Note: Intro -- Plant Biotechnology for Sustainable Production of Energy and Co-products -- Preface -- Contents -- Part A: Introduction to Biofuels -- Chapter 1: Introduction Overview: World Energy Resources and the Need for Biomass for Energy and Lower Fossil Carbon Dioxide Emissions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 World Dependence on Petroleum -- 1.3 Oil and Global Climate Change -- 1.4 What are our Options to Reduce Petroleum Use? -- 1.5 Why Biomass for Transportation? -- 1.6 Overview of Conversion Approaches -- 1.6.1 Biomass Composition -- 1.6.2 Higher Temperature Processes -- 1.6.3 Lower Temperature Processes -- 1.6.4 Comparison of Conversion Options -- 1.7 What is the Goal and How Much Biomass will be Needed? -- 1.8 Challenges to Commercial Applications -- 1.9 Closing Thoughts -- References -- Chapter 2: Designing Biomass Crops with Improved Calorific Content and Attributes for Burning: a UK Perspective -- 2.1 The Need for Non-Food Energy Crops -- 2.2 Biomass Combustion Technologies -- 2.2.1 The Combustion Process -- 2.2.2 Biomass as a Feedstock for Combustion -- 2.3 Lignocellulose -- 2.3.1 Structure and Composition of the Plant Cell Wall -- 2.3.2 Plant Cell Wall Architecture -- 2.4 The Effect of Chemical Composition on Feedstock Properties -- 2.5 Energy Crops for Combustion Processes in the European Union -- 2.5.1 Miscanthus Species -- 2.5.2 Switchgrass -- 2.5.3 Willow and Poplar -- 2.5.4 Reed Canary Grass -- 2.6 Technologies for Crop Design -- 2.6.1 Modification of Hemicellulose and Cellulose -- 2.6.2 Modification of Lignin -- 2.6.3 Breeding Strategies -- 2.6.4 Chemical Phenotyping and High-Throughput Screening -- 2.6.5 Case Study: Variation in Cell Wall Composition Between 249 Miscanthus Genotypes -- 2.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 3: Designing Plants To Meet Feedstock Needs -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.2 Feedstock Crops -- 3.3 Trait Improvement -- 3.4 Molecular Markers for Breeding and Genetic Mapping -- 3.5 Comparative Genomics -- 3.6 Heterosis -- 3.7 Improving Traits by Molecular Plant Breeding -- 3.8 Transgenic Traits -- 3.8.1 First Generation Transgenic Traits -- 3.8.2 Transgenic Output Traits -- 3.8.2.1 Endogenous Traits -- 3.8.2.2 Novel, Non-Endogenous Traits -- 3.8.3 Co-products -- 3.8.4 Genetic Confinement and Prevention of Seed Formation -- 3.9 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part B: Specific Biofuel Feedstocks -- Chapter 4: Engineering Advantages, Challenges and Status of Sugarcane and other Sugar-Based Biomass Resources -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Sugar-Based Industry and Ethanol Uses -- 4.1.2 Sugarcane Production System -- 4.2 Biotechnology and Breeding Strategies for Increasing Sugarcane Sucrose Yields -- 4.2.1 Photosynthetic Capacity of Sugarcane and the Source-Sink Relationship: What Determines Sucrose Accumulation? -- 4.2.2 Sugarcane Biotechnology -- 4.2.2.1 Increasing Sucrose and Modified Sugar Accumulation via Transgenic Approaches -- 4.2.2.2 Bagasse Uses -- 4.2.2.3 New Applications for Fermentable Sugars -- 4.2.3 Molecular Markers in Sugarcane Breeding -- 4.3 Other Sugar Crops Suitable for Ethanol Production -- 4.4 Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 5: High Fermentable Corn Hybrids for the Dry-Grind Corn Ethanol Industry -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Value of High Fermentable Corn Hybrids -- 5.3 Factors Influencing the Fermentability of Corn Grain -- 5.4 Measuring Corn Grain Fermentability -- 5.4.1 NIT Calibration -- 5.4.2 Reference Chemistry -- 