Note: Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- From Darwin and Metchnikoff to Burnet and Beyond -- Abstract -- Emergence of Modern Immunology May Be Indebted to Invertebrates? -- Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity -- Origins of Immune System Components -- Unicellular Colonial Protozoans -- Emergence of Multicellularity:Social Amoeba -- Sponges -- Hydra and Corals -- Toll-Like Receptors: Innate Sensing -- Innate and Adaptive Immunity: Is Innate Immunity the Hero? -- Was the Evolution of the Adaptive Immune System Necessary? A Final Comment -- Conclusions and Perspectives Concerning Strides in Immunology -- References -- General Introduction to Innate Immunity: Dr. Jekyl/Mr. Hyde Quality of the Innate Immune System -- Abstract -- The Dr. Jekyl/Mr. Hyde Syndrome of Host Defense: With Complements from Innate Immunity -- Innate Immunity -- Toll-Like Receptors, C-Type Lectin Receptors and CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide Motifs -- Cells, Signaling and Molecular Components in the Orchestration of Innate Host Defense -- The Important Role of Neutrophils in Innate Immunity -- Dr. Jekyl/Mr. Hyde Quality of the Innate Immune System -- Acknowledgement -- References -- The Innate Immune System of Mammals and Insects -- Abstract -- Cells of the Innate Immune System in Insects and Mammals -- Innate Immune Cells of Insects and Their Hematopoietic Origin -- Plasmatocytes -- Crystal Cells -- Lamellocytes -- Granulocytes -- Mammalian Innate Immune Cells -- Neutrophils -- Macrophages -- Dendritic Cells -- Natural Killer Cells -- Eosinophils -- Communication between Immune Cells in Insects and Mammals -- Recognition of Pathogens by the Interaction of Pattern Recognition Receptors on Innate Immune Cells with Pathogen-Associated Molecular patterns -- Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns -- Pattern Recognition Receptors. , Control of Pathogens: Opsonization, Encapsulation or Phagocytosis, Production of Antimicrobial Peptides -- Opsonization -- Cellular Encapsulation -- Phagocytosis -- Antimicrobial Peptides -- Comparison of the Function of Insect and Mammalian Innate Immune Cells -- Gut Immunity: Recognition and Control of Pathogens, Survival of Symbionts -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Pattern Recognition Receptors and Their Role in Innate Immunity: Focus on Microbial Protein Ligands -- Abstract -- Toll-Like Receptors -- CD14 -- Scavenger Receptors -- Class A Scavenger Receptors -- Other Scavenger Receptors -- S. aureus -- Microbial Protein Ligands for Scavenger Receptors -- C-Type Lectin Receptors -- Mannose Receptor -- Dendr t c Cell-Specif c Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-Grabb ng Non-Integr n -- Dect n-1 -- Complement Receptor Type 3 -- Siglecs -- NOD-Like Receptors -- nod2 -- Listeria monocytogenes -- naip5 -- Legionella pneumophilia -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Antimicrobial Peptides in Innate Immune Responses -- Abstract -- Structure and Mode of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides -- Antimicrobial Peptides in Humans and Other Mammals -- Induced Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides -- Generation of Antimicrobial Peptides by Proteolytic Cleavage -- Antimicrobial Chemokines and Chemotactic Antimicrobial Peptides -- Importance of Antimicrobial Peptides in Health and Disease -- Antimicrobial Peptides as Models for Novel Antiinfectious Therapies -- Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Complement: An Efficient Sword of Innate Immunity -- Abstract -- General Overview: Complement Components and Functions -- How to Fulfill Complement Functions: Activation, Cascade Steps and Receptors -- The Classical Pathway -- The Lectin Pathway -- The Alternative Pathway -- Cascade Steps of the Terminal Pathway. , Complement Receptors -- Control and Regulation -- Complement and Disease: What Can Go Wrong? -- Insufficient Levels of Functional Complement Proteins -- Neisseria meningitidis -- Failures in Complement Control -- Persistent Presence of the Complement-Activating Stimulus -- Microbe-Driven Counter Attacks -- Functional Failure of Complement in Tumor Cells -- Exploitation of Complement by Microbes -- Therapeutical Approaches -- Limitation of