Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Editor Biographies -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- Chapter 1 Introduction to MXenes a Next‐generation 2D Material -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Properties -- 1.3 Synthesis and Functionalization of MXenes -- 1.4 Characterization of MXenes -- 1.5 Application of MXenes -- 1.5.1 Biomedical -- 1.5.2 Agricultural -- 1.5.3 Environmental -- 1.5.4 Miscellaneous Field -- 1.6 Current Scenario, Risk Assessment, and Challenges -- 1.7 Conclusion and Prospects -- References -- Chapter 2 Structure, Composition, and Functionalization of MXenes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 MXenes Composition -- 2.2.1 Group IV Elemental Analog -- 2.2.2 Group V Elemental Analog -- 2.2.3 Group VI Elemental Analog -- 2.3 Structural Analysis Regarding MXenes -- 2.3.1 Theoretical Studies -- 2.3.2 Computational Studies -- 2.4 Structure Functionalization of MXene -- 2.4.1 Different Group Used for Structural Functionalization -- 2.4.1.1 Oxygen‐Functionalized MXene -- 2.4.1.2 Sulfur‐Functionalized MXenes -- 2.4.1.3 Methoxy Group‐Functionalized MXenes -- 2.4.2 Factor Affecting the Structure Functionalization -- 2.4.2.1 Electric and Optical Properties -- 2.4.2.2 Thermal Conductivity -- 2.4.2.3 Electrochemical Properties -- 2.4.2.4 Thermoelectric Property -- 2.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3 Synthesis of MXenes -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fabrication of MXene -- 3.2.1 Fabrication Through Etching Agents -- 3.2.1.1 HF Etchants -- 3.2.1.2 In situ HF Etchants -- 3.2.1.3 MXenes Preparation Through Fluoride Free Routes -- 3.2.1.4 Molten Fluoride Salt as Etchants -- 3.2.1.5 MXenes Prepared from Unconventional Al‐MAX Phases -- 3.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Physicochemical and Biological Properties of MXenes -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Structure and Synthesis of MXenes. , 4.3 Properties of MXenes -- 4.3.1 Biomedical Properties of MXenes -- 4.3.2 Electronic and Transport Properties -- 4.3.3 Optical Properties -- 4.3.4 Magnetic Properties -- 4.3.5 Topological Properties -- 4.3.6 Vibrational Properties -- 4.3.7 Electrochemical Properties -- 4.3.8 Thermal Properties -- 4.4 Conclusion and future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 5 Processing and Characterization of MXenes and Their Nanocomposites -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Processing Techniques -- 5.2.1 Solution Blending -- 5.2.2 In Situ Polymerization Technique -- 5.2.3 Melt Blending -- 5.2.4 Electrospinning -- 5.2.5 Vacuum‐Assisted Filtration (VAF) Method -- 5.2.6 Spin Coating -- 5.3 Characterization Techniques -- 5.3.1 X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) -- 5.3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 5.3.3 X‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS) -- 5.3.4 X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) -- 5.3.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) -- 5.3.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance -- 5.3.7 Raman Spectroscopy -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Progressive Approach Toward MXenes Hydrogel -- 6.1 Hydrogels -- 6.1.1 Hydrogels Classification -- 6.1.2 Properties of Hydrogels -- 6.2 MXene‐Based Hydrogels -- 6.2.1 Applications of MXene Hydrogels -- 6.2.2 Mechanisms of Synthesis and Gelation of MXene Hydrogels -- 6.2.2.1 All‐MXene Hydrogels -- 6.2.2.2 MXene‐GO Nanocomposite Hydrogels -- 6.2.2.3 MXene‐polymer Nanocomposite Hydrogels -- 6.2.2.4 MXene‐metal Hybrid Nanocomposite Hydrogels -- 6.2.3 Properties of MXene‐Based Hydrogels -- 6.2.4 Applications of MXene‐Based Hydrogels -- 6.2.4.1 Energy Storage -- 6.2.4.2 Biomedical Applications -- 6.2.4.3 Catalysts -- 6.2.4.4 Sensors -- 6.3 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Comparison of MXenes with Other 2D Materials -- 7.1 Introduction of MXenes -- 7.2 MXenes vs. Carbon Materials. , 7.3 MXenes vs. 2D‐chalcogenide/Carbide/Nitride -- 7.4 MXenes vs. 2D Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 7.