5.4.3 NIT Calibration -- 5.4.4 Commercial Validation of NIT Calibration -- 5.5 Designation of High Fermentable Corn Hybrids -- 5.6 Opportunities to Increase Corn Grain Fermentability -- 5.7 Summary -- References. , Chapter 6: Engineering Advantages, Challenges and Status of Grass Energy Crops -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Miscanthus -- 6.2.1 Miscanthus Phylogeny and Growth -- 6.2.2 Genetic Improvement of Miscanthus -- 6.2.3 Conventional Breeding Challenges -- 6.2.3.1 Trait Targets -- Intrinsic Yield and Flowering Time -- Drought and Water Use Efficiency -- Cold Temperature Adaptation -- Pest and Disease Resistance -- 6.2.3.2 Advanced Breeding: Molecular Markers, Marker-Assisted Selection and QTLs -- 6.3 Switchgrass -- 6.3.1 Switchgrass Phylogeny and Growth -- 6.3.2 Genetic Improvement of Switchgrass -- 6.3.3 Conventional Breeding Challenges -- 6.3.3.1 Trait Targets -- Stand establishment -- Biomass Yield -- Pest and Disease Resistance -- 6.3.3.2 Advanced Breeding: Molecular Markers, Marker-Assisted Selection and QTLs -- 6.4 Sugarcane -- 6.4.1 Sugarcane Phylogeny and Growth -- 6.4.2 Genetic Improvement Needs -- 6.4.3 Genetic Improvement Strategies -- 6.5 Sorghum -- 6.5.1 Sorghum Phylogeny and Growth -- 6.5.2 Genetic Improvement -- 6.6 Integration of Grasses into Cellulosic Biomass Supply Systems -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Woody Biomass and Purpose-Grown Trees as Feedstocks for Renewable Energy -- 7.1 The Forest Industry and Renewable Energy -- 7.2 Biopower -- 7.2.1 Processes for Energy Production from Woody Biomass -- 7.2.1.1 Co-firing -- 7.2.1.2 Direct Firing -- 7.2.1.3 Gasification -- 7.2.2 Characteristics of Wood Feedstock that Impact Bioenergy Production -- 7.2.2.1 Density -- 7.2.2.2 Energy Content -- 7.2.2.3 Ash and Alkali Metal Content -- 7.2.2.4 Moisture Content -- 7.2.2.5 Yield -- 7.2.2.6 Energy Output -- 7.2.3 Tree Species for Biopower -- 7.2.3.1 Populus Species and Hybrids -- 7.2.3.2 Salix Species and Hybrids -- 7.2.3.3 Eucalyptus -- 7.2.4 Softwood Species for Bioenergy -- 7.3 Liquid Biofuels -- 7.3.1 Cellulosic Ethanol. , 7.3.2 Conversion Processes -- 7.3.2.1 Thermal Conversion -- 7.3.2.2 Biochemical Conversion -- Pre-treatment -- Biochemical Process Commercial Status -- 7.3.3 Other Cellulosic Liquid Fuels -- 7.3.3.1 Methanol -- 7.3.3.2 Butanol -- 7.3.4 Feedstock Characteristics Affecting Biofuel Production -- 7.4 Purpose-Grown Trees for Renewable Energy -- 7.4.1 Genetic Improvement for Productivity -- 7.4.1.1 Native Tree Species-Populus -- 7.4.1.2 Native Tree Species-Pinus -- 7.4.1.3 Introduced Tree Species-Eucalyptus -- 7.4.2 Genetic Improvement for Wood Properties -- 7.5 Sustainable Production of Purpose-Grown Trees -- 7.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Engineering Status, Challenges and Advantages of Oil Crops -- 8.1 Global Trends in Supply and Demand for Edible Oils -- 8.1.1 Constraints on the Use of Edible Crop Products for Biofuel -- 8.1.2 Availability and Cost of Biodiesel Feedstocks -- 8.1.3 Sustainability -- 8.2 Technology Trends to Further Enhance the Sustainability of Edible Oils for Biofuel -- 8.2.1 Physical Properties of Edible Oils -- 8.2.2 Genetic Modification of the Physical Properties of Edible Oils -- 8.2.3 Development of Markets for Edible Oils with Modified Traits -- 8.3 Advances in Genetically Modified Oil Trait Technology in Major Oilseed Crops -- 8.3.1 Biological Basis for Trait Modified Oils -- 8.3.2 Modified Oil Traits in the Commercial Pipeline -- 8.3.2.1 Sunflower -- 8.3.2.2 Canola -- 8.3.2.3 Cottonseed -- 8.3.2.4 Palm and