Note: 9780080555539_001_WEB -- Front Cover -- Handbook for Cleaning/Decontamination of Surfaces -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter A. Physical Aspects of Cleaning Processes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Components in cleaning processes -- 3. Interfacial effects for the cleaning of particulate and oily soil -- 4. Bulk properties of the cleaning solution -- 5. Dispersed systems in cleaning -- References -- Chapter B.1.I Laundry Cleaning of Textiles -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Textiles -- 3. Soil -- 4. Product forms -- 5. Ingredients and cleaning mechanisms -- 6. Test methods -- 7. Future trends -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter B.1.II Formulation of Carpet Cleaners -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Carpet soil and soiling -- 3. Carpet fibers and carpet construction -- 4. Carpet cleaning methods -- 5. Formulation technology for carpet cleaning agents -- 6. Applications -- References -- Chapter B.2.I Dish and Household Cleaning -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Household cleaners -- 3. Hand dishwashing products -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter B.2.II A Review of Key Ingredients Used in Past and Present Auto-Dishwashing Formulations and the Physico-Chemical Processes They Facilitate -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Evolution of the field -- 3. Hand dishwashing vs machine dishwashing -- 4. Components -- 5. Additives -- 6. Market progressions -- 7. Ingredients and functionalities of mainwash products -- overview -- 8. Summary/future -- 9. Where to next? -- References -- Chapter C.1 Personal Cleansing -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Anatomy of a skin cleanser -- 3. Commonly used surfactants in cleansing -- 4. Other elements of a skin cleanser -- 5. Effects of cleansing on skin structure and function -- 6. Effect of surfactants on SC -- 7. Technology of mild cleansing -- 8. Minimizing surfactant protein damage. , 9. Minimizing surfactant lipid damage -- 10. Compensating for damage: enhancing moisturization -- 11. Summary -- References -- Chapter C.2 Shampoo Formulation -- 1. Anionic surfactants -- 2. Amphoteric surfactants -- 3. Pseudoamphoteric surfactants -- 4. Nonionics -- 5. Cationic materials and "other" conditioning agents -- 6. Thickening shampoos -- 7. Shampoo additives -- 8. Other additives -- 9. Fragrance and color -- 10. Shampoo evaluation -- 11. Shampoo formulations -- Chapter C.3 Surfactant Action on Skin and Hair: Cleansing and Skin Reactivity Mechanisms -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Surfactants in cleansing systems for skin and hair -- 3. Cleaning mechanisms -- 4. Efficacy of soil removal by cleansers -- 5. Interactions of surfactants with skin - understanding and controlling irritation -- References -- Chapter C.4 The Cleaning of Teeth -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The human dentition and its environment -- 3. Oral accumulations -- 4. Oral care products -- 5. Evaluation of oral care products -- 6. Cleaning agents in oral care products -- References -- Chapter D.1 Dry Cleaning of Textiles -- 1. Dry cleaning - definition -- 2. Dry cleaning - history -- 3. Dry cleaning - characteristics -- 4. Dry cleaning - solvents -- 5. Dry cleaning - detergents -- 6. Dry cleaning - machines -- 7. Dry cleaning - process technology -- 8. Spotting -- 9. Finishing -- References -- Chapter D.2 Wet Cleaning of Textiles -- 1. What is wet cleaning? -- 2. What can wet cleaning achieve? -- 3. What advantages do wet cleaning offer? -- Chapter E.1 Vehicle Cleaning -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Exterior cleaners for domestic vehicles . -- 3. Interior cleaners -- 4. Commercial vehicles -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter E.2.I Back-End-of-Line Cleaning -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Old and new generation stripper formulations -- 3. All-aqueous chemistries for removal of etch residues. , 4. Post-CMP cleaning solutions -- 5. Corrosion issues -- 6. Summary -- References -- Chapter E.2.II Cleaning of Trace Metallic Impurities from Solid Substrates Using Liquid Media -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Adsorption forces - types of solid surfaces - surface termination - removal mechanisms -- 3. State of the metallic and ionic contaminants in liquid solutions -- 4. Chemisorption/desorption in liquids of metallic