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8 Newly Emerging 2D MXenes for Hydrogen Storage -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Structural Properties of MXene -- 8.3 Synthesis Techniques -- 8.4 H2 Storage Reaction Mechanisms -- 8.4.1 Adsorption -- 8.4.2 Kinetics and Thermodynamics -- 8.4.2.1 Kinetic Models -- 8.4.2.2 Geometrical Contraction -- 8.4.2.3 Contracting Volume Model -- 8.4.2.4 Jander Model -- 8.4.2.5 Ginstling-Brounshtein Model -- 8.4.2.6 Valensi-Carter Model -- 8.4.2.7 Nucleation‐Growth Impingement Models -- 8.5 Factors Influencing H2 Storage -- 8.6 Recent Advances in MXene‐Based Compounds for H2 Storage -- 8.7 Conclusions -- 8.8 Future Perspectives and Challenges -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 9 MXenes for Supercapacitor Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Two‐dimensional MXenes Structure -- 9.3 MXenes' Characteristics -- 9.3.1 Characteristics of the Structure -- 9.3.2 Electronic Characteristics -- 9.3.3 Optical Characteristics -- 9.3.4 Magnetic Characteristics -- 9.4 MXenes as a Source of Energy Storage -- 9.4.1 Supercapacitor Energy Storage Mechanism -- 9.4.2 Morphology's Effect on MXenes' Energy Storage -- 9.4.3 MXene Functional Group Reactivity and Supercapacitors -- 9.4.4 Electrolytes' Role in the Storage Technology -- 9.5 Supercapacitor Systems of MXene and Hybrid -- 9.5.1 MXene in Their Original State -- 9.5.2 MXene Heterostructures -- 9.5.3 Hybrids of Transition Metal Oxides in MXene -- 9.5.4 Hierarchical Anode Structure -- 9.5.5 Appropriate Positive Electrode Design -- 9.5.6 Microsupercapacitors -- 9.6 Prospects -- 9.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 MXenes‐based Biosensors -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biosensing Application -- 10.2.1 Biomedical -- 10.2.2 Environmental -- 10.2.3 Agricultural -- 10.3 Challenges and Limitations. , 10.4 Conclusion and Prospects -- References -- Chapter 11 Advances in Ti3C2 MXene and Its Composites for the Adsorption Process and Photocatalytic Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Ti3C2 as Adsorbent for the Metal Ions -- 11.3 Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism of Organic Pollutants via Ti3C2 MXene and Its Derivatives -- 11.3.1 Heterostructuring the Ti3C2 with Metal Oxides -- 11.3.2 Heterostructuring the Ti3C2/Ti3C2Tx with Metal Sulphides -- 11.3.3 Heterostructuring the Ti3C2/Ti3C2Tx with Ag/Bi‐based Semiconductors and Layered Double Hydroxides -- 11.4 Ternary Heterostructures based on the Ti3C2 -- 11.5 Gap Analysis -- 11.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 12 MXenes and its Hybrid Nanocomposites for Gas Sensing Applications in Breath Analysis -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Discussion -- 12.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 MXenes for Catalysis and Electrocatalysis -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Application of MXene for Catalytic Processes -- 13.2.1 CO2 Reduction Reaction -- 13.2.2 Nitrogen Reduction Reaction -- 13.2.3 Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- 13.2.4 Oxygen Evolution Reactions -- 13.3 Strategies for Optimization of Catalytic Potential of MXenes -- 13.3.1 Termination Modification -- 13.3.2 Nanostructuring -- 13.3.3 Hybridization -- 13.3.4 Metal Atom Doping -- 13.4 Conclusion and Future Trend -- References -- Chapter 14 MXene and Its Hybrid Materials for Photothermal Therapy -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Photothermal Conversion -- 14.2.1 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance Effect (LSPR) -- 14.2.2 Electron-Hole Generation -- 14.2.3 Hyperconjugation Effect -- 14.3 Optical and Thermal Properties of Mxenes -- 14.4 Photothermal Conversion Mechanism of MXenes -- 14.5 Applications of MXenes in Photothermal Therapy -- 14.5.1 Photothermal Therapy -- 14.5.2 PTT‐Coupled Chemotherapy -- 14.5.3 PTT Coupled Immunotherapy. , 14.