Excessive Complement Activation -- Administration of Complement Regulator Proteins -- Transfer of Genes Encoding Complement Regulators -- Monoclonal Antibodies Directed against Complement Factors -- Peptides Blocking Complement Factors or Their Receptors -- Stimulation of Complement Attack against Cancer Cells -- The Usage of Complement Molecules to Improve Vaccination or to Support Cancer Therapy -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Antibacterial Chemokines - Actors in Both Innate and Adaptive Immunity -- Abstract -- Chemokines -- The Chemokine Family -- Characteristics of Proteins and Peptides Possessing Chemotactic Activity -- What Properties Make Peptides and Proteins Antibacterial? -- Antibacterial Activity of CC Chemokines -- Antibacterial Activity of ELR-Positive CXC Chemokines -- Antibacterial Activity of ELR-Negative CXC Chemokines -- Non-Chemokine Peptides and Proteins Possessing Both Chemotactic and Antibacterial Activity -- Defensins - A Family of Antibacterial Peptides Possessing Chemotactic Activity -- Granule Proteins of Leukocytes -- Heparin-Binding Protein and Cathepsin G -- Human Cationic Antimicrobial Protein-18/LL-37 -- Granulysin -- Epithelial Cell Expression of Defensins and Antibacterial Chemokines - A Part of Mucosal Immunity -- Complement -- Anaphylatoxin C3a - A Comp ement--Derived Antibacterial Peptide with Chemotactic Activity. , Danger Signals, Alarmins, Kinocidins and the Bridging of Innate and Adaptive Immunity -- Unsolved Issues -- References -- The Role of Neutrophils and Monocytes in Innate Immunity -- Abstract -- Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils: The Most Potent Microbicidal Phagocyte -- Monocytes/Macrophage: Mononuclear Phagocytes with Different Possible Fates -- Neutrophil Granulocytes and Monocytes: A Common Origin but Separate Fate -- Adhesion and Migration Allow the Critical Positioning of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils and Monocyte/Macrophages -- Adhesion and Migration through the Endothelium toward the Inflammation Site -- Traffic and Ma gination -- Adhesion to the Endothelium -- Rolling -- Leukocyte Activ tion and Firm Adhesion to Endothelium -- The 'Inside-Out ' Signaling -- The 'Outside-In ' Signaling -- Transendothelial Cell Mig ation -- Notion of Crawling -- Paracellular Migration -- Transcellular Migration -- Migration through the Endothelium Basement Membr ne -- Migration to Tissues in Noninflammato y Conditions:A Specific Featu e of Monocytes -- Phagocytosis of Pathogens: A Common Feature of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils and Monocyte/Macrophages -- Contact of Pathogens with Phagocytes Is Mediated by Different Receptors -- Fc-bea Receptors -- Complement Receptor -- Scavenger Receptors -- Lectins -- Toll-Like Receptors and Nod-Like Receptors -- Recognition of Microbes by Receptors Triggering Different Intracellular Signaling Pathways -- Phagocytosis-Induced Activation and Destruction of the Pathogen -- Phosphoinositides 3-Kinase and Phospholipase C -- Rho GTPases -- Protein Kinase C -- Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils and Monocyte/Macrophages in the Immune Response -- Cytokine Production by Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils and Monocyte/Macrophages. , Role of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils and Monocyte/Macrophages in the Initiation and Modulation of the Adaptive Immune Response -- Role of Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils and Monocyte/Macrophages in the Resolution of Inflammation -- General Mechanisms -- Neutrophil Apoptosis -- Macrophage Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils -- Conclusion -- References -- Innate Immune Functions of the Airway Epithelium -- Abstract -- The Strategic Position of the Airway Epithelium -- Pathogen Detection and Signaling -- Microbial Pattern Recognition Molecules -- Detection of Viruses by Airway Epithelia -- Antimicrobial and Immunomodulatory Peptides and Proteins -- Lysozyme and Lactoferrin -- Cationic Peptides -- Other Molecules -- Synergism between ASL Components -- Oxidative Killing and Clearance of Pathogens -- Disease States That Compromise Pulmonary Innate Immunity -- Cystic Fibrosis -- Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Oxidative