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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The carbon-isotope signature of terrestrial organic matter (OM) offers a valuable tool to develop stratigraphic correlations for near-shore deposits. A mid-Cretaceous coastal succession of the western Algarve Basin, Portugal, displays a marked negative δ13C excursion ranging from − 21.2‰ to − 27.8‰ in the Early Aptian followed by two shifts towards higher values (up to − 19.3‰) during the Early and Late Aptian, respectively. The dominance of cuticle and leaf debris in the bulk OM fraction is confirmed by optical studies, Rock-Eval pyrolysis and by comparison with the δ13C signature of four different types of fossilized land-plant particles. Correlation of two terrestrial δ13Cbulk OM records from different study sites leads to a significant enhancement of the intrabasinal stratigraphic correlation within the Algarve Basin. Three prominent excursions in the Portuguese records can be correlated with existing δ13C curves from pelagic and terrestrial environments. The general carbon-isotope pattern is superimposed by small-scale fluctuations which can be explained by compositional variations within the OM.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The carbonate carbon isotope record of the Phanerozoic is marked by repeated high-amplitude excursions towards more positive values. Although the interpretation of C-isotope events remains controversial, they are regarded as a proxy of the global C-cycle. Using δ13COrg-measurements of samples from DSDP Site 416, it is shown that a classic example of platform drowning coincided with the onset of the mid-Valanginian carbon-cycle excursion. Widespread carbonate platform drowning would have contributed to the observed positive shift in the C-isotope record. As choking of carbonate production was compensated by increased organic production, both processes favoured a shift in marine carbon partitioning from the oxidized to the reduced carbon reservoir. This would have resulted in an increased flux of CO2 from the atmosphere into the marine and sedimentary carbon reservoir.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Terra nova 4 (1992), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3121
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Lower Cretaceous pelagic carbonates outcropping along the Southern Alps of northern Italy provide a record of Tethyan palaeoceanography as well as of low frequency fluctuations in the global carbon cycle. The carbonate C-isotope stratigraphy established at five selected localities in the Southern Alps allows an accurate picture to be drawn of the duration and amplitude of the Valanginian C-isotope event. δ13C values near 1.25–1.50% determined in Berriasian and lower Valanginian sediments are replaced by more pdsitive δ13C values near 3% in the late Valanginian. The carbonate C-isotope excursion ends in the early Hauterivian with values fluctuating between 1.5% and 2%. The carbonate C-isotope excursion is accompanied by a positive excursion in the total organic carbon C-isotope curve. The Valanginian C-isotope excursion identified in Tethyan sediments correlates with a C-isotope excursion recorded in the western North Atlantic, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Central Pacific (DSDP Sites 534,391,535 and 167). By analogy with the Aptian stage, also marked by a significant positive C-isotope excursion, the time of positive δ13C values is regarded as a time of accelerated carbon cycling coupled with increased burial rates of organic carbon and detrital material in oceanic sediments. A warm and humid climate, possiblycoupled with a high atmospheric CO2 content and a high global sea-level, may have triggered the acceleration of the global carbon cycling. In this case the Valanginian C-isotope event would reflect a first episode of Greenhouse Earth conditions during the Cretaceous.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: A carbonate buildup of Middle Triassic age, the Esino Limestone, outcrops in the Southern Calcareous Alps of Lombardy (N Italy). Along its margin and within the open subtidal facies, the Esino Limestone contains calcite cement-filled cavities of cm to m size. These features, known as evinosponges, may form pervasive networks within the host rock. The filling consists of concentric, isopachous layers of fibrous low-Mg calcite crystals characterized by strong undulose extinction and bent cleavages. The cement crusts are non-luminescent under cathodoluminescence, but both cements and host rock are cross-cut by micro-fractures filled with bright-luminescent calcite, related to late void-filling sparite. Mixing of different carbonates is reflected in stable isotope data. On the hand specimen scale, the oxygen and carbon isotope compositions of cements and host rock show little variation. When compared on a regional scale, the values cover a broad range from δ18O(PDB)=−5‰ to −12‰ and from δ13O =0‰ to +3‰. The linear covariant trends defined by the oxygen and carbon isotope data for different sampling regions reflect the admixture of late, isotopically depleted calcite with an isotopically enriched non-luminescent calcite of early diagenetic origin.The Esino Limestone fibrous cements, which were probably precipitated in the marine or marine-meteoric phreatic environment, were affected by late diagenetic processes that caused mineral deformation and isotopic depletion through recrystallization and the admixture of a later calcite. These later calcites precipitated from penetrative fluids possibly related to Late Triassic volcanic activity and/or to the Late Cretaceous/Early Palaeogene alpine orogeny.
