Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- About the Companion Website -- Dedication -- Part I High-Temperature/Deep Earth Processes -- Chapter 1 High-Temperature Kinetic Isotope Fractionation of Silicate Materials -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Diffusion in Multi-Component Condensed Systems: Theory and Definitions -- 1.2.1. Fick's Laws and the Diffusion Matrix -- 1.2.2. Effective Binary Diffusion Coefficients -- 1.2.3. Self-Diffusion Coefficients -- 1.2.4. Thermal (Soret) Diffusion Coefficients -- 1.3. Kinetic Isotope Fractionation During Diffusion Between Natural Melts -- 1.3.1. Laboratory Experiments Documenting Ca Isotope Fractionation by Diffusion Between Molten Rhyolite and Basalt -- 1.3.2. Isotope Fractionation between Melts from a Natural Setting -- 1.4. Isotope Fractionation by Soret Diffusion -- 1.4.1. The Soret Coefficient -- 1.4.2. Soret Isotope Fractionation in Silicate Liquids -- 1.5. Isotope Fractionation by Diffusion in Silicate Minerals -- 1.5.1. Experiments documenting Lithium Isotopic Fractionation by Diffusion in Pyroxene -- 1.5.2. Natural Examples of Lithium Zoning and Isotopic Fractionation by Diffusion in Pyroxenes -- 1.5.3. Lithium Isotopic Fractionation by Diffusion in Olivine -- 1.5.4. Fe-Mg zoning and Fe and Mg Isotopic Fractionation in Olivine -- 1.6. Isotope Fractionation by Evaporation from Silicate Melts -- 1.6.1. The Hertz-Knudsen Evaporation Equation -- 1.6.2. Rayleigh Fractionation -- 1.6.3. High-Temperature Vacuum Evaporation Experiments -- 1.6.4. Evidence of Evaporation in Natural CAIs from Chondritic Meteorites -- 1.7. Summary -- 1.8. Thoughts on Further Research -- References -- Chapter 2 Ca and K Isotope Fractionation by Diffusion in Molten Silicates: Large Concentration Gradients Are Not Required to Induce Large Diffusive Isotope Effects -- 2.1. Introduction. , 2.2. Methods -- 2.2.1. Experiments -- 2.2.2. Electron Microprobe Analyses -- 2.2.3. Ca Isotopic Measurements -- 2.2.4. K Isotopic Measurements -- 2.3. Results -- 2.3.1. Major Element Diffusion Profiles -- 2.3.2. Ca and K Isotopes -- 2.4. Discussion -- 2.5. Modeling -- 2.5.1. General Multicomponent Diffusion -- 2.5.2. The Zhang (1993) Modified Effective Binary Diffusion Model -- 2.5.3. Comparison to Previous Studies -- 2.6. Conclusions and Possible Future Applications -- Appendix Linear versus exponential dependence of activity on SiO2 -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Calcium Isotope Constraints on Recycled Carbonates in Subduction-Related Magmas -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Analytical Methods and Samples -- 3.2.1. Double-spike Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry Calcium Isotope Measurements -- 3.2.2. Igneous Samples Characterized for Calcium Isotope Composition -- 3.3. Results -- 3.4. Discussion -- 3.4.1. Calcium Isotopic Record of Marine Carbonates -- 3.4.2. Calcium Isotopic Record of Mantle-Derived Rocks -- 3.4.3. Calcium Isotopes Exhibit no Evidence for Carbonate Sediment Recycling at Subduction Zones -- 3.4.4. Mantle Source(s) of Calcium in Carbonatite Magmas -- 3.4.5. Origin of the Light Calcium Isotope Composition of Laacher See and other Intrusive Carbonatites -- 3.5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Reassessing the Role of Continental Lithospheric Mantle in Cenozoic Magmatism, Southwestern North America -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Geologic Background & -- General Terminology -- 4.2.1. Cenozoic Geologic History of SWNA -- 4.2.2. Definition of Continental Lithospheric Mantle -- 4.3. Methods/Data -- 4.4. Results -- 4.5. Discussion -- 4.5.1. Do Nd Isotope Data Support a CLM Source for Mafic Volcanic Rocks in SWNA? -- 4.5.2. Isotopic Composition of CLM from Xenolith Studies. , 4.5.3. Cenozoic Metasomatism of CLM -- 4.5.4. Physical Evolution of Deep Lithosphere -- 4.6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Rhyolite Ignimbrite Generation in the Northern Andes: The Chalupas Caldera, Ecuador -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Geological Setting and Age of the Chalupas Caldera -- 5.3. Geochemical Results -- 5.3.1. Analytical Techniques -- 5.3.2. Major Element Geochemistry -- 5.3.3. Trace Element Geochemistry -- 5.3.4. Isotope Geochemistry -- 5.3.5. Metamorphic Basement Rocks of the Eastern Cordillera -- 5.4. Evolution of the Chalupas Magmatic System -- 5.4.1. Role of Fractional Crystallization -- 5.4.2. The Role of Crustal Assimilation -- 5.4.3. Modeling Results -- 5.4.4. Model Discussion -- 5.4.5. Assimilation and Crustal Thickness -- 5.5. Crustal Structure, Magma Supply, and Transport -- 5.5.1. Crustal and Magma Density -- 5.5.2. Temperature Considerations -- 5.5.3. Subduction Zone Magma Supply and Magmatic Timescales -- 