Coconut -- 8.3.2.5 Safflower -- 8.3.2.6 Peanut -- 8.3.2.7 Soybean -- 8.4 Advances in Genetically Modified Oil Trait Technology in New or Underdeveloped Oilseed Crops -- 8.4.1 New Crop Oils for Industrial Chemicals -- 8.4.1.1 Flax -- 8.4.1.2 Camelina -- 8.4.1.3 Crambe -- 8.4.1.4 Pennycress -- 8.4.1.5 Lesquerella -- 8.4.1.6 Jojoba -- 8.4.1.7 Perilla -- 8.4.1.8 Chia -- 8.4.1.9 Castor -- 8.4.1.10 Jatropha. , 8.4.1.11 Algae -- 8.4.1.12 Other species -- 8.4.2 Biological Basis for Industrial Oil Traits -- 8.4.2.1 Triacylglcerol Biosynthesis -- 8.4.2.2 Genetic Engineering of Industrial Oil Targets -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part C: Mitigating Invasiveness -- Chapter 9: Invasive Species Biology, Ecology, Management and Risk Assessment: Evaluating and Mitigating the Invasion Risk of Biofuel Crops -- 9.1 Biofuel Crops and Invasive Species -- 9.2 Invasive Species Biology and Ecology -- 9.3 Assessing the Invasive Risk of Biofuel Crops -- 9.3.1 Risk Assessment -- 9.3.2 Species Biology -- 9.3.3 Niche Modeling -- 9.3.4 Propagule Biology -- 9.3.5 Habitat Susceptibility -- 9.3.6 Hybridization Potential -- 9.3.7 Competitive Interactions -- 9.4 Mitigating the Invasion Risk Along the Biofuel Chain -- 9.4.1 Crop Development -- 9.4.2 Crop Importation and Dissemination -- 9.4.3 Crop Production -- 9.4.4 Feedstock Harvesting, Processing, Transport, and Storage -- 9.4.5 Feedstock Conversion -- 9.5 Response to Biofuel Crop Escapes -- 9.5.1 Eradication Techniques -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Gene Flow in Genetically Engineered Perennial Grasses: Lessons for Modification of Dedicated Bioenergy Crops -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Gene Flow in Glufosinate-Resistant Grasses -- 10.3 Gene Flow in Glyphosate-Resistant Creeping Bentgrass -- 10.3.1 Gene Flow via Pollen in Glyphosate-Resistant Bentgrass -- 10.4 Gene Flow via Seed Scatter -- 10.4.1 Gene Flow via Seed Escape in Glyphosate-Resistant Bentgrass -- 10.5 Future Impacts of Gene Flow from Glyphosate-Resistant Creeping Bentgrass -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Genetic Modification in Dedicated Bioenergy Crops and Strategies for Gene Confinement -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methods for Gene Confinement in Genetically Engineered Plants. , 11.2.1 Physical, Spatial, Mechanical and Temporal Control.

Note: Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Bioenergy Economics and Policy: Introduction and Overview -- 1.1 Next-Generation Energy Technologies: Options and Possibilities -- 1.2 Integration Between Energy and Agricultural Markets -- 1.3 Designing the Infrastructure for Biofuels -- 1.4 Environmental Effects of Biofuels and Biofuel Policies -- 1.5 Economic Effects of Biofuel Policies -- 1.6 In Sum -- 2 Are Biofuels the Best Use of Sunlight? -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 From Solar Energy Input to Useful Energy Output -- 2.3 Biofuel Energy Conversion -- 2.4 Photovoltaic Energy Conversion -- 2.5 Photovoltaics and the Transportation Sector -- 2.6 Comparing the Costs of Energy from Biofuels and Photovoltaics -- 2.