Innate Immune Defenses by Nox/Duox Family NADPH Oxidases -- Abstract -- Structural and Functional Properties of the Members of the Nox/Duox Protein Family -- Oxygen Metabolites -- Nox 2 -- The Neutrophil Phagosome -- Beyond Intracellular Killing -- Nox2: Eosinophil Granulocytes -- Nox2: Monocytes/Macrophages -- Nox2:Dendritic Cells -- Duox -- Oral Cavity -- Airways -- Gastrointestinal Tract -- Nox1 -- Nox4 -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Aging and Impairment of Innate Immunity -- Abstract -- Why Do We Age? -- What Is 'Aging?' -- The Changing Environment and the Theory of Aging -- Aging as a Challenge to the Innate Immune Response -- Immunosenescence -- Inflamm-Aging -- Innate Immune Cell Defects Occurring with Age -- Neutrophils -- Macrophages -- Natural Killer Cells -- Natural Killer T Cells -- Mast Cells -- Eosinophils -- Heredity and Aging Gracefully. , Polymorphisms That Benefit the Elderly.

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Note: Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 28-30

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Note: Cover -- Contents -- In Remembrance of Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902) -- Foreword -- General Aspects -- In Memoriam of Rudolf Virchow: A Historical Retrospective Including Aspects of Inflammation, Infection and Neoplasia -- Abstract -- Note of Comment on Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow -- Who Was Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow? -- Virchow and Tumor Pathology -- Virchow's Theories about the Impact of Infection and Inflammation on Oncogenesis -- Inflammation -- Syphilis and Tuberculosis -- Generalization and 'Infection ' -- The 'Krebsbacillus' -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Aneuploidy and Cancer: From Correlation to Causation -- Abstract -- Cancer Is Not Heritable -- Long Neoplastic Latencies -- Non-Mutagenic Carcinogens Cause Cancer -- Karyotype-Phenotype Variations at Rates that Are Orders Higher than Mutation -- Cancer-Specific Aneuploidies -- Cancers Have Complex Phenotypes -- Nonselective Phenotypes of Cancer Cells -- No Carcinogenic Genes in Cancer -- A New, Chromosomal Evolution Theory of Carcinogenesis -- Testing Specific Predictions of the Chromosomal Theory against Competing Claims by Genetic Theories of Cancer -- Carcinogens Function as Aneuploidogens -- Aneuploidy Is Inherently Variable and Thus Sufficient to Catalyze the Evolution of Cancer-Specific Chromosome Patterns -- Carcinogenesis Independent of Somatic Mutation -- Explanatory Value of the Chromosomal Theory of Cancer -- Cancer Is Not Heritable -- Long Neoplastic Latencies -- High Rates of Karyotype-Phenotype Variations and the Origin of Immortality -- Cancer-Specific Aneuploidies -- Complex Phenotypes -- Nonselective Phenotypes -- Conclusions -- Appendix -- The Achilles Heels of the Mutation-Cancer Theory -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Adult Stem Cell Theory of the Multi-Stage, Multi-Mechanism Theory of Carcinogenesis: Role of Inflammation on the Promotion of Initiated Stem Cells -- Abstract -- 'Initiation', 'Promotion' and 'Progression' Concept of Carcinogenesis -- What Is that 'Initiated' Cell? -- Initiation: Is It the Induction of 'Immortalization' of a Normal,'Mortal' Cell or the Inhibition of 'Mortalization' of a Normal 'Immortal' Adult Stem Cell? -- Characteristics of Adult Stem Cells: Clues to the Stem Cell Hypothesis of Carcinogenesis -- Are There Adult Stem Cell Markers? -- Role of Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication in Normal Growth Control and Its Dysfunction in Carcinogenesis -- Cancer Stem Cells: Something New or a Newly Discovered Old Prediction -- Stem Cells, Oncogenic Viruses, and Cancer -- Inflammation,Tumor Promotion and Carcinogenesis -- Implications of the Stem Cell Theory for Cancer Chemoprevention and Chemotherapy: Cancer as a 'Treatable Chronic Disease' -- Conclusion -- References -- Specific Pathogens -- Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Neoplasia -- Abstract -- Epidemiology of Gastric Carcinoma -- Epidemiology of H. pylori Infection -- Gastric Carcinogenesis Cascade -- Molecular Events during Gastric Carcinogenesis -- Bacterial Factors -- cagA -- vacA -- babA2 -- Host Factors -- Prevention of Gastric Adenocarcinoma by H. pylori Eradication -- MALT Lymphoma -- References -- Schistosomiasis and Neoplasia -- Abstract -- Life Cycle of Schistosoma -- Epidemiology of Schistosomiasis -- Diagnosis of Schistosomiasis -- Schistosomiasis and Bladder Cancer -- Epidemiological Evidence -- Experimental Evidence -- Histopathological Evidence -- Pathogenesis of Bladder Cancer in S. hematobium Chronic Inflammation -- Urinary Tract Infection -- Altered Carcinogen Metabolism -- Disturbed Carcinogen Activation in Schistosomiasis. , Disturbed Carcinogen Inactivation in Schistosomiasis -- Molecular Mechanisms -- Tumor Suppressor Genes -- The p53 Tumor Suppressor Gene -- Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Gene -- Chromosome 9 -- Microsatellite Instability -- Oncogenes -- H-ras -- Bcl-2 Gene -- Schistosomiasis and Colorectal Cancer -- Schistosomiasis and Liver Cancer -- Schistosomiasis and Prostate Cancer -- Schistosomiasis and Cancer of Other Sites -- References -- Relevant Oncogenic Viruses in Veterinary Medicine: Original Pathogens and Animal Models for Human Disease -- Abstract -- Viral Pathogens of Veterinary Importance -- Retroviruses -- Poultry -- Sheep -- Cat -- Cattle -- Fish -- Herpesviruses -- Papillomaviruses -- Mechanisms of Papillomavirus-Induced Oncogenesis -- Cattle -- Horse -- Dog -- Tumor Viruses of Animals as Models of Human Oncogenesis -- Conceptual Work and Pioneering Studies in Oncology -- Tumor Induction by Viral and Cell-Derived Oncogenes and Additional Oncogenic Strategies of Retroviruses -- Importance of Cofactors in Virus-Induced Oncogenesis -- Abortive,Nonlytic Infections Can Promote Cancer Development -- Animal Models for Human Malignancies -- Zoonosis and Host-Species Exchange-Associated Oncogenesis -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Infection, Inflammation and Neoplasia -- The Inflammatory Tumor Microenvironment and Its Impact on Cancer Development -- Abstract -- Tumor Micro-Environment -- The Inflammatory Tumor Micro-Environment -- Acute versus Chronic Inflammation -- Clinical Association between Chronic Inflammation and Cancer -- Experimental Studies Linking Inflammation and Cancer -- Inflammatory Cell-Mediated Modulation of Neoplastic Progression -- Direct Effect on Neoplastic Cells -- Indirect Effect on Neoplastic Cells -- Concluding Remarks and Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Co-Opting Macrophage Traits in Cancer Progression: A Consequence of Tumor Cell Fusion? -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Cell Fusion in Normal and Cancerous Tissues -- Putative BMT Tumor Cell Hybrids in Humans -- Gene Expression in Artificial Fusion Hybrids -- Beta1,6-Branched Oligosaccharides and Coarse Vesicles in Human BMT Tumor Hybrids -- Beta1,6-Branched Oligosaccharides and Coarse Vesicles Are Common in Human Cancers -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Carcinogenesis Driven by Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells -- Abstract -- Instruction of Stem Cell Trans-Differentiation -- What Happens if BMDC Trans-Differentiation Is Directed by a Faulty Blueprint -- What Happens if Tumor Tissue Is the Blueprint for BMDC Trans-Differentiation? -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chemokine-Directed Metastasis -- Chemokine-Directed Metastasis -- Abstract -- Angiogenesis -- ELR Positive CXC Chemokines Promote Angiogenesis -- The Role of ELR-Positive CXC Chemokines in Tumorigenesis -- In General, Non-ELR Positive CXC Chemokines Are Inhibitors of Angiogenesis -- CXCR3 Appears to Be the Major Receptor for Non-ELR-Positive CXC Chemokine-Mediated Inhibition of Angiogenesis -- Non-ELR Positive CXC Chemokines Attenuate Angiogenesis and Reduce Tumorigenesis -- Evidence that Chemokines Are Involved in Tumor Cell Invasion -- Evidence that Chemokines Regulate the Pattern of Organ-Specific Metastasis of Cancer -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Involvement of Chemokine Receptors in Organ-Specific Metastasis -- Abstract -- Chemokines -- Chemokines and Metastasis -- Mechanism of Action of CXCR4 in Cancer -- CXCR4 in Breast Cancer -- Conclusion and Future Directions -- References -- Visualization of Tumor Cell Extravasation -- Abstract -- Tumor Cell Extravasation -- Tumor Cell-Endothelial Cell Interactions during Extravasation. , Acknowledgements -- References -- Options for Visualizing Metastatic Disease in the Living Body -- Abstract -- Applications of Whole-Body in vivo Imaging Techniques -- Computed Tomography -- Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- Nuclear Medicine Modalities (PET/SPECT) -- Optical Imaging -- Clinical Imaging of Metastases -- In vivo Imaging of Metastases in Animal Models -- Models of Metastasis Utilizing Implanted Tumor Cells -- Choice of Imaging Techniques for Visualization of Metastasizing Tumor Cells in Animal Models -- Future Outlook -- References -- Outlook and Perspectives -- Infection, Inflammation and Neoplasia: An Interdisciplinary Challenge -- Abstract -- Inflammation, Wound Healing, and Carcinogenesis -- Multifunctionality of Cytokines and Chemokines -- 'Wounds that Never Heal' and Carcinogenesis -- Chemokine-Mediated Cell Function Inhibition - Where, Which and How? -- Cancer and Inflammation: From Epidemiological Perspectives to Molecular Mechanisms -- Infection and Cancer -- Interdisciplinary Challenge -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Morphological and Biological Characteristics of Varicella-Zoster Virus -- Genomic Structure and Organization of Varicella-Zoster Virus -- Overview of the Replication Cycle of Varicella-Zoster Virus -- Role of Glycoproteins in Varicella-Zoster Virus Infection -- Varicella-Zoster Virus: Latency and Reactivation -- Epidemiology of Varicella Infections -- Viremic Stages of Different Varicella- Zoster Virus-Associated Diseases -- Chickenpox (Varicella) -- Shingles (Zoster) -- Postherpetic Neuralgia -- Infections during Pregnancy -- Diagnosis of Varicella-Zoster Virus-Associated Diseases with Special Emphasis on Infections in the Immunocompromised Host -- Approaches to the Treatment of Varicella-Zoster Virus Infections -- Experience with Live-Attenuated Varicella-Zoster Vaccines -- Development of Recombinant Varicella-Zoster Virus Vaccines -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli -- Legionellosis, a Disease Transmitted by Technical Vectors -- Burkholderia/Stenotrophomonas -- Helicobacter pylori -- Biology and Clinical Significance of Chlamydiae -- Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., the Infectious Agent of Lyme Borreliosis -- Streptococcus pyogenes -- Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis: Emerging Pathogens in Nosocomial Infections -- Enterococci -- Bordetella pertussis: Increasing Problems with aWell-Known Pathogen and Its Relatives -- Tropheryma whippelii and the (Re)emergence of an Old Disease -- Campylobacter jejuni -- The Changing Image of Mycoplasmas: From Innocent Bystanders to Emerging and Reemerging Pathogens in Human and Animal Diseases -- Gram-Negative Plant Pathogenic Bacteria -- The New Biology and Drug Research -- Author Index -- Subject Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Dedication in Remembrance of Andreas Scheid (1941-2001) -- Note of the Series Editor -- Preface to the Second Edition -- Preface to the First Edition -- Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies: The Prion Theory - Background and Basic Information -- Non-Virus Properties of the Scrapie Agent -- The Concept of Two Isoforms of the Prion Protein -- Basic Experiments Pro and Contra Prions -- The Search for a Nucleic Acid -- Structural Transitions of the Prion Protein as Basis for the Replication Mechanism -- Infectious, Sporadic and Familial Etiology of Prion Diseases Based on the Prion Model -- Outlook -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Structural Biology of Prions -- The Primary Structure of the Prion Protein -- The Neurotoxic Model Peptide, PrP106-126 -- Metal-Binding Domains of the Prion Protein -- Secondary Structure Analysis of the Prion Protein -- Tertiary Structure of the Normal Prion Protein (PrPC) -- Influence of Familial Mutations on the Structure of the Prion Protein -- Tertiary Structure of the Infectious Prion Protein (PrP TSE ) -- Deciphering the Structure of Infectious Prion Protein with Antibodies -- Prion Protein Folding Pathways and Their Conformational Properties -- Conclusion -- References -- Prion Strains and Species Barriers -- Prion Strains -- Molecular Basis of Prion Strains -- Species Barriers -- Subclinical Prion Infection -- Implications of Prion Disease vs. Prion Infection -- Re-Evaluating Prion Strains and Species Barriers -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Prions of Saccharomyces and Podospora -- Three Genetic Criteria for Prions -- [URE3] as a Prion of the Ure2 Protein -- Structure of Ure2p -- Aggregation of Ure2p in vivo and in vitro -- [PSI] as a Prion of the Sup35 Protein -- Interaction with Other Proteins in the Cell and Influence of Chaperones -- Prion Variants. , Other Prions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- [Het-s], a Prion with a Normal Cellular Function -- Are in vitro Produced Filaments Infectious? -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Human Prion Diseases: Cause, Clinical and Diagnostic Aspects -- Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease -- Sporadic CJD (spCJD) -- Epidemiology and Cause -- Clinical Features -- Diagnosis -- Iatrogenic (iCJD) -- Epidemiology and Cause -- Clinical Features -- Diagnosis -- Variant (vCJD) -- Epidemiology and Cause -- Clinical Features -- Diagnosis -- Genetic (gCJD) -- Epidemiology and Cause -- Clinical Features -- Diagnosis -- Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker Syndrome (GSS) -- Epidemiology and Cause -- Clinical Features -- Diagnosis -- Fatal Familial Insomnia -- Epidemiology and Cause -- Clinical -- Diagnosis -- Kuru -- Epidemiology and Cause -- Clinical Features -- Diagnosis -- References -- Epidemiology and Risk Factors of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies in Man -- Sporadic CJD (spCJD) -- Descriptive Epidemiology -- Incidence -- Cluster -- CJD in Europe -- Role of the Codon 129 Genotype -- Risk Factors -- Iatrogenic Cases -- Variant CJD (vCJD) -- References -- Aspects of Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Nosocomial Transmission of Classical and Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease with Special Attention to German Regulations* -- Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies -- Characteristics of the Etiological Agent -- Risk Assessment -- Reported Transmissions of Human TSEs -- Iatrogenic and Accidental Transmission in Nosocomial Settings -- Stratification of Patients -- Stratification of Tissues -- Efficiency of Transmission via Various Routes of Exposure -- Retrospective Analysis of Iatrogenic CJD Cases -- Risk Management - Current Strategies to Minimize the Risk of Transmission -- Principles for the Prevention of Transmission -- Hospital Care. , Transmission via Surgical Instruments or Medical Products -- Patients with a Recognizable Risk of Classical CJD (Including GSS and FFI) -- Patients with a Recognizable Risk of vCJD -- Patients without a Recognizable Risk of CJD or vCJD -- Transmission through Blood and Blood Products -- Summary and Outlook -- Appendix 1 -- Destabilization and Inactivation of TSE Agents:Theoretical Approaches and Assay Systems (also see chapter by Taylor p 136 -145 in this volume.) -- Appendix 2 -- General Principles Underlying Current Guidelines for the Reprocessing of Surgical Instruments and Medical Devices in Various European Countries -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Resistance of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Agents to Decontamination -- Chemical Methods of Inactivation -- Heat Treatment -- Observations on the Thermostability of TSE Agents -- Combining Heat with Exposure to Sodium Hydroxide -- Current Concerns -- References -- Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy and Its Relationship to the Variant Form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease -- Cause of BSE -- Properties of Agents That Cause TSE -- The BSE Agent -- Clinical Signs of BSE -- Sensation -- Mental Status -- Posture and Locomotion -- Epidemiology of BSE -- Rendering of Animal Waste -- Origin of the Epidemic -- PrP Genetics and Influence of Breed on the Occurrence of BSE -- Descriptive Epidemiology -- Hypotheses for the Origin of BSE -- Factors Influencing the Occurrence of BSE in the UK -- Sheep Source Hypothesis -- Cattle Source Hypothesis -- The Case for a 'Sporadic 'BSE Origin -- The Case for a Subclinical Carrier Origin -- Conclusion -- Horizontal Maternal and