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Conflict of interest -- References -- Chapter 15 MXenes and Its Composites for Biomedical Applications -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Various Biomedical Applications of MXenes -- 15.2.1 Biosensor Applications -- 15.2.2 Cancer Treatment -- 15.2.3 Antibacterial Properties -- 15.2.4 Drug Delivery -- 15.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 16 MXenes for Point of Care Devices (POC) -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Characteristics of MXenes on Biosensing -- 16.2.1 Advantages of MXene and its Derivatives for Biosensing -- 16.2.2 Disadvantages of MXene and its Derivatives for Biosensing -- 16.2.3 Sensing Mechanism of MXene Wearables -- 16.3 Point‐of‐Care Diagnosing COVID‐19: Methods Used to Date -- 16.4 Applications of MXenes as PoCs -- 16.4.1 Cancer Diagnosis -- 16.4.2 Diagnosis of Bacterial and Viral Diseases -- 16.5 Current Challenges and Future Outlook -- 16.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17 MXenes and Their Hybrids for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Applications -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Properties of MXenes -- 17.2.1 Stability -- 17.2.2 Electrical Conductivity -- 17.2.3 Magnetic Properties -- 17.2.4 Dielectric Properties -- 17.3 Various MXene Hybrids For EMI‐Hielding -- 17.3.1 Textile‐based -- 17.3.2 Insulating Polymer‐based -- 17.3.3 Aerogels, Hydrogels, and Foams -- 17.3.4 Polymer Thin Films -- 17.3.5 Electrospun Mats -- 17.3.6 Paper‐Based Composites -- 17.3.7 Laminates -- 17.4 Intrinsically Conducting Polymer‐based -- 17.4.1 Aerogels, Hydrogels, and Foams -- 17.4.2 Polymer Thin Films -- 17.4.3 Paper -- 17.5 Graphene‐based -- 17.5.1 Foam/Aerogels -- 17.5.2 Films -- 17.5.3 Laminates -- 17.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 18 Technological Aspects in the Development of MXenes and Its Hybrid Nanocomposites: Current Challenges and Prospects -- 18.1 Introduction. , 18.2 Progressive Approach Towards MXene Composites and Hybrids.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Editors biography -- Dr Ravindra Pratap Singh -- Mr Kshitij RB Singh -- List of contributors -- Chapter 1 Introduction: potentialities of bionanomaterials towards the environmental and agricultural domain -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Utilities of bionanomaterial for agriculture -- 1.3 Utilities of bionanomaterial for the environment -- 1.4 Conclusion and prospects -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 2 Antimicrobial potentialities: special emphasis on metal and metal oxide-based bionanomaterials -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Classification of metal and metal oxide-based bionanomaterials and their physicochemical properties -- 2.2.1 Silver-based bionanomaterials -- 2.2.2 Copper- based bionanomaterials -- 2.2.3 Gold-based bionanomaterials -- 2.2.4 Zinc-based bionanomaterials -- 2.2.5 Titanium-based bionanomaterials -- 2.2.6 Nickel-based metal NPs -- 2.3 Synthesis method of metal and metal oxide based bionanomaterial for antimicrobial properties -- 2.3.1 Plants -- 2.3.2 Microorganism -- 2.4 Mechanism of antimicrobial activity through metal and metal oxide-based bionanomaterials -- 2.4.1 General mechanistic pathway of the antimicrobial activity of nanoparticle-based metal and metal oxides -- 2.4.2 Antimicrobial mechanism of various metals and metal oxides -- 2.5 Future prospects and challenges -- 2.6 Concluding remarks and recommendations -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3 Bionanocomposites for potential applications in agriculture -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Major components of a bionanocomposite-natural polymers -- 3.2.1 Starch -- 3.2.2 Cellulose -- 3.2.3 Lignin -- 3.2.4 Chitin/chitosan -- 3.2.5 Alginate -- 3.2.6 Protein -- 3.2.7 Other biopolymers and synthetically-derived polymers -- 3.3 Bionanocomposites synthesis -- 3.3.1 Solution intercalation -- 3.3.2 In situ intercalation polymerization. , 3.3.3 Melt intercalation -- 3.4 Bionanocomposite characterization -- 3.5 Agricultural applications of bionanocomposites -- 3.5.1 Bionanopesticides -- 3.5.2 Food packaging -- 3.5.3 Remediation -- 3.5.4 Bionanosensors -- 3.6 Challenges and opportunities in the usage and design of bionanocomposites -- 3.