 High Cesium Accumulating Alga V. crystalliferum -- 6 Conclusion and Future Study -- References -- Regularities of Accumulation of Cs-137 and Other Radionuclides in Aquatic Vegetation in the Territory of the South-Ural Biogeochemical Province of Techno-genic Radioactive Isotopes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Research Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 The Study of Regularities of Radionuclides Accumulation in Aquatic Vegetation of a Watercourse: The Techa River -- 3.2 The Study of Regularities of Radionuclides Accumulation in the Aquatic Vegetation of the Stagnant Reservoir V-10 -- 3.3 The Study of Regularities of Radionuclides Accumulation in the Aquatic Vegetation of a Stagnant Reservoir: The Uruskul Lake -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Radiocesium Phytotoxicity to Single Cell and Higher Plants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Nitellopsis obtusa as Testing System -- 2.2 Lepidium sativum Bioassay -- 2.3 Estimation of the RNA-Polymerase II Activity in the Cell Nuclei of L. sativum Shoots -- 2.4 Estimation of 137Cs Accumulation and Translocation in Plants -- 2.5 Tradescantia Clone BNL 02 Bioassay -- 2.6 Activity Concentrations and Internal Exposure Doses of 137Cs in Tested Plants -- 2.7 Estimation of the External Exposure Doses of 137Cs in L. sativum -- 2.8 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 The Accumulation Process of 137Cs in the Cell of N. obtusa Algae and Effect to the Electrophysiological Properties of these Cells -- 3.2 Accumulation and Impact of 137Cs on L. sativum. , 3.3 Accumulation and Impact of 137Cs on the Tradescantia Clone BNL 02 -- 3.4 Effects of Internal and External Doses of 137Cs on L. sativum and the Tradescantia Clone BNL 02 -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Sorbents for Radiocaesium Removal from Natural Water and Soil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sorbents for Decontamination of Natural Media Contaminated by Caesium -- 2.1 Natural Aluminosilicates -- 2.1.1 Structure of Aluminosilicates and Nature of their Sorption Behavior -- 2.1.2 Sorption Characteristics of the Natural Aluminosilicates with Respect to Caesium -- 2.2 Granulated Aluminosilicates -- 2.2.1 Synthesis and Mechanical Characteristics -- 2.2.2 Sorption Characteristics of the Granulated Glauconite -- 2.3 Modified Sorbents Based on the Natural Aluminosilicates -- 2.3.1 Physicochemical Modification of the Natural Aluminosilicates -- 2.3.2 Sorption Characteristics of the Ferrocyanide Sorbents Based on the Natural Aluminosilicates -- 3 Use of Granulated and Modified Aluminosilicate Sorbents for Deactivation of Natural Water and Soil -- 3.1 Decontamination of Natural Water -- 3.2 Radiocaesium Removal from Soil -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Analysis of Transfer Factor, Anatomical Changes and Growth of Plants During Phytoremediation of Cesium Contaminated Solutions -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Hydroponic Cultivating -- 2.2 Remediation of Cesium and Lead from Mixed Solution -- 2.3 Cesium Absorption and Accumulation -- 2.4 Distribution of Cs in Plants -- 2.5 Transfer Factor -- 2.6 Statistical Analysis -- 2.7 Anatomical Studies -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Absorption and Accumulation of Cesium -- 3.2 Anatomical Studies -- 3.2.1 Primary Structure of Stem in Control Plants -- 3.2.2 Secondary Structure of Stem in Control Plants -- 3.2.3 Structure of Control Leaf -- 3.2.4 Anatomical Structure of Aerial Organs in Treatment with Cesium. , 4 Discussion.

Note: Sources contributing to radionuclides in the environment - with focus on radioactive particlesMobility and bioavailability of radionuclides in soils -- The influence of edaphic factors on spatial and vertical distribution of radionuclides in soil -- Modelling speciation and distribution of radionuclides in agricultural soils -- Radiotracers as a tool to elucidate trace element behaviour in the water-sediment interface -- Uptake and retention of simulated fallout of radiocaesium and radiostrontium by different agriculture crops -- Root uptake/foliar uptake of radionuclides in natural ecosystem -- Assessment of radioactivity in forest and grassland ecosystems -- Terrestrial environmental dynamics of radioactive nuclides -- Biotransformation of radionuclides: Trends and challenges -- Methods of decrease of radionuclides transfer from soil to agricultural vegetation -- Bacterial diversity in clay and actinide interactions with bacterial isolates in relation to nuclear waste disposal -- Analysis of radionuclides in environmental samples -- Uncertainty analysis and risk assessment.