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3 Perennial Grasses as Second-Generation Sustainable Feedstocks Without Conflict with Food Production -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ideal Feedstock Characteristics -- 3.3 Perennial Growth Habit -- 3.4 C4 Photosynthetic Pathway -- 3.5 Long Canopy Duration -- 3.6 Limited Pest and Disease Incidence -- 3.7 Nutrient Recycling -- 3.8 High Water Use Efficiency -- 3.9 Low Herbicide Requirement -- 3.10 Noninvasive, Easily Eradicated from Existing Land -- 3.11 Uses Existing Farm Equipment -- 3.12 Feedstock Yield, Greenhouse Gas Mitigation, and the World Food Supply -- 3.13 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Present and Future Possibilities for the Deconstructionand Utilization of Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 4.1 Introduction: Current State of Technology -- 4.2 Advantages of Lignocellulosic-Based Biofuels -- 4.3 Status of Current Conversion Technologies: Pretreatment -- 4.4 Genomics for Producing New Microbes with Enhanced Characteristics for Fermentation: Synthetic Biology and Production of Advanced Biofuels -- 4.5 Genomics -- 4.6 Systems Biology and Metabolic Engineering -- 4.7 Conclusion. , References -- Part II Interactions Between Biofuels, Agricultural Markets and Trade -- 5 Price Transmission in the US Ethanol Market -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The US Bioenergy Market -- 5.3 Price Relationships in the US Ethanol Industry -- 5.4 Methodology -- 5.5 Results -- 5.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6 Biofuels and Agricultural Growth: Challenges for Developing Agricultural Economies and Opportunities for Investment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Overview of Current Literature -- 6.3 Interactions Between Energy and Food Markets -- 6.4 Drivers of Change in Food Systems -- 6.4.1 Socio-economic Factors -- 6.4.2 Policy Drivers -- 6.5 Quantitative Illustration of Biofuels Impacts on Food -- 6.5.1 Model Specification -- 6.5.2 Baseline Results with Biofuels -- 6.5.3 Impacts of Yield Improvements -- 6.6 Implications for Food Security and Policy -- References -- 7 Prospects for Ethanol and Biodiesel, 2008 to 2017 and Impacts on Agriculture and Food -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Assumptions for the Baseline Scenario -- 7.3 Global Land Use and Commodity Stocks -- 7.3.1 US Crops -- 7.4 Key Biofuel Projections -- 7.4.1 Impacts on Livestock -- 7.4.2 Consumer Prices -- 7.5 Alternative Scenarios -- 7.5.1 Impact of the Alternative Scenarios -- 7.6 Prospects for Cellulosic Ethanol -- References -- 8 The Global Bioenergy Expansion: How Large Are the Food--Fuel Trade-Offs? -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Stylized Facts on the Global Emergence of Biofuels -- 8.2.1 Biofuels in the United States -- 8.2.2 Biofuels in the World -- 8.2.3 Comparison Among FAPRI Outlooks: Catching Up with Reality and Policy Changes -- 8.3 Land Allocation Effects of Biofuel Expansion -- 8.3.1 US Expansion -- 8.3.2 Global Emergence Scenario -- 8.4 Trade-Offs Among Feed, Feed Crops, and Bioenergy -- 8.5 Trade-Offs Among Food, Food Crops, and Bioenergy -- 8.5.1 Meat and Dairy Consumption. , 8.5.2 Vegetable Oils -- 8.5.3 Sugar -- 8.5.4 Grains -- 8.6 Policies and Exogenous Factors Conditioning the Trade-Offs -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Demand Behavior and Commodity Price Volatility Under Evolving Biofuel Markets and Policies -- 9.1 Assumptions About Long-Run Ethanol Market Behavior -- 9.2 Changing Market Relationships -- 9.3 Volatility of Markets -- 9.4 Energy Policy and Its Influence on Commodity Price Volatility -- 9.5 Calculating Volatility -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- Part III Designing the Infrastructure for Biofuels -- 10 Optimizing the Biofuels Infrastructure: Transportation Networks and Biorefinery Locations in Illinois -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Biorefinery Connecting Feedstocks and Bioproducts -- 10.3 Biomass Transportation Networks