Paternal Transmission -- Horizontal Transmission -- Maternal Transmission -- Paternal Transmission -- Cattle with BSE Born after the 1988 Feed Ban -- Variant Form of CJD and Its Consequences -- Geographical Distribution of BSE. , Transmissibility of Prion Diseases -- Natural Host Range for BSE -- TSE in Primates Resulting from Exposure to the BSE Agent -- Experimental Host Range of the BSE Agent -- Tissue Distribution of BSE Infectivity in Cattle with Natural and Experimental BSE -- Pathogenesis of TSE -- Pathogenesis of Experimental Scrapie in Rodents -- Pathogenesis of Natural Scrapie in Sheep -- Pathogenesis of Experimental BSE in Cattle following Oral Challenge -- Relationship of Variant CJD to BSE -- Origin of Infection in Humans -- Experimental Transmission -- Transmission to Conventional Mice and Biological Strain Typing -- Transmission to Transgenic Mice -- Molecular Strain Typing -- Comparative Neuropathology -- Tissue Distribution of Prion Protein-Scrapie Isoform -- Effect of the Occurrence of Variant Form of CJD -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Possibilities to Manage the BSE Epidemic: Cohort Culling versus Herd Culling - Experiences in Switzerland -- Objective of a Culling Strategy -- The Likelihood of Additional Cases of BSE in an Infected Herd -- Alternative Culling Programmes -- Experiences Gained in Switzerland -- Choosing a Culling Strategy -- Conclusion -- References -- Regulatory Aspects of BSE and CJD with Special Emphasis on Germany -- Special Regulations for the Prevention and Management of BSE -- Epidemiological Supervision -- Trading Limitations for Living Cattle -- Restrictions for the Trade with Food and Other Materials of Bovine Origin Including Animal Feed -- Requirements for the Keeping of Cattle Including the Ban of Feed Containing Material Derived from Ruminants -- Appropriate Eradication and Elimination of BSE-Infected and/or Endangered Animal Collectives Including the Decontamination of Agricultural Facilities. , Requirements Concerning the Production of Materials of Bovine Origin Including Slaughtering and Human Food Production -- Requirements for Processing of Rough Materials of Bovine Origin in Pharmacology, and Cosmetics and Toiletries -- Requirements for the Production of Animal Feed Containing Material of Animal Origin -- Safety Regulations in Agriculture and Meat Procession -- Special Regulations for the Prevention and Management of CJD -- Law-Enforced Obligations to Report Human CJD Cases to the Official Authorities -- Exclusion of a Defined Group of Individuals as Blood Donors -- Introduction of Higher Valanced Procedures for Processing Medical Equipment and/or Laundry in the Hospital Setting -- Preference of Disposable Instruments -- Safety Regulations for Medical Staff -- Appendix 1 -- The Challenge for the Public Health System -- Properties of Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies -- Types of TSEs of Concern -- Minimizing the Risks of Transmission of Spongiform Encephalopathies by Medicinal Products -- Implications of the Variant Form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Blood and Blood Products -- Implications of the Variant Form of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease: Other Medical Interventions -- The Future -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index -- A -- B -- C -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- K -- L -- M -- N -- P -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- Y.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Foreword -- Chemical Interactions between Organisms in Microbial Communities -- Abstract -- Passive and Active Interactions between Bacteria -- Chemical Signaling: Communication, Cues and Chemical Manipulation -- Secondary Metabolites and Chemical Interactions on Bacteria -- Bacterial Quorum Sensing -- Communication, Cues, Eavesdropping, and Interference -- Antibiotics in Microbial Communities -- Interrelationship of Quorum Sensing and Antibiotics in Microbial Communities -- Physical Interactions in Microbial Communities -- Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Autoinducer-2-Based Chemical Communication in Bacteria: Complexities of Interspecies Signaling -- Abstract -- Intra- and Interspecies Quorum Sensing -- AI-2 Identification -- DPD and AI-2 Activity -- Discriminating between AI-2 Signaling Effects and LuxS Metabolic Roles -- A Structural Study of the AI-2 Receptor of Vibrio harveyi -- Future Questions and Goals -- References -- The Molecular Basis of Excitation and Adaptation during Chemotactic Sensory Transduction in Bacteria -- Abstract -- Excitation -- Adaptation -- Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Bacterial PEP-Dependent Carbohydrate: Phosphotransferase Systems Couple Sensing and Global Control Mechanisms -- Abstract -- Sensory (Signal Transduction) and Global Regulatory Systems Often Share Elements in the Prokaryotes -- Components and Structure of Various PTSs Involved in the Coupling of Sensory and Regulatory Mechanisms -- Functions of the PTS Which Couple Sensing and Global Control -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Correlations between Carbon Metabolism and Virulence in Bacteria -- Abstract -- Mechanisms Controlling CCR in Enterobacteria -- Other Interaction Partners of PTS Proteins in Enterobacteria -- Mechanisms Controlling CCR in Firmicutes. , Carbohydrate Availability and Virulence in Bacteria -- CCR and Virulence in Firmicutes -- CCR and Virulence in Proteobacteria without HprK/P -- CCR and Virulence in Proteobacteria Containing HprK/P -- Conclusions -- References -- Stand-Alone Response Regulators Controlling Global Virulence Networks in Streptococcus pyogenes -- Abstract -- Stand-Alone Response Regulators: Virulence and Growth Phase -- The Mga Regulon: Responding to the Good Life -- RALPs: Regulating Life at the Transition -- Rgg/RopB: Sensing the Stresses of Infection -- Interactions between Stand-Alone Regulators -- Acknowledgements -- References -- The Heme Sensor System of Staphylococcus aureus -- Abstract -- Staphylococcus aureus Pathogenesis -- Staphylococcal Heme Metabolism -- The Adaptive Response of S. aureus to Heme -- The Heme Regulated Transporter (HrtAB) -- The Heme Sensor System (HssRS) -- Evolutionary Implications of Heme Sensing in Gram-Positive Bacteria -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Bacterial Sensing of Antimicrobial Peptides -- Abstract -- Mechanisms of Bacterial Resistance to Antimicrobial Peptides -- The Gram-Negative PhoP/PhoQ Antimicrobial Peptide Sensor -- The Gram-Positive Aps Antimicrobial Peptide Sensor -- Anionic Antimicrobial Peptides and Non-Specific Sensing -- A Potential Target for Antimicrobial Therapeutics? -- Acknowledgement -- References -- RNA Thermosensors in Bacterial Pathogens -- Abstract -- RNA Thermosensors -- Cold Sensors -- Eukaryotic RNA Thermosensors -- RNA Thermosensors in Bacterial Pathogens -- Structural Requirements -- Questions and Future Perspectives -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Prevailing Concepts of c-di-GMP Signaling -- Abstract -- Biosynthesis of C-di-GMP by GGDEF Domain Proteins -- Degradation of C-di-GMP by EAL and HD-GYP Domain Proteins. , Abundance of GGDEF, EAL and HD-GYP Domain Proteins in Bacterial Genomes -- Modulation of the Enzymatic Activity of C-di-GMP-Metabolizing Enzymes -- C-di-GMP Binding Sites -- Transition between Sessility and Motility by C-di-GMP Signaling -- Transition between Sessility and Motility Occurs on the Single Cell Level -- Role of C-di-GMP Signaling in Virulence -- Additional Phenotypes Affected by C-di-GMP Signaling -- Redundancy and Specificity of C-di-GMP Signaling -- Specificity of C-di-GMP Signaling - A Phenomenon Based on Receptor Affinity? -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Magnetosomes and Magneto-Aerotaxis -- Abstract -- General Features of Magnetotactic Bacteria -- Magnetosomes -- Cellular Magnetic Dipole -- Magnetotaxis -- Magneto-Aerotaxis -- Polar Magneto-Aerotaxis -- Axial Magneto-Aerotaxis -- Redoxtaxis -- Deviations from the Magneto-Aerotaxis Models -- Bacterial Hemerythrins and Magneto-Aerotaxis -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Engineering Bacterial Signals and Sensors -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Specifications of Well-Characterized Bacterial Sensors and Signals -- Engineering New Bacterial Sensors -- Engineering Synthetic Gene Networks with Rewired Sensors -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Author Index -- Subject Index.