Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Literature Cited -- Reviewers -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1 Relevance: A Short Story -- 1.2 Approach: Integration and Ecosystem Services -- References -- Chapter 2: Mangrove Floristics and Biogeography Revisited: Further Deductions from Biodiversity Hot Spots, Ancestral Discontinuities, and Common Evolutionary Processes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Factors Influencing Mangrove Distributions -- 2.2.1 Floristics and Biogeography -- 2.2.2 Extant Influencing Factors -- 2.2.3 Dispersal Pathways and Evolutionary Processes -- 2.3 Floristics and Distribution -- 2.4 Dispersal Pathways and Evolutionary Processes -- 2.5 Dispersal Barriers -- 2.6 Discontinuities and Deductions Surrounding Relict Barriers -- 2.7 Localized Extinction Events and Recovery -- 2.8 Time Line of Geological Events, Dispersal, and Speciation -- 2.9 Shared Evolutionary Processes and Dispersal Pathways -- 2.10 Common Drivers of Diversification and Speciation -- 2.11 Summary and Conclusions -- Appendix 1 -- Appendix 2 -- References -- Chapter 3: Biodiversity -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Components of Mangrove Biodiversity -- 3.2.1 Genetic Diversity of Mangroves -- 3.2.2 Functional, Taxonomic and Habitat Components of Mangrove Biodiversity -- 3.2.2.1 Plants and Lichens -- 3.2.2.2 Marine Macrofauna -- 3.2.2.3 Terrestrial Vertebrates -- 3.2.2.4 Decomposers -- 3.2.2.4.1 Woody Substrates -- Fungi -- Fungal-Like Organisms -- Prokaryotes -- Animal Wood Borers -- 3.2.2.4.2 Leaf Substrates -- Macrofauna -- Fungi -- Fungal-Like Organisms -- 3.2.2.4.3 Meiofauna in Sediment -- 3.3 Mangrove Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function -- 3.4 The Future of Mangrove Biodiversity -- References -- Chapter 4: Spatial Ecology of Mangrove Forests: A Remote Sensing Perspective -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Dimensions of Measurement. , 4.2.1 Coverage and Spatial Resolution -- 4.2.2 Changes over Time -- 4.2.3 Spectral Information -- 4.2.4 The Third Dimension -- 4.2.5 Above-ground Biomass (AGB) -- 4.3 Towards Characterization of Mangrove Habitats and Their Management -- 4.3.1 Habitat Structural Complexity at Local Scales -- 4.3.2 Connectivity at Different Scales -- 4.3.3 Challenges for Coastal Zone Management -- 4.4 6. Summary -- References -- Chapter 5: Productivity and Carbon Dynamics in Mangrove Wetlands -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Coastal Environmental Settings -- 5.1.2 Conceptual Model of Productivity and Carbon Dynamics -- 5.2 Aboveground Biomass -- 5.3 Aboveground Net Primary Productivity -- 5.3.1 Litter Fall -- 5.3.2 Wood Production -- 5.4 BGB and Root Productivity -- 5.5 Allocation Ratios of Biomass and Production -- 5.6 Soil CO2 Efflux and Accumulation Rates -- 5.7 Net Estuarine Exchange with Mangrove Wetlands (NTEM) -- 5.8 Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange -- 5.9 Disturbance and Carbon Exchange -- References -- Chapter 6: Biogeochemical Cycles: Global Approaches and Perspectives -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Characteristics of Mangrove Substrata -- 6.2.1 Terms and Definitions -- Sediment or Soil? -- 6.2.2 Litter Fall and Sediment Organic Matter -- 6.2.3 Sediment Geochemical Characteristics -- 6.3 Factors Affecting Element Cycling in Mangrove Sediments -- 6.3.1 Carbon Oxidation and Partitioning of Electron Acceptors -- 6.3.2 The Importance of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Nutrients -- 6.3.3 The Impact of Benthic Fauna -- 6.3.4 The Importance of Hydroperiod and Hydrology -- 6.4 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Balance of Mangrove Ecosystems -- 6.5 Ecosystem Services: Local and Global Perspectives -- 6.6 Conclusions and Research Directions -- References -- Chapter 7: Mangrove Ecosystems under Climate Change -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Climate Change Effects -- 7.2.1 Direct Effects. , 7.2.2 Indirect Effects -- 7.3 Response to Climate Change -- 7.3.1 Distribution, Diversity, and Community Composition -- 7.3.1.1 Geographic Distribution and Shoreline Position -- 7.3.1.2 Diversity and Community