and Biorefinery Locations -- 10.3.1 Road/Highway -- 10.3.2 Railroad -- 10.3.3 Waterways -- 10.3.4 Pipelines -- 10.4 The Optimal Biomass Transportation and Biorefinery Location Problem -- 10.5 Model Description -- 10.6 Model Specification and Data -- 10.6.1 Supply Input of Bioenergy -- 10.6.2 Multimodal Transportation Network and Cost Matrix -- 10.6.3 Cost Structure of Biorefineries -- 10.6.4 Ethanol Demand -- 10.6.5 Livestock Feed Demand -- 10.7 Model Results -- 10.8 Summary and Conclusions -- 10.9 Appendix: Model Notation and Equations -- 10.9.1 Subscripts -- 10.9.2 Factors and Parameters -- 10.9.3 Model Variables and Variable Types -- Binary Variables -- Nonnegative Variables -- References -- 11 The Capital Efficiency Challenge of Bioenergy Models: The Case of Flex Mills in Brazil -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Literature Review -- 11.2.1 Measures of Capital Utilization -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.4 Results -- References -- Part IV Environmental Effects of Biofuels and Biofuel Policies. , 12 Could Bioenergy Be Used to Harvest the Greenhouse: An Economic Investigation of Bioenergy and Climate Change? -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Modeling Background -- 12.2.1 Lifecycle Accounting -- 12.2.2 Leakage -- 12.3 Bioenergy Production Possibilities -- 12.3.1 Ethanol -- 12.3.2 Biodiesel -- 12.3.3 Biopower -- 12.4 Economics of Biofeedstock -- 12.5 Predicted Bioenergy Production -- 12.5.1 The Case of Ethanol -- 12.5.2 The Case of Biodiesel -- 12.5.3 The Case of Biopower -- 12.5.4 GHG Mitigation Strategy -- 12.5.5 Food Prices -- 12.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 13 A Simple Framework for Regulation of Biofuels -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Categorizing Lifecycle Emissions -- 13.2.1 Direct Emissions -- 13.2.2 Indirect Emissions -- 13.3 Calculating Emissions -- 13.3.1 Calculation of Direct Emissions -- 13.3.2 Calculation of Indirect Emissions -- 13.3.3 Ex post Direct Emissions and Ex ante Indirect Emissions -- 13.4 A Target Number and a Framework for Regulation Given Uncertainty -- 13.5 Uncertainty in Calculation of Emissions -- 13.5.1 Modeling Direct Emissions with Uncertainty -- 13.5.2 Uncertainty in Indirect Emissions -- 13.6 Implementing This Framework -- 13.7 Policy -- 13.8 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Market and Social Welfare Effects of the RenewableFuels Standard -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Related Literature -- 14.3 Background: Motor-Fuel Technology and Policy -- 14.4 Model -- 14.5 Numerical Analysis Methods and Parameters -- 14.6 Results -- 14.7 Sensitivity Analysis -- 14.8 Conclusions -- References -- 15 USBrazil Trade in Biofuels: Determinants, Constraints, and Implications for Trade Policy -- 15.1 USBrazil Trade in Biofuels: Determinants, Constraints, and Implications for Trade Policy -- 15.2 Background -- 15.2.1 Related Literature -- 15.3 Welfare Effects of Biofuel Policies in the United States. , 15.3.1 Conceptual Framework -- 15.3.2 Empirical Model -- 15.4 Numerical Simulation Results -- 15.4.1 Welfare Effects with Market Power in Ethanol Trade -- 15.4.2 Welfare Effects with United States as a Price Taker in Ethanol Trade -- 15.5 Conclusions and Policy Implications -- References -- 16 Food and Biofuel in a Global Environment -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Trade -- 16.3 Policy Considerations -- 16.3.1 Climate Change Policy -- 16.3.2 Land-Use Policy -- 16.4 Food Policy -- 16.4.1 Policy for Biofuel and Agriculture R& -- D -- 16.5 Conclusion -- References -- 17 Meeting Biofuels Targets: Implications for Land Use, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, and Nitrogen Use in Illinois -- 17.1 Related Literature -- 17.2 The Model -- 17.3 Data -- 17.4 Results -- 17.5 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Corn Stover Harvesting: Potential Supply and Water Quality Implications -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Data and Methods -- 18.2.1 Data -- 18.2.2 Economic Modeling -- 18.2.3 Modeling Environmental Impacts -- 18.3 Results and Discussion -- 18.4 Concluding Comments -- References -- Part V Economic Effects of Bioenergy Policies -- 19 International Trade Patterns and Policy for Ethanol in the United States -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Summary of US Ethanol Policy -- 19.2.1 Domestic Policy -- 19.2.2 Trade Policy -- 19.3 Expected Effects of the Tariff on the US Market Under Recent Market Conditions -- 19.3.1 Price Elasticity of Import Demand: Relationship with Other Market Parameters -- 19.4 Ethanol Import Patterns and the Elasticity of Supply of Imports in the United States -- 19.4.1 US Ethanol Imports and Data Sources -- 19.4.2 Statistical Specifications and Estimation Issues -- 19.4.3 Econometric Estimates of the Import Supply Elasticity -- 19.4.4 Interpretation of the Import Data in the Postduty Drawback Period -- 19.5 Implications for Changes in Import Tariff Policy. , 19.6 Further Consequences and Concluding Remarks.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface: Reframing Conflict -- Part I: Conflict and the Promise of Conflict Modeling -- 1. Environmental Conflicts in a Complex World -- Introduction -- What Is an Environmental Conflict? -- Conflict and Scarcity -- Why Are Environmental Conflicts Worth Resolving? -- The Goals of Environmental Conflict Resolution -- Sustainability as a Conflict Resolution Target -- Linking Sustainability to Conflict Management -- The History and Evolution of Conflict Resolution -- Conflict Resolution Efforts across Many Disciplines -- Urban Planning -- Economics -- Water Resources Management -- International Relations -- Mutual Gains, Conflict Frames, and Joint Fact-Finding -- Interests and Positions -- Framing -- Joint Fact-Finding: Expanding the Concept -- The Convergence of Social Science and Modeling Approaches to Conflict -- Consensus Processes -- Agent-Based Analysis for Dispute Resolution -- Viability Analysis and System Resilience -- Summary -- Questions for Consideration -- Additional Resources -- References -- 2. Why Model? How Can Modeling Help Resolve Conflict? -- Introduction -- What Are Models? -- Why Model Conflict? -- Mental Modeling -- Formalizing Mental Models through Mathematics and Simulation -- The Implications of Modeling -- Models Can Formalize Studies of Conflict -- Modeling with Caution -- The Three-Step Modeling Process -- Summary -- Questions for Consideration -- Additional Resources -- References -- 3. The History and Types of Conflict Modeling -- Introduction -- Models of War and Arms Races -- Modeling Conflict vs. Modeling the Causes of Conflict -- A General Typology of Environmental Modeling -- Game Theory and Conflict Simulation -- Dynamic Models of Conflict -- Simulating Strategy in Conflicts -- Conflict as an Investment Strategy. , Optimal Strategies and Bounded Rationality -- Simulating Complex, Multiparty Conflicts -- Geography of Conflict -- Network Analysis and Conflict Modeling -- Summary -- Questions for Consideration -- Additional Resources -- References -- 4. Participatory Modeling and Conflict Resolution -- Introduction -- Participation and Decision Making -- The Goals of Participatory Modeling -- Social Learning and Participatory Modeling -- Collaborative Learning and Participatory Processes/Modeling -- The Need for More Evidence -- Lessons Learned for Conducting Participatory Modeling Interventions -- Modeler and Methodological Transparency -- Stakeholder Selection -- Approaches to Participatory Modeling -- Participatory Modeling and System Dynamics -- Participatory Simulation and Role Playing -- Decision Analysis and Decision Support -- Complexity and Participatory Modeling -- Summary -- Questions for Consideration -- Additional Resources -- References -- Part II: Modeling Environmental Conflict -- 5. System Dynamics and Conflict Modeling -- Introduction -- What Is a System? -- The Philosophy of SD -- Systems Thinking -- Quantitative SD Modeling -- The Inner-Workings of SD -- Participatory SD Modeling -- What Makes Participatory SD Modeling Unique? -- The Participatory SD Modeling Process -- System Dynamics and Conflict -- Quantitative vs. Qualitative SD Approaches to Conflict -- Drawbacks to Conflict Modeling with System Dynamics -- Conflict during and after the Modeling Process -- Are SD Modeling Interventions Effective? -- The Tyranny of SD -- Summary -- Questions for Consideration -- Additional Resources -- References -- 6. Agent-Based Modeling and Environmental Conflict -- Introduction -- What Is Agent-Based Modeling? -- ABM Conflict Applications -- Complexity Science and ABM Philosophy -- A Departure from Previous Views of Structure and Behavior. , Comparing Individual and Aggregate Modeling -- Discreteness and Heterogeneity -- Information Asymmetry -- Spatial Complexity -- Decision Making and Agent Interactions in ABMs -- Agent Decision Strategies -- Agent Interactions -- Spatial Interactions -- Human Behavior and ABMs -- ABM Disruptions to Economic Theory -- Drama Theory -- Validation and the Empirical Basis of ABMs -- Methods for Empirically Informing ABMs -- Participatory ABM -- Conflating "Successful" Participation with Intervention Context -- Role-Playing Games (RPGs) and Agent-Based Modeling (ABMs) -- Companion Modeling: A Platform for RPGs -- Participatory ABMs and Social Validation -- Summary -- Questions for Consideration -- Additional Resources -- References -- 7. Modeling Conflict and Cooperation as Agent Action and Interaction -- Introduction -- Agent Decision Making -- Capability and Capital -- Rationality and Utility -- Adaptation in the Presence of Others -- Unifying Complex Systems Approaches to Studying Conflict -- Viability Theory -- Viability Theory and Resilience -- Viability Theory and Multi-Agent Conflict -- A Conceptual Introduction to the VIABLE Framework -- Four Relationships Determining Conflict and Cooperation -- Single Agent VIABLE Modeling -- Multi-Agent VIABLE Modeling -- Mathematical Modeling Using the VIABLE Framework -- Modeling the Individual Conflict Agent -- Multi-Agent Interaction, Stability, and Conflict -- Rigorously Defining Interactions -- Investment Targets and Equilibria -- Mathematically Reframing Conditions for Conflict and Cooperation -- Summary -- A Summary of the VIABLE Process -- Institutions and Conflict -- Appendix 7.1: Adaptation Rates a and ß -- Appendix 7.2: Derivation of Single Agent Governing Equations -- Appendix 7.3: Response Curves Č[sub(i)] and Multi-Agent Interaction Efficiency Matrix f[sub(ij)]. , Appendix 7.4: Stability within Agent Interactions -- Questions for Consideration -- Additional Resources -- References -- Part III: Applications of the VIABLE Model Framework -- 8. A Viability Approach to Understanding Fishery Conflict and Cooperation -- Introduction -- The Economic and Ecological Nature of Fishery Conflicts -- Fishery Decline and Collapse -- Fishery Collapse and Conflict -- Potential Solutions to Fishery Conflicts -- Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs) -- Noteworthy Criticisms of ITQs -- Taking a Coupled Ecological-Economic Approach -- Fishery Modeling -- Defining Fishery Sustainability in Terms of Viability -- Building an Agent-Based Model of a Fishery Conflict -- Agent Value Functions -- Modeling Fish Stocks -- Modeling Fish Harvest -- Viability and Uncertainty -- Decision Rules Describing the Behavior of Fishers -- Model 1: Fishers as Global Optimizers -- Model 2: Fishers as Local "Satisficers" -- Adaptation Delays and Priorities -- Multiagent and Multifish Stock Interactions -- Economic Competition: Satisficers and Optimizers -- Optimizing and Gradient Decision Rules: The Fishery Decline -- Economic Cooperation for Sustainable Fishery Management -- Creating Cooperative Institutions and Policies -- Reconsidering Investment and Competitive Advantages -- Negotiations and Cooperative Fishing Arrangements -- Simulating a Cooperative Fishing Scenario -- Summary -- Appendix 8.1: Ecological and Economic Viability Conditions -- Appendix 8.2: More Details on the Multi-Agent Fishery Model -- Optimizers -- Satisficers (Gradient Decision Rule) -- Questions for Consideration -- Additional Resources -- References -- 9. An Adaptive Dynamic Model of Emissions Trading -- Introduction -- Climate Change and Conflict -- Strategies for Mitigation of Climate Change -- The Promise of Climate Solutions -- Putting a Price on Carbon. , Modeling Emissions Trading and Policy -- Defining Emission Baselines, Targets, and Reduction Goals -- Initial Allocation of Permits -- Allocation Philosophy -- Allocation Mechanisms to Test -- Modeling Conflict Potential in Emissions Trading -- Elements of Agent Goals or Values -- Pricing Carbon through Emissions Trading -- Viability Analysis -- Viability Constraints for Emissions Trading -- Testing the Viability Constraints -- Modeling Emissions Trading Scenarios -- Results -- Case 1. Allocations Proportionate to an Agent's Baseline Emissions -- Case 2: Allocations Proportionate to an Agent's Population (Rule 2) -- Summary -- Appendix 9.1: Derivation of Value Change with Respect to Emissions Reduction v[sub(ri)] and Threshold Price π* -- Appendix 9.2: Derivation of Viability Conditions -- Marginal Economic Viability Condition -- Absolute Economic Viability Condition -- Environmental Viability Condition -- Questions for Consideration -- Additional Resources -- References -- 10. Modeling Bioenergy and Land Use Conflict -- Introduction -- What Is Bioenergy? -- The Potential Impacts of Bioenergy -- Ecological Impacts and Net Energy Value -- Switchgrass and Miscanthus as Bioenergy Crops -- Farming and Bioenergy Policy -- Bioenergy in Illinois -- Bioenergy Crops and Conflict -- Conflicts over Food and Water -- Previous Efforts to Model Agricultural Dynamics -- Model Design and Structure -- The Farmer Agent Model -- Spatial Extension of the Viable Model Framework -- Constraining the Model Spatially -- Spatial Resolution -- Initializing the Model to Equilibrium -- Scenario Analysis for New Biofuel Crops -- Scenario 1: Simulating the Introduction of a New Ethanol Refinery -- Scenario 2: Simulating Switchgrass and Miscanthus Introduction -- Scenario 3: Introduction of a Biofuel Subsidy -- Simulation Results. , Scenario 1: No Demand for Miscanthus or Switchgrass.