Keywords:
Electronic books.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (754 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9780128118573
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=5165456
DDC:
551.44/7
Language:
English
Note:
Front Cover -- Ice Caves -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part: I: Perennial Ice Accumulations in Caves: Overview -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- References -- Chapter 2: History of Ice Caves Research -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 First Historical Reports on Ice Caves Worldwide -- 2.3 Development of the Terminology Related to Ice Caves -- 2.4 History of Ice Caves Theories -- 2.5 First Systematical Investigations -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3: Ice Caves Climate -- 3.1 Air Circulation -- 3.2 Air Temperature and Humidity -- 3.3 Conclusions - A Conceptual Model of Ice Caves Climate -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4: Ice Genesis, Morphology and Dynamics -- Chapter 4.1: Ice Genesis and Types of Ice Caves -- 4.1.1 Cave Glaciation -- 4.1.2 Reasons and Conditions of Cave Glaciation -- 4.1.2.1 Origin of Natural Cavities -- 4.1.2.2 Common Preconditions of Caves Glaciation -- 4.1.2.3 Conditions of Cave Glaciation -- 4.1.2.3.1 Main reasons for cave glaciation -- Temperature ratio between the rock and outside air -- The favorable form of cavities -- Formation of a cold reserve -- Water inflow into cavities -- 4.1.2.3.2 Secondary factors affecting cave glaciation -- 4.1.2.4 Stability of Cave Glaciation -- 4.1.2.5 Interaction of Cave Glaciation With The Earth's Surface -- 4.1.3 Ice Genesis in Ice Caves -- 4.1.3.1 Zones of Ice Formation in Caves -- 4.1.3.2 Snow-Ice Formations -- 4.1.3.3 Classification of Snow-Ice Formations in Caves -- 4.1.3.4 Details of Ice Structure in Caves of Different Morphologies -- 4.1.3.5 Chemical Composition of Snow-Ice Formations in Caves -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4.2: Ice Surface Morphology -- 4.2.1 Introduction -- 4.2.2 Ice Surfaces in Caves: Formation, Spatial Position, and Duration -- 4.2.3 Large-scale Morphology of Ice Bodies in Caves.
,
4.2.4 Small-Scale Ice Morphologies -- 4.2.4.1 Long-Lasting Forms -- 4.2.4.1.1 Supraglacial Ice-Deposited Forms -- Forms generated by the freezing of tiny water film or sheet wash water flow -- Forms generated by the freezing of dripping water -- 4.2.4.1.2 Supraglacial Ablation Forms -- Forms induced by air flow -- Forms generated by stagnant ponded water -- Anthropogenic forms -- 4.2.4.1.3 Supraglacial Compounded Ice-Deposited/Ablation Forms -- Forms generated by the repeated ice melting and freezing of stagnant ponded water -- 4.2.4.1.4 Intraglacial Ablation Forms -- Forms generated by air flow -- Anthropogenic forms -- 4.2.4.1.5 Subglacial Ablation Forms -- Forms generated by the ice sublimation due to air flow -- 4.2.4.2 Ephemeral Ice Forms -- 4.2.4.2.1 Supraglacial Ice-Deposited Forms -- Forms formed by the freezing of thin water film or sheet wash water flow -- Forms formed by the freezing of dripping water -- 4.2.4.2.2 Supraglacial Ablation Forms -- Forms generated by dripping water -- Forms generated by dripping and stagnant water -- Forms generated by falling/running or intensively dripping water -- Forms generated by sheet wash water flow -- Forms generated by channeled water flow -- Forms generated by the upward expansion of freezing stagnant ponded water -- Anthropogenic forms -- 4.2.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4.3: Ice Dynamics in Caves -- 4.3.1 Introduction -- 4.3.2 Subannual Dynamics -- 4.3.2.1 Hoar Frost -- 4.3.2.2 Ice Speleothems (Stalagmites, Stalactites, and Columns) -- 4.3.3 Multiannual to Centennial Ice Dynamics -- References -- Chapter 5: Dating Cave Ice Deposits -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Dating Methods -- 5.2.1 Direct Dating-Layer Counting -- 5.2.2 Indirect Dating -- 5.2.2.1 Mass turnover -- 5.2.2.2 Dating the last ~100 years by anthropogenic and/or short-lived radionuclides.
,
Tritium (3H) -- Radiocaesium (137Cs) and Americium-241 (241Am) -- Radiolead (210Pb) -- 5.2.2.3 Radiocarbon (14C) -- 5.2.2.4 Dendrochronology -- 5.3 Some Practical Aspect -- 5.3.1 Sample Selection for Radiocarbon Dating: The Bigger, the Better? -- 5.3.2 A Potential Method-Cryogenic Cave Carbonate (CCC) Layers -- 5.4 Conclusion or What is the Recommended Dating Strategy in Cave Ice Profiles? -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 6: Cryogenic Mineral Formation in Caves -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Freezing of Mineralized Aqueous Solutions in Caves-Theoretical Principles and Subdivision of the Environments -- 6.3 Cryogenic Minerals Related to Rapid Freezing of Low-TDS Water in Limestone Caves -- 6.4 Cryogenic Carbonates (CCCcoarse) Formed by Slow Freezing of Low-TDS Water in Limestone Caves -- 6.5 Cryogenic Cave Minerals Related to Rapid Freezing of High-TDS Water in Gypsum Caves -- 6.6 Stable Isotope Characteristics of Cryogenic Cave Minerals -- Acknowledgments -- References1 -- Chapter 7: Ice Cave Fauna -- References -- Chapter 8: Microbial Life in Ice Caves -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sample Collection -- 8.3 Microbial Abundance -- 8.4 Bacterial Communities -- 8.4.1 Uncultured Bacteria -- 8.4.2 Cultured Bacteria -- 8.4.3 Isolated Bacterial Strains -- 8.5 Archaeal Communities -- 8.6 Fungal Communities -- 8.7 Diatoms -- 8.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 9: Paleoclimatic Significance of Cave Ice -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Cave Glaciers and Their Age -- 9.3 Oxygen and Hydrogen Isotope Composition of Ice -- 9.4 Organic Remains Trapped in Ice -- 9.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10: The Management of Ice Show Caves -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Show Cave Management With Special Reference to the Eisriesenwelt in Austria -- 10.3 Management From a Historical Perspective.