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 406 (2000), S. 356-357 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Two hundred years ago Georges Cuvier came up with the concept of what we now call ‘proxy indicators’ in geology. These are biological, chemical or physical signatures preserved in the rock record that serve as fingerprints of the biosphere's evolution through time. Much of the ...
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 428 (2004), S. 130-132 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] In 1997–98, extreme El Niño climatic conditions in the tropical Pacific had severe consequences in Indonesia. A prolonged period of dry weather resulted in drought, and favoured the ensuing forest and peat fires (Fig. 1) that were among the largest of the past century. Massive ...
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 74 (1985), S. 665-679 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract Remnants of the Liguria-Piemont Ocean with its Jurassic ophiolitic basement are preserved in the South Pennine thrust nappes of eastern Switzerland. Analysis of South Pennine stratigraphy and comparison with sequences from the adjacent continental margin units suggest that South Pennine nappes are relics of a transform fault system. This interpretation is based on three arguments: (1) In the highly dismembered ophiolite suite preserved, Middle to Late Jurassic pelagic sediments are found in stratigraphic contact not only with pillow basalts but also with serpentinites indicating the occurrence of serpentinite protrusions along fracture zones. (2) Ophiolite breccias (»ophicalcites«) occurring along distinct zones within peridotite-serpentinite host rocks are comparable with breccias from present-day oceanic fracture zones. They originated from a combination of tectonic and sedimentary processes: i.e. the fragmentation of oceanic basement on the seafloor and the filling of a network of neptunian dikes by pelagic sediment with locally superimposed hydrothermal activity and gravitational collapse. (3) The overlying Middle to Late Jurassic radiolarian chert contains repeated intercalations of massflow conglomerates mainly comprising components of oceanic basement but clasts of acidic basement rocks and oolitic limestone also exist. This indicates a close proximity between continental and oceanic basement. The rugged morphology manifested in the mass-flow deposits intercalated with the radiolarites is draped by pelagic sediments of Early Cretaceous age.
    Abstract: Résumé Des restes de l'océan liguro-piémontais avec son socle ophiolitique jurassique sont préservées dans les nappes du Pennique méridional de Suisse orientale. L'analyse de la stratigraphie sud-pennique et la comparaison avec les séquences d'unités de marge continentale adjacentes, suggèrent que les nappes penniques méridionales sont les restes d'un système de failles transformantes. Cette interprétation se base sur 3 arguments: (1) dans la séquence ophiolitique fortement disloquée, des sédiments pélagiques du Jurassique moyen à supérieur préservent des contacts stratigraphiques non seulement avec des basalts en coussins, mais aussi avec des serpentinites, indiquant l'occurence de protrusions ultramafiques le long de zones de fractures. (2) Des brèches ophiolitiques (»ophicalcites«) qui apparaissent dans des zones distinctes à l'intérieur de masses de péridotite-serpentinite sont comparables aux brèches des zones de fractures actuelles. Ces roches sont issues de la combinaison de processus tectoniques et sédimentaires, notamment la fragmentation du socle océanique au fond de la mer et le remplissage d'un réseau de filons néptuniens par du matérial sédimentaire pélagique, suivi localement d'une activité hydrothermale et d'un effondrement gravitationel. (3) Les radiolarites sur-jacentes du Jurassique supérieur recèlent des intercalations répétées de conglomerats d'écoulements de masse, comprenant principalement des constituants du socle océanique, mais aussi des clastes de roches acides et de calcaires oolithiques, indiquant ainsi la contiguité du socle continental et océanique. La morphologie mouvementée traduite par des dépôts d'écoulements de masse intercalés dans les radiolarites, est recouverte par des sédiments pélagiques d'âge crétacé inférieur.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Überreste des Ligurisch-Piemontesischen Ozeans mit seiner ophiolitischen Unterlage sind in den südpenninischen Decken Graubündens (E-Schweiz) erhalten. Auf Grund einer Analyse der südpenninischen Stratigraphie und einem Vergleich mit Serien aus ophiolithführenden Decken der Westalpen und Apenninen interpretieren wir die südpenninischen Decken als Relikte eines ozeanischen Transform-Bruch-Systems. Diese Interpretation beruht auf drei Argumenten: (1) Die stark zerrissene Ophiolitabfolge ist von pelagischen Sedimenten des ?mittleren und oberen Jura überlagert, wobei diese sowohl mit Basalten als auch mit Serpentiniten in stratigraphischem Kontakt sind. Wir vergleichen die südpenninischen Serpentinite mit Serpentinit-Protrusionen entlang von ozeanischen Bruchzonen. (2) Ophiolith-Breccien (»Ophicalcite«), die entlang bestimmter