Composition -- 7.3.2 Physiology of Flora and Fauna -- 7.3.2.1 Flora -- 7.3.2.2 Fauna -- 7.3.3 Water Budget -- 7.3.4 Productivity and Remineralization -- 7.3.5 Carbon Storage in Biomass and Sediments -- 7.3.6 Filter Function for Elements Beneficial or Harmful to Life -- 7.4 Vulnerability of Regions -- 7.5 Interaction with Human Interventions -- 7.6 Effects on Ecosystem Services -- 7.7 Adaptation and Management Options -- 7.8 Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 8: Mangroves and People: Local Ecosystem Services in a Changing Climate -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 The Value of Local Ecosystem Services -- 8.1.2 Defining Local Services -- 8.2 Fuel Wood and Charcoal -- 8.3 Timber, Thatch and Fodder -- 8.4 Mangrove Crab Fisheries -- 8.5 Mangrove Fin-Fisheries -- 8.6 Coastal Protection -- 8.7 The Vulnerability of Local Mangrove Services to Climate Change -- 8.7.1 Mangrove Forests and Sea Level Rise -- 8.7.2 Range Extensions of Mangrove Forests -- 8.7.3 Range Extensions of Fisheries Species -- 8.7.4 Effects of Ocean Acidification, Warming, Salinity and Hypoxia on Fisheries Species -- 8.7.5 Socio-economic Implications and Climate Adaptation Options -- 8.8 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Anthropogenic Drivers of Mangrove Loss: Geographic Patterns and Implications for Livelihoods -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Proximate Sources and Underlying Driving Forces of Mangrove Change: A Synoptic Approach -- 9.2.1 Proximate Sources of Mangrove Loss -- 9.2.2 Underlying Drivers of Mangrove Loss -- 9.2.3 Interaction Effects of Multiple Causes -- 9.3 The Dynamics of Mangrove Dependence, Poverty, and Livelihoods. , 9.3.1 Linkages Between Dynamics of Mangrove Resources and Local Livelihoods -- 9.4 Case Studies of Mangrove Loss -- 9.4.1 Mainland China in the East/Southeast Asian Context -- 9.4.2 Ecuador -- 9.5 Conclusion: Mangroves as Critical Socio-Ecological Systems -- References -- Chapter 10: Mangrove Forest Restoration and Rehabilitation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Original Motivations and Plans for Implementation -- 10.2.1 Sources of Mangrove Wetland Damage -- 10.2.2 Amelioration Procedures -- 10.2.3 Spatial Scales of the Amelioration Procedures -- 10.2.4 Mangroves and Aquaculture -- 10.2.5 Monitoring of R/R Projects -- 10.3 Geographical Distribution of R/R Projects in Mangrove Habitats -- 10.3.1 Current Motivations for the R/R projects -- 10.3.2 Effective R/R Projects Goal Setting -- 10.3.3 Critical Questions: What Were the Ecological Services Sought? What Were the Societal Priorities? -- 10.3.4 Implementation Plans -- 10.4 Major Limitations in the Implementation of R/R: Funding Availability and Current Ecological Theory -- 10.4.1 Selection of Easily Manageable Species -- 10.4.2 Planting Seedlings or Saplings from Local or Distal Genetic Sources -- 10.4.3 Have Native Species Been Always Used in Restoration Programs? -- 10.5 Implementing R/R Projects in the Context of Climate Change: Carbon Markets and Greenhouse Emissions -- 10.6 Global, Regional, and Local Perspectives in Mangrove R/R Programs: Beyond Planting Trees -- 10.6.1 Factors Controlling Long-Term Sustainability of Restored Mangroves -- 10.6.2 Monitoring the Functionality of Restored Mangroves -- 10.7 Future Directions: Lessons Learned and Research Agenda -- References -- Chapter 11: Advancing Mangrove Macroecology -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Macroecology of Mangrove-Dominated Ecosystems -- 11.2.1 Linking Local and Regional Scales to the Global Dimension. , 11.2.2 Two Examples: Carbon Storage and Response to Climate Change -- 11.2.2.1 Global Controls of Carbon Storage in Mangroves -- 11.2.2.2 Mangrove Forest Responses to Climate Change: The Contributions of Macroecology -- 11.3 Mangrove Modeling of Ecological Processes and Function Within a Macroecological Approach -- 11.4 Using Mangrove Restoration Projects to Advance a Macroecological Approach -- 11.5 Macroecology and the Complexity of Mangrove Ecosystem Services at the Global Scale -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- Epilogue -- References -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Index.