,
10.4 The Key Elements of Ice Show Cave Management -- 10.4.1 Pathways -- 10.4.2 Lighting -- 10.4.3 Maintenance/Cleaning -- 10.4.4 Visitor Management -- 10.5 Management of Nature Conservation -- 10.5.1 Mechanical Interference -- 10.5.2 Increase in Cave Temperature Caused by Visitors -- 10.5.3 Influence of Developmental Measures on the Biological System of Caves -- 10.6 Further Aspects of Cave Management -- 10.6.1 Safety -- 10.6.2 Training -- 10.6.3 Marketing -- 10.7 Scientific Research -- 10.8 Postscript -- Further Reading -- Part II: Ice Caves of the World -- Chapter 11: Geography of Cave Glaciation -- References -- Chapter 12: Ice Caves in Switzerland -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Historical Considerations on Ice Caves -- 12.3 State of Knowledge -- 12.4 Selected Ice Caves -- 12.4.1 Jochloch-A High-Elevation Cave Within the Permafrost Zone -- 12.4.2 Diablotins Ice Cave-A Dynamically Ventilated Ice Cave -- 12.4.3 Monlesi Ice Cave-A Statodynamic Ice Cave With Congelation Ice -- 12.4.4 St-Livres Ice Cave-A Typical Cold Air Trap (Static Cave) With Firn Deposit -- 12.4.5 Further Investigation Sites -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Ice Caves in Austria -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Ice Cave Research -- 13.3 Types of Ice Caves in Austria -- 13.4 Distribution of Ice Caves in Austria -- 13.5 Examples of Ice Caves in Austria -- 13.5.1 Eisriesenwelt -- 13.5.2 Schönberg-Höhlensystem -- 13.5.3 Dachstein-Mammuthöhle -- 13.5.4 Hundsalm Eis- und Tropfsteinhöhle -- 13.6 Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14: Ice Caves in Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Basic Physical and Geographical Characteristics of Montenegro -- 14.2.1 Relief -- 14.2.2 Geotectonic Relations With Lithological Basis -- 14.2.2.1 The zone of deep karst -- 14.2.2.2 Kuc overthrust -- 14.2.2.3 Durmitor zone -- 14.2.3 Main Relief Unities.
,
14.2.3.1 The area of deep karst -- 14.2.3.2 The area of high mountains and plateaus -- 14.3 Ice Caves in the Durmitor Mountains -- 14.3.1 Group of Facilities of Obla Glava Vicinity -- 14.3.1.1 Cave at Baranjske cottages -- 14.3.1.2 The Ice Cave -- 14.3.1.3 Snowy Pothole -- 14.3.1.4 The Ice Cave -- 14.3.1.5 The cave under Obla Glava -- 14.3.1.6 Vjetrena cave -- 14.3.2 The Area of Veliki Stuoc -- 14.3.2.1 Kosarska cave -- 14.3.3 Facilities in the Zone of Vjetrena Hills -- 14.3.3.1 The cave with the ice under Bandijerna -- 14.3.3.2 The cave in the saddle between Uvita Greda and Vjetrena Hills -- 14.4 Ice Caves in the Prokletije Mountains -- 14.4.1 General Information About Caves -- 14.4.2 Ice Caves in the Prokletije Mountains -- 14.4.2.1 Ice Cave (03 110) -- 14.4.2.2 The 03 061-T5 (03 067) cave system -- 14.4.2.3 Mining Cave (03 313) -- 14.4.2.4 Ice Giant Cave (03 114) -- 14.4.2.5 Aladdin's Cave (03 149) -- 14.4.2.6 Bolt from the Blue Cave -- 14.4.2.7 Ice Dragon Cave (03 003) -- 14.4.2.8 The Hundred (03 001)-03 004 Cave system -- 14.5 Ice Caves of Bosnia and Herzegovina -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 15: Ice Caves in Canada -- 15.1 Introduction and History -- 15.2 Cave Ice Science in Canada -- 15.3 Selected Ice Caves -- 15.3.1 Yukon Territory -- 15.3.1.1 Ni'iinlii Njik Ice Caves, Old Crow Region -- 15.3.2 Northwest Territories (NT) -- 15.3.2.1 Nahanni Karst -- 15.3.3 Walkin-Ice Cave, Wood Buffalo National Park, Alberta, and Northwest Territories -- 15.3.4 The Rocky Mountains, Alberta-British Columbia -- 15.3.4.1 Ice Trap, Jasper National Park, AB -- 15.3.4.2 Disaster Point Ice Cave, Jasper National Park, Alberta -- 15.3.4.3 Castleguard Cave, Columbia Icefields, Alberta-British Columbia -- 15.3.4.4 Canyon Creek Ice Cave, Kananaskis Country, Alberta -- 15.3.4.5 Plateau Mountain Ice Cave (PMIC), Kananaskis Country, Alberta.
,
15.3.4.6 Serendipity, Crowsnest Pass, Alberta/British Columbia.
Permalink