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4 Utility of nanobiosensors in agriculture -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Nanobiosensor applications in agriculture -- 4.2.1 Electrochemical nanobiosensors -- 4.2.2 Optical nanobiosensors -- 4.2.3 Piezoelectric nanobiosensors -- 4.3 Conclusion and prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Role of biopesticides derived from bionanomaterials for enhanced food security and sustainable agriculture -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Utilization of bionanomaterials for valorization of several agricultural wastes -- 5.3 Utilization of bionanomaterials as bioherbicides -- 5.4 Application of bionanomaterials as bio-stimulators -- 5.5 Application of bionanomaterials as bioinsecticides -- 5.6 Application of bionanomaterials from plants in remediation of pesticides -- 5.7 Conclusion and future recommendations -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 6 Bionanoformulations: special emphasis on agricultural crop protection and growth -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Global scenario and challenges in agriculture -- 6.1.2 Nanotechnological interventions in agriculture -- 6.1.3 What are bionanoformulations -- 6.1.4 Significance of bionanoformulations -- 6.2 Different types/materials used for bionanoformulations synthesis -- 6.2.1 Cellulose nanoparticles and their derivatives -- 6.2.2 Dextran nanoparticles and their derivatives -- 6.2.3 Chitosan and carrageenan nanoparticles -- 6.2.4 Starch nanoparticles -- 6.2.5 Gelatin nanoparticles -- 6.3 Different approaches and methods for bionanoformulations synthesis. , 6.3.1 Top-down approach -- 6.3.2 Bottom-up approach -- 6.3.3 Methods of bionanoformulations synthesis -- 6.4 Examples and current status of bionanoformulations for crop protection and growth -- 6.5 Advantages and disadvantages of bionanoformulations -- 6.6 Gaps in agriculture crop protection -- 6.7 Future prospects of bionanoformulations in agriculture -- 6.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 7 Utility of metal oxide-based bionanocomposites for wastewater treatment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Chitosan based metal oxide bionanocomposites -- 7.3 Cellulose based metal oxide nanobiocomposite -- 7.4 Guar gum based metal oxide bionanocomposite -- 7.5 Clay based bionanocomposites -- 7.6 Conclusion and prospects -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8 Utility of bionanocomposites for wastewater treatment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 HMs and their toxicity -- 8.3 Nanomaterials as sorbents for wastewater treatment -- 8.4 BNCs as a sorbent for wastewater treatment -- 8.5 Factors affecting sorption of HMs using BNCs -- 8.5.1 Effect of pH -- 8.5.2 Effect of sorbent dosage -- 8.5.3 Effect of contact time -- 8.6 Mechanism of sorption of HMs using BNCs -- 8.6.1 Isotherms models -- 8.6.2 Kinetic models -- 8.6.3 Thermodynamics -- 8.7 Conclusion and prospects -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 9 Potentialities of bionanocomposite hydrogels for wastewater treatment -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Bionanocomposite hydrogels -- 9.3 Adsorptive removal of aqueous contaminants by bionanocomposite hydrogels -- 9.4 Biopolymers in nanocomposite hydrogels -- 9.4.1 Cellulose based BNCHs -- 9.4.2 Chitosan based BNCHs -- 9.4.3 Pectin based nanocomposite hydrogels -- 9.4.4 Carrageenan based nanocomposite hydrogels -- 9.5 Removal of heavy metals in aqueous solution -- 9.6 Removal of organic dyes in aqueous solution -- 9.7 Conclusions -- 9.8 Future prospects. , Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 10 Bionanomaterials utility in food industry and its challenges -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Bionanomaterials applications in food industry -- 10.2.1 New product formulations -- 10.2.2 Nanoencapsulation of functional components -- 10.2.3 Biosensing for food