contaminants on inorganic dielectric surfaces -- 5. Chemisorption/desorption of metallic contaminants on bare semiconducting and conducting surfaces -- 6. Chemisorption/desorption of metallic contaminants on thin oxide surfaces -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter E.2.III Elevated Pressure CO2-Based Fluids Containing Polar Co-Solvents for Cleaning in Microelectronic Device Fabrication -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter F.1 Chemical Disinfection of Hard Surfaces- Household, Industrial and Institutional Settings -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical background -- 3. Role of disinfectants in infection control -- 4. Regulation of disinfectants -- 5. Chemical disinfectants -- 6. Summary -- References -- Chapter F.2 Biocides -- 1. The biocides market and regulatory environment -- 2. Hygiene applications of biocides -- 3. Classification of biocides -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- 9780080555539_002_WEB -- Front Cover -- Handbook for Cleaning/Decontamination of Surfaces -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1. Understanding the Environmental Safety of Surfactants: A Historical Perspective -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Main categories of surfactants -- 3. Concerns over environmental safety of surfactants -- 4. Understanding the environmental properties and safety of surfactants -- 5. Development of chemical analytical methods for surfactants. , 6. Environmental safety of surfactants: landmark cases -- 7. Conclusions -- 8. Acronyms -- References -- Chapter 2.1. Ultimate Biodegradation of Ingredients Used in Cleaning Agents -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biodegradability tests -- 3. Surfactants -- 4. Water-soluble polymers -- 5. Chelating agents -- References -- Chapter 2.2. Life Cycle Assessment -- 1. Introduction to life cycle assessment -- 2. LCA within a chemical company -- 3. LCA of cleaning products -- 4. Benefits from using LCA -- 5. LCA in relation to other tools -- 6. Further reading -- 7. Explanations -- References -- Chapter 3. The Ecotoxicity of Cleaning Product Ingredients -- 1. Basic aspects of the environmental safety assessment of chemical substances -- 2. Assessment of environmental effects -- 3. Ecotoxicological characterization of cleaning product ingredients -- References -- Chapter 4. Surface Analytical Techniques Applied to Cleaning Processes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Surface analytical techniques -- 3. One example illustrating some useful combinations of surface analysis techniques - automotive coatings analysed by XPS, ToF-SIMS, FT-IR (ATR), SEM and EDX -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5. Self-Cleaning Surfaces Using the Lotus Effect -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Applications of the lotus effect -- 3. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. Anti-Bacteriological Effect of Nanoscaled Inorganic Particles in Coating Matrices -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biocide coatings using nanoscaled silver-coated TiO2 particles -- 3. Production of nanopowder -- 4. Inhibition mechanism of the biocide nanoparticles -- 5. Microbiological testing -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7. Application of Microemulsions in Cleaning Technologies and Environmental Remediation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Microemulsion fundamentals. , 3. Application of microemulsions in cleaning technologies -- 4. Applications of microemulsions in environmental remediation -- 5. Summary and outlook -- References -- Chapter 8. New Techniques for Optimization of Particulate Cleaning -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental methods and results -- 3. Summary -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Index -- See Color Plate Section at the back of this volume.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Colloidal Stability and Polymer Functionality -- Chapter 1: Effect of Physisorbed Polymers on the Interaction of Latex Particles and Their Dispersion Stability -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. POTENTIAL ENERGY AND HYDRODYNAMIC MEASUREMENTS -- A. Polymeric Repulsion -- B. Hydrodynamic Interactions -- C. van der Waals Attraction -- D. Adsorbed Polymer Collapse with Diminishing Solvent Quality -- III .STABILITY & -- FLOCCULATION RATE MEASUREMENTS -- A. Temperature Dependence of Polymeric Stabilization -- B. Rapid Brownian Flocculation Kinetics -- C. Change In Flocculation Rate with Temperature Cycling -- IV. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: Electrosteric Stabilization Mechanisms in Nonaqueous High Solids Loading Dispersions -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. STERlC STABILIZATION -- III. ELECTROSTATIC STABILIZATION -- IV. CHARGE GENERATION IN NONAQUEOUS SYSTEMS -- A. General Acid-Base Interactions -- B. ChargIng from Solvent-PartIcle InteractIons -- C. Charging from Dispersant-PartIcle Interactions -- D. 3-Way Interactions Between Polymer, Dispersant and Solvent -- V. ROLE OF MOISTURE -- A. Physlsorbed and Chemlsorbed Water -- B. Trace Amounts of Water In the Solvent -- VI. DLVO THEORY FOR NONAQUEOUS SYSTEMS -- VII. OPTIMUM MOLECULAR WEIGHT REQUIREMENTS -- VIII. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: Depletion Interactions Produced by Charged Spheres and Spheroids -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THEORY -- A. Force Balance on a ColloIdal Particle - Spherical Macromolecules -- B. Extension to Spheroidal Macromolecules -- C. Expressions for the Particle-Macromolecule Electrostatic Interactions -- D. Analytical Method for Uncharged Systems -- III. MODEL RESULTS -- A. Systems of Spherical Macromolecules -- B. Systems of Spheroidal Macromolecules. , C. Particle-Macromolecule Interactions In Charged Systems -- D. Depletion Interactions In Charged Spheroid Systems -- IV. DISCUSSION OF MODEL RESULTS -- A. Magnitude of the Effect of Charge on the Depletion Interactions -- B. Interactions Between Macromolecules -- V. EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION -- A. Materials -- B. Procedure -- C. Data Analysis -- VI. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- A. Flocculation Experiments -- B. Comparison with Depletion Model -- VII. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: Role of Polymer Functionality in Specific Adsorption to Oxides: A Molecular Recognition Approach -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. HYDROGEN BONDING AND SURFACE STRUCTURE -- III. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- A. Materials -- B. Methods -- IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- A. The PEO/Slllca System -- B. Other "Hydrogen Bonding" Polymers -- C. Polymer Functional Group/Active Site CorrelatIon -- V. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: Monitoring of Adsorbed Polymer Conformation in Concentrated Suspensions -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. POLYMER ADSORPTION AND CONFORMATION -- A. Theory -- III. IN-SITU CHARACTERIZATION OF ADSORBED LAYERS -- A. Fluorescence -- B. Electron Spin Resonance -- IV. EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS -- A. Materials -- B. Methods -- V. RESULTS -- A. Adsorption -- B. Conformation and Orientation -- VI. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part II: Rheology -- Chapter 6: Shear and Compressional Rheology Principles in Ceramic Processing -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. DEFINITIONS -- A. Rheology -- B. Shear Yield Stress -- C. Measurements of Shear Yield Stress -- D. Compression Rheology -- III. PARTICLE-PARTICLE INTERACTIONS -- A. HydrodynamIc Forces -- B. Brownian Motion -- C. ColloIdal Forces -- D. Electrical Double Layer Interaction -- E. Total Energy of Interaction -- F. Other Colloidal Forces -- IV. EXPERIMENTAL. , A. Colloidal Materials -- B. Electronic Measurements -- C. RheologIcal Measurements -- V. RHEOLOGY OF CONCENTRATED ALUMINA AND TITANIA SUSPENSIONS -- A. Shear Yield Stress Behavior of Alumina Slurries -- B. Shear Viscosity Behavior of Alumina Suspensions -- C. Compressive Yield Stress -- D. Comparison of Shear and Compressive Yield Stress Behavior -- VI. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7: Role of Polymer Adsorption and Electrostatics in the Viscosity of Aqueous Colloidal Dispersions -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. DISPERSION STABILIZATION -- A. Electrostatic Stabilization -- B. Sterle Stabilization -- III. EXPERIMENTAL -- A. Materials -- B. Sample Preparations -- C. Rheological Measurements -- D. Adsorption of PEa -- IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- A. Shear Flow Properties -- B. Effect of the Range of Electrostatic Repulsion -- C. Effect of Adsorption Density of the Polymer and Polymer Induced Forces on Viscosity -- D. Role of Polymers Under Extreme Conditions -- V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Part III: Processing and Biomedical Applications -- Chapter 8: Colloid-Filled Polymer Gels: A Novel Approach to Ceramics Fabrication -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. GELATION PHENOMENA -- III. PHASE BEHAVIOR OF POLYMER GELS -- IV. PHASE BEHAVIOR OF COLLOID-FILLED POLYMER GELS -- V. RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER GELS -- VI. RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF COLLOID-FILLED POLYMER GELS -- VII. PROCESSING OF COLLOID·FILLED POLYMER GELS -- VIII. DRYING OF COLLOID-FILLED POLYMER GELS -- IX. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9: Polymeric Dispersants in Concrete -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. CEMENT PROPERTIES -- A. Composition -- B. Particle Size Distribution and Specific Surface -- C. Electrolyte Concentration -- D. Agglomeration -- E. Rheology -- III. DISPERSANTS -- A. Type of Dispersants Used Today -- B. Adsorption. , C. Zeta Potential -- D. Thickness of Adsorbed Layer -- E. Mechanisms of Dispersion -- F. Effect of Dispersants on Chemistry and Microstructure -- G. Other Side Effects of Dispersants -- H. Model Inert Systems -- IV. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10: Polyelectrolyte Adsorption in Bioceramic Systems: Hydroxyapatite as a Substrate Material -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. SOME STRUCTURAL AND SOLUBILITY CONSIDERATIONS -- III. AQUEOUS SURFACE CHEMISTRY OF HYDROXYAPATITE -- IV. ADSORPTION OF ORGANIC POLYELECTROLYTES -- A. Polymers ContaIning InorganIc AcId Functional Groups -- B. Polymers Containing Carboxyl Functional Groups -- C. Polymer. with Cationic and Mlxecl-Functlonalltles -- V. COMPARISON WITH COVALENTLY BONDED CERAMICS -- VI. SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11: Soluble Polymers in Bioceramic Systems -- I. INTRODUCTION -- A. Bfoceramfc Basics -- B. Blomimetlc Approach Towards Bloceramlc Processing -- C. Blomlmetlc Basis for Soluble Polymers In Bloceramic Processing -- D. Role of Soluble Polymers in Analogous Biological Systems -- II. OVERVIEW OF CURRENT USES OF POLYMER MOLECULES -- A. Influence of Polymers on Nucleation and Growth Phenomena -- B. Bloceramlc Thin Films and Surface Coatings -- C. Bioceramic Cements -- D. Powder Processing and Consolidation -- III. FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Index.

Note: Front cover -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Brief review of the solution chemistry of reagent/mineral systems -- 1.2. Outline of the solution chemistry of flotation -- References -- Chapter 2. Solution equilibria of surfactants -- 2.1. Acid-base equilibria in dilute flotation solutions -- 2.2. Dissociation and hydrolysis equilibria of short-chain reagents -- 2.3. Diagram approach for solution equilibria of flotation reagents -- 2.4. Weak association and dissociation equilibria of long-chain flotagents -- 2.5. Strong association and micellization equilibria of long-chain surfactants -- 2.6. Hydrophobic association of long-chain surfactants -- References -- Chapter 3. Mineral-solution equilibria -- 3.1. Dissolution of minerals -- 3.2. Hydrolysis equilibria of ionic species -- 3.3. Solution equilibria of dissolved mineral species -- 3.4. Surface conversion of minerals by interactions with dissolved mineral species -- 3.5. Charge equilibria of minerals -- References -- Chapter 4. Mineral-flotation reagent equilibria -- 4.1. Adsorption and interaction forces of reagents -- 4.2. Microstructure of adsorbed layer of surfactants and polymers on minerals -- 4.3. Surface and bulk interactions between dissolved mineral species and flotation agents -- 4.4. Solution chemical reactions and diagrammatic approaches -- 4.5. Dominant species diagrams -- 4.6. Three-dimensional (3-D) diagram -- 4.7. Electrochemical equilibria -- References -- Chapter 5. Application of flotation agents and their structure-property relationships -- 5.1. Classification of flotation agents -- 5.2. Collectors-minerophilic and non-polar groups -- 5.3. Frothers and modifiers -- 5.4. Depressants -- 5.5. Flocculants -- 5.6. Molecular design of flotation agents -- References -- Appendix A: The Ka values of commonly used anionic flotagents (Tables A1.1-A1.5). , Appendix B: Proton addition constants of some flotation reagents -- Appendix C: Stability coefficients of metallic ionic hydroxy complex -- Appendix D: Solubility products of some minerals and compounds -- Subject Index.