5.5.4. Timescales of Transport and Assimilation -- 5.6. Chalupas Eruption Volume and Magma Supply -- 5.7. Summary and Conclusions -- Appendix 5A Ar-Ar Geochronology -- Pre-Caldera Lavas -- Chalupas Ignimbrite -- Post-Caldera Lavas -- Summary of Age Data -- Appendix 5B Mineral Chemistry and Petrographic Descriptions -- 5B.1. Pre-Caldera Lavas -- 5B.2. Post-Caldera Lavas -- 5B.3.Chalupas Ignimbrite -- 5B.4. Lithics from the Chalupas Ignimbrite -- Appendix 5C Models for Crystal Fractionation, Assimilation-Fractional Crystallization, and Magma Fluxes -- 5C.1. Quantitative Estimation of Crystal Fractionation Effects -- 5C.2. Assimilation-Fractional Crystallization (AFC) Model Details -- 5C.3. Relationship between f and Crustal Fraction (fc) in the AFC Model -- 5C.4. Magma Supply Considerations -- 5C.5. Magma Supply Requirements -- 5C.6. Diapir Formation and Transport through the Lower and Mid-Crust. , ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 Xenolith Constraints on "Self-Assimilation" and the Origin of Low 18O Values in Mauna Kea Basalts -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Samples and Analytical Methods -- 6.2.1. EPMA Analysis of Mineral Major Element Composition -- 6.2.2. Clinopyroxene Trace Element Analysis by LA-ICP-MS -- 6.2.3. Oxygen Isotope Analysis by Laser Fluorination Gas Source Mass Spectrometry -- 6.2.4. Strontium-Nd-Pb Isotope Analysis by TIMS and MC-ICP-MS -- 6.3. Results -- 6.4. Discussion -- 6.4.1. Constraints on Parental Melts of Mauna Kea Xenoliths -- 6.4.2. Constraints on The P-T Conditions Of Xenolith Formation and Later Re-Equilibration -- 6.4.3. Role of Pacific Crust Assimilation and Edifice Self-Assimilation -- 6.4.4. Oxygen Isotope Compositional Variability in the Hawaiian Plume? -- 6.4.5. Significance of Self-Assimilation for Interpretation of Geochemical Signatures in Hawaiian Basalts -- 6.5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Monitoring Volcanic Activity Through Combined Measurements of CO2 Efflux and (222Rn) and (220Rn) in Soil Gas: An Application to Mount Etna, Italy -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Background -- 7.2.1. Mt. Etna Volcanic Activity During 2006 to 2009 -- 7.2.2. Prior Work Utilizing Coupled 220Rn/222Rn and CO2 Efflux Measurements on Mt. Etna -- 7.3. Sampling Strategy and Analytical Methods -- 7.3.1. Sampling Strategy -- 7.3.2. Soil 222Rn and 220Rn Measurements -- 7.3.3. Soil CO2 Concentration and Efflux Measurements -- 7.3.4. Carbon Isotope Measurements -- 7.4. Synopsis of This Study's Results -- 7.4.1. Coupled CO2 Efflux and (220Rn/222Rn) -- 7.4.2. Carbon Isotopes -- 7.5. The Soil Gas Disequilibrium Index (SGDI) -- 7.6. Relationship Between Filtered SGDI Data and Volcanic Activity of Mt. Etna -- 7.6.1. Modelling -- 7.6.2. Comparison of SGDI to Other Monitoring Proxies -- 7.7. Summary. , Appendix Statistical Treatment of SGDI Data -- Cluster Analysis and Spatial Distributions -- Analysis of SGDI Time Series -- Definition of Anomalies in the SGDI Time Series -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II Low-Temperature/Shallow Earth Processes -- Chapter 8 The Carbon Isotope Record and Earth Surface Oxygenation -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. The Carbon Isotope Budget -- 8.3. forg and the Oxygen Budget -- 8.4. Oxygen Sinks in a Low-Oxygen World -- 8.4.1. Carbon as a Precambrian Oxygen Sink -- 8.4.2. Sulfur as a Precambrian Oxygen Sink -- 8.4.3. Iron as a Precambrian Oxygen Sink -- 8.4.4. Other Precambrian Oxygen Sinks -- 8.5. Resolving the pO2 - forg Paradox -- 8.6. Predictions of the Authigenic Feedback Hypothesis -- 8.7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Detrital Garnet Geochronology: A New Window into Ancient Tectonics and Sedimentary Provenance -- 9.1. Introduction and Motivation -- 9.2. Theoretical Feasibility of Detrital Garnet Geochronology -- 9.2.1. Age Precision vs. Single Garnet Grain Diameter -- 9.2.2. Age Accuracy: Blanks -- 9.2.3. Age Accuracy: Second Point on the Isochron -- 9.3. Detailed Methodology -- 9.3.1. Sample Processing Prior to Chemical Analysis -- 9.3.2. Partial Dissolution: Leaching out the Inclusions -- 9.3.3. Full Dissolution of Pure Garnet Residue -- 9.3.4. Column Chemistry -- 9.3.5. Thermal Ionization Mass Spectroscopy -- 9.3.6. Blank Correction -- 9.3.7. Age Determination -- 9.4. Case Studies -- 9.4.1. Preliminary Work: Multi-Grain Detrital Garnet Ages in Beach Sand from Hampton Beach, New Hampshire -- 9.4.2. Bulk vs. Detrital Garnet Methodology Test: Townshend Dam, Vermont -- 9.4.3. Single-Grain Detrital Garnet Ages in Stream Alluvium: Townshend Dam, Vermont -- 9.4.4. Single-Grain Detrital Garnet in Stream Alluvium: Southern Appalachians -- 9.4.5. Dating Detrital Garnet in Sedimentary Rocks: Scotland. , 9.5. Conclusion.