safety -- 10.2.4 Bionanomaterials for food packaging -- 10.3 Challenges and regulatory issues -- 10.4 Conclusion and prospects -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 11 Polymeric bionanomaterials for agricultural and environmental applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Preparation techniques -- 11.1.2 Surface modifications -- 11.1.3 Physicochemical properties and characterizations -- 11.2 Applications of polymeric bionanomaterials -- 11.2.1 Agricultural applications -- 11.2.2 Environmental applications -- 11.3 Conclusions -- 11.4 Challenges and future trends -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Role of bionanomaterials for environmental remediation -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Synthesis of bionanomaterials -- 12.3 Environmental remediation by bionanomaterials -- 12.3.1 Adsorption -- 12.3.2 Catalytic transformation -- 12.3.3 Advanced oxidation process -- 12.3.4 Antimicrobial activities -- 12.4 Nanobiosensors for environmental monitoring -- 12.5 Conclusion and prospects -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 13 Nanobiosensors for environmental risk assessment -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Nanobiosensors -- 13.2.1 Components of nanobiosensors -- 13.3 Nanobiosensors in environmental monitoring -- 13.3.1 Detection of pesticides -- 13.3.2 Detection of pathogens -- 13.3.3 Detection of antibiotics -- 13.3.4 Detection of metals and heavy metals -- 13.4 Nanobiosensors for the detection of toxin pollutants -- 13.4.1 Endocrine disrupting chemicals -- 13.4.2 Phenolic pollutants. , 13.5 Plant biology and agriculture: What functions for nanobiosensors? -- 13.5.1 Nanobiosensors for soil-plant systems -- 13.5.2 Nanopesticides -- 13.5.3 Nanofertilizers -- 13.5.4 Herbicides -- 13.5.5 Fungicides -- 13.6 Environmental risk assessment: what is needed? -- 13.7 Challenges and future perspectives -- 13.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 14 Developments, utilization and applications of nanobiosensors for environmental sustainability and safety -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Overview on the mechanisms of biosensors -- 14.2.1 Components and mechanism of action of biosensors -- 14.2.2 Categories of biosensors -- 14.3 Developments of NNBs mechanisms for ESS -- 14.4 Utilization and applications of NNBs mechanisms for ESS -- 14.5 Conclusion and future prospects of NNBs mechanisms for ESS -- Acknowledgement -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 Introduction to Nanobiosensors -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Types of Nanobiosensors -- 1.3 Properties and Fabrication of Nanobiosensors -- 1.4 Potentialities of Nanobiosensors in the Environment Domain -- 1.5 Miscellaneous Applications of Nanobiosensors -- 1.5.1 Agricultural -- 1.5.2 Biomedical -- 1.5.3 Food Safety and Monitoring Applications -- 1.6 Recent Trends and Limitations -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Classification, Properties, and Fabrication Techniques of Nanobiosensors -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Classification of Nanobiosensors -- 2.2.1 Classification Based on Transducer -- 2.2.2 Based on Bioreceptors -- 2.3 Properties of Nanobiosensors -- 2.4 Fabrication of Nanobiosensors -- 2.4.1 Physical Fabrication -- 2.4.2 Chemical Fabrication -- 2.4.3 Surface Modifications -- 2.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Nanobiosensors' Potentialities for Environmental Monitoring -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Types of Nanobiosensors -- 3.2.1 NPs-Based Biosensors (NPBS) -- 3.2.2 NTs-Based Sensors (NTBS) -- 3.2.3 NWs-Based Sensors (NWBSs) -- 3.2.4 QDs-Based Sensors (QDNSs) -- 3.3 Nanobiosensors for Detection of Environmental Pathogens -- 3.3.1 Viruses -- 3.3.2 Fungus -- 3.3.3 Bacteria -- 3.4 Nanobiosensors for the Detection of Heavy Metals -- 3.5 Nanobiosensor for Detection of Soil and Air Contaminants -- 3.5.1 Soil Contaminants -- 3.5.2 Air Contaminants -- 3.6 Conclusion and Prospects -- References -- 4 Utilization of Nanobiosensors