Zonen innerhalb des Serpentinitmuttergesteins auftreten, sind mit Breccien, wie sie in heutigen Transform-Brüchen gefunden werden, vergleichbar. Tektonische und sedimentäre Prozesse waren an der Bildung dieser Breccien beteiligt. Serpentinite zerbrachen in tektonisch aktiven Zonen und die entstehenden Risse und Gräben wurden mit pelagischem Sediment und mit Kollapsbreccien gefüllt. Hydrothermale Prozesse überprägten viele der Ophicalcite. (3) In den oberjurassischen Radiolariten findet man wiederholt Einschaltungen von Konglomeraten, in denen Ophiolith-Komponenten dominieren, in denen aber auch Komponenten von granitischen Gesteinen und von Flachwasserkarbonaten (?Triasische Oolite) an verschiedenen Orten beigemischt sind. Daraus schließen wir auf eine enge Nachbarschaft von ozeanischer und kontinentaler Kruste im Bereich des südpenninischen Ozeans. Ähnlich wie heute im Golf von Kalifornien dürfte die mesozoische kontinentale Kruste entlang des Ligurisch-Piemontesischen Ozeans durch Bruchzonen segmentiert worden sein. Über dieses ausgeprägte Relief lagern sich in der unteren Kreide pelagische Kalke, Mergel und schwarze Kieselschiefer, die Hinweise auf die Ozeanographie der Tethys geben.
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Climatic change 36 (1997), S. 391-411 
    ISSN: 1573-1480
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Annually laminated sediments (glacial varves) from Lake Silvaplauna, a High Alpine proglacial lake in the Central Swiss Alps, were compared with glacier monitoring data and instrumental climate data from 1864 to 1990. Long-term and short-term responses to climatic change as well as anthropogenic influence can be traced separately in the varve succession. Economic development in the lake catchment has resulted in higher autochthonous production in recent years. Autochthonous components contribute around 10% to the total amount of sediment accumulated annually since 1960 but their contribution is negligible before this date. Decadal-scale varve thickness trends correlate with glacier size-variations. A stepwise, running multiple regression analysis demonstrates that interannual changes in varve thickness are strongly correlated with changes in mean summer temperatures, but cannot be sufficiently explained without considering summer precipitation and the number of days with snow per year. The wide range of observed correlation coefficients reveals the sensitivity of the archive to temporal variability of the climatic forcing factors and makes the development of transfer functions ambiguous.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Surveys in geophysics 10 (1989), S. 1-61 
    ISSN: 1573-0956
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Today's disturbance of the global carbon cycle induced by anthropogenic processes has raised new interest in the history of the global carbon cycle and its relationship to climate and other geochemical cycles. Carbon-isotope stratigraphy proves to be most useful as a monitor of the history of the carbon-cycle during the last 200 million years. In the introductory paragraphs of this review the mode of functioning of the global carbon-cycle is summarized and the connection between carbon-cycle and carbon isotope geochemistry is documented. A case study on the disturbance of the global carbon cycle during the Aptian-Albian is presented. The disturbance of the carbon cycle lasting up to millions of years is recorded in the carbon-isotope stratigraphy of pelagic sediments. It is superimposed on high frequency sedimentological cycles, related to climate and oceanographic cycles of 20, 40 or 100 ky duration. The data reviewed suggest that the change in the global carbon system was linked to a global acceleration of geochemical cycles triggered by a long-term change in atmospheric CO2 controlled by the rate of sea-floor formation and by volcanic activity. Increased accumulation rates of terrestrial material and terrestrial organic matter in marine sediments may be used as an indicator of an intensified hydrological cycling resulting in higher water-discharge rates. An intensification of the Aptian-Albian water cycle is further reflected in continental sediments monitoring a period of elevated humidity. An increase in water discharge rates should have affected the transfer rate of dissolved nutrients from continents to oceans. Elevated concentrations of phosphorus may have led to an increase in Aptian-Albian oceanic productivity enhancing the transfer of marine organic matter from the oceanic into the sedimentary reservoir. Increased productivity, increased bulk sedimentation rates and poorly oxygenated deep-water led to increased preservation of marine and terrestrial organic matter in marine sediments. The accelerated output of marine organic carbon from the oceanic reservoir is ultimately registered in the positive carbon-isotope excursion of the marine carbonate carbon-isotope stratigraphy.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-12-21
    Print ISSN: 0941-2948
    Electronic ISSN: 1610-1227
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Published by Schweizerbart
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