Note: Front Cover -- Marschner's Mineral Nutrition of Plants -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Foreword -- I. Nutritional physiology -- 1 Introduction, definition, and classification of nutrients -- Summary -- 1.1 General -- 1.2 Essential elements for plant growth -- 1.3 Beneficial elements for plant growth -- 1.4 A new definition of a mineral plant nutrient -- 1.5 Biochemical properties and physiological functions of nutrient elements in plants -- 1.6 Variation in the angiosperm ionome -- References -- Further reading -- 2 Ion-uptake mechanisms of individual cells and roots: short-distance transport -- Summary -- 2.1 General -- 2.2 Pathway of solutes from the external solution into root cells -- 2.2.1 Influx to the apoplasm -- 2.2.2 Passage into the cytoplasm -- 2.3 Composition of biological membranes -- 2.4 Solute transport across membranes -- 2.4.1 Thermodynamics of solute transport -- 2.4.2 Energy demand for solute transport -- 2.4.3 The kinetics of solute transport in plant roots -- 2.5 Factors influencing ion uptake by roots -- 2.5.1 Influx to the apoplasm -- 2.5.2 Effects of pH -- 2.5.3 Metabolic activity -- 2.5.3.1 Oxygen -- 2.5.3.2 Carbohydrates -- 2.5.3.3 Temperature -- 2.5.4 Interactions among ions in the rhizosphere -- 2.5.4.1 Competition -- 2.5.4.2 Effects of extracellular calcium -- 2.5.4.3 Cation-anion relationships -- 2.5.5 External concentration -- 2.5.6 Plant nutritional status -- 2.5.7 Studying nutrition at constant tissue concentration -- 2.6 Uptake of ions and water along the root axis -- 2.7 Radial transport of ions and water across the root -- 2.8 Release of ions into the xylem -- 2.9 Factors governing ion release into the xylem and exudation rate -- References -- 3 Long-distance transport in the xylem and phloem* -- Summary -- 3.1 General -- 3.2 Xylem transport. , 3.2.1 Composition of the xylem sap -- 3.2.2 Xylem loading -- 3.2.2.1 Exchange adsorption in xylem vessels -- 3.2.2.2 Retrieval and release of nutrients by living cells -- 3.2.2.3 Xylem unloading in leaves -- 3.2.3 Effect of transpiration rate on solute transport in the xylem -- 3.2.3.1 Plant age -- 3.2.3.2 Time of day -- 3.2.3.3 External concentration -- 3.2.3.4 Type of element -- 3.2.4 Effect of transpiration rate on distribution of elements within the shoot -- 3.3 Phloem transport -- 3.3.1 Principles of phloem transport and phloem anatomy -- 3.3.2 Phloem loading and the composition of phloem sap -- 3.3.3 Mobility in the phloem -- 3.3.4 Transfer between the xylem and phloem -- 3.3.5 Phloem unloading -- 3.4 Relative importance of phloem and xylem for long-distance transport of nutrients -- 3.4.1 General -- 3.4.2 Nutrients with high phloem mobility -- 3.4.3 Nutrients with low phloem mobility -- 3.4.4 Re-translocation and cycling of nutrients -- 3.5 Remobilization of nutrients -- 3.5.1 General -- 3.5.2 Seed germination -- 3.5.3 Vegetative stage -- 3.5.4 Reproductive stage -- 3.5.5 Perennials -- References -- 4 Uptake and release of elements by leaves and other aerial plant parts* -- Summary -- 4.1 General -