for Wastewater Management -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Nanobiosensors -- 4.3 Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment -- 4.4 Application and Importance of Nanobiosensors for Wastewater Treatment -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Nanobiosensors for Environmental Risk Assessment and Management. , 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Environmental Risk Assessment -- 5.3 Nanobiosensors for Environmental Risk Assesment and Management -- 5.3.1 Hazard Identification -- 5.3.2 Risk Assessment and Evaluation -- 5.3.3 Risk Management and Communication -- 5.3.4 Monitoring and Feedback -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 5.5 Future Remarks -- References -- 6 Challenges and Scope in Nanobiosensors Utilization for Environmental Monitoring -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Importance of Nanobiosensors for Environmental Monitoring -- 6.3 Scope of Nanobiosensor in Environmental Monitoring -- 6.3.1 Detection of Heavy Metals -- 6.3.2 Detection of Microorganism -- 6.4 Nanobiosensors in Health Care -- 6.4.1 Nanobiosensors for Detection of Food- and Water-Borne Microorganisms -- 6.4.2 Nanobiosensors for Detection of Microbial Toxins -- 6.4.3 Nanobiosensors for Detection of Viruses -- 6.4.4 Nanobiosensors for Detection of Pesticide -- 6.5 Nanobiosensors for Environment Safety and Security -- 6.6 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Role and Significance of Nanobiosensors for Environmental Remediation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Role and Significance of Nanobiosensors for Environmental Monitoring -- 7.3 Nanobiosensors for Environmental Remediation -- 7.3.1 Fertilizer Residues -- 7.3.2 Pesticide Detection -- 7.3.3 Heavy Metal Detection -- 7.3.4 Detection of Escherichia Coli -- 7.4 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 8 Bioluminescence Sensors for Environmental Monitoring -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Proper Organism-Application and Choice -- 8.1.2 Medicinal Plant-Cultivation Environment Monitoring -- 8.1.3 Infectious Disease Detection-Biosensor -- 8.1.4 Bacteria as Biosensors -- 8.2 The Principle of Bacterial Bioluminescent Biosensor -- 8.3 Aptamers -- 8.4 Heavy Metals -- 8.4.1 Arsenic -- 8.4.2 Lead -- 8.4.3 Silver (Ag) -- 8.5 Soil Contaminants-Aptamer. , 8.5.1 Using Aptamer-Based Biosensors for Monitoring Lead in Soil -- 8.5.2 Agricultural Toxins Detection Present in Soil -- 8.6 Aptamers for Monitoring Air Quality -- 8.7 Bacterial Detection Aptamer-Based Biosensors -- 8.7.1 Listeria Monocytogenes -- 8.7.2 Vibrio Species -- 8.8 Applications of Bioluminescent Biosensors -- 8.8.1 Detection of Environmental Contaminants -- 8.8.2 Applications in the Food Industry -- 8.8.3 Bio Drug Delivery Systems -- 8.9 Perspectives and Recommendations -- 8.10 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Microbial and Plant Cell Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Types of Biosensors -- 9.2.1 Gold Nanorods (GNRs-DNA) DNA Biosensors -- 9.2.2 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) -- 9.2.3 Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM) Biosensor -- 9.2.4 Microbial Biosensors -- 9.3 The Environmental Application of Genetic/Protein Engineering and Synthetic Biology in the Development of Microbial Biosensor -- 9.4 Environmental Application of Biosensor -- 9.5 The Application of Plant Cell Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring -- 9.6 Application of Plant as a Biosensor of Pollutants in the Environment and Monitoring of Pollutants -- 9.7 Current Research Trends, Future Challenges, and Limitations of Biosensor Technology -- 9.8 Conclusion and Future Recommendation -- References -- 10 Biomimetic Material-Based Biosensor for Environmental Monitoring -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biomimetic -- 10.3 Biomimetic Nanobiosensors -- 10.4 Pathogen Microorganisms -- 10.5 Butterfly Wings -- 10.6 Bioelectronic Nose -- 10.7 Nanoenzymes -- 10.8 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Chemiluminescence Sensors for Environmental Monitoring -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Instrumentation for CL Sensors -- 11.2.1 Light-Detection -- 11.2.2 Flow Injection Technique -- 11.3 Applications -- 11.3.1 Determination of the Analytes in the Air/Vapor. , 11.3.2 Chemiluminescence-Based Sensors on Metal Ions and Non-metal Ions -- 11.3.3 Determination of the Analytes in the Liquid -- 11.4 Chemiluminescence for Reactive-Oxygen Species Sensing and Imaging Analysis -- 11.5 Conclusions and Prospects -- References -- 12 Nanobiosensor for Mycotoxin Detection in Foodstuff -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Categories of Mycotoxins -- 12.2.1 Fumonisins -- 12.2.2 Aflatoxins -- 12.2.3 Ochratoxins -- 12.2.4 Trichothecenes -- 12.2.5 Zearalenone -- 12.3 Orthodox Techniques for Mycotoxin Identification -- 12.3.1 Chromatographic-Based Methods -- 12.3.2 Immunochemical-Based Methods -- 12.3.3 Microarrays -- 12.4 Biosensors for the Recognition of Mycotoxins -- 12.5 Principle of Operational Manual of Nanomaterial in Nanobiosensors -- 12.6 Versatility of Nanomaterials in Mycotoxin Detection -- 12.7 Sensing Performance of Nanobiosensors for Mycotoxin Detection -- 12.8 Nanobiosensors for the Recognition of Mycotoxins -- 12.9 Benefits and Challenges Associated with Detection of Mycotoxin by Using Nanobiosensors -- 12.10 Conclusion and Future Aspects -- References -- 13 Current Existing Techniques for Environmental Monitoring -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) -- 13.3 Functionalization -- 13.4 CNTs-Based Biosensors for HMI Sensing -- 13.4.1 Optical Biosensors -- 13.4.2 Field-Effect Transistor (FET) Biosensors -- 13.4.3 Electrochemical Biosensors -- 13.5 Applications of CNT-Based Sensors in Gas Sensing -- 13.5.1 CNT-Based Gas Sensors -- 13.5.2 Photosensors for Gas Sensing -- 13.5.3 FET Sensors for Gas Sensing -- 13.5.4 Pressure Sensors for Gas Sensing -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers-Based Nanobiosensors for Environmental Monitoring and Analysis -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. , 14.3 Application of MIP-Based Nanobiosensors for Environmental Monitoring and Analysis -- 14.3.1 Pesticide Detection -- 14.3.2 Pharmaceutical Product Detection -- 14.3.3 Heavy Metals Detection -- 14.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- References -- 15 Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Naked-Eye Detection of Environmental Pollutants -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Colorimetry-Based Plasmonic Nanoparticles -- 15.3 Plasmonic Nanoparticles -- 15.4 Noble Metal Nanomaterials -- 15.5 Plasmonic Nanoparticle-Based Naked-Eye Colorimetry Method -- 15.6 The Applications of the Plasmonic Nanoparticles in the Environmental Pollutant's Detection -- 15.6.1 Toxic Heavy Metal -- 15.6.2 Organo-Phosphate Pesticides -- 15.6.3 Aromatic Compounds -- 15.6.4 Other Pollutant Compounds -- 15.7 Conclusions and Future Outlooks -- References -- 16 Utility of Nano Biosensors for Heavy Metal Contamination Detection in the Environment -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Statistical Prevalence and Epidemiology of Heavy Metal Ion Contamination -- 16.3 Traditional Approaches for Arsenic (As) Monitoring in Water -- 16.3.1 Standard UV-Visible Technique -- 16.3.2 Mass Spectroscopic Techniques -- 16.3.3 Chromatographic Techniques -- 16.4 Current Approaches for Monitoring of Arsenic -- 16.4.1 Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Based Biosensor -- 16.4.2 Transducer Based Biosensors for Heavy Metal Detection -- 16.5 Commercially Available Sensors for Arsenic Detection -- 16.6 Conclusion and Future Prospect -- References -- 17 Nanobiosensors and Industrial Wastewater Treatments -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment -- 17.2.1 Nano Adsorption and Remediation -- 17.2.2 Membrane Filtration -- 17.2.3 Nanobiosensing and Monitoring -- 17.3 Industrial Wastewater Treatment -- 17.3.1 Based on Bio-recognition Elements -- 17.3.2 Based on the Type of Nanomaterial. , 17.3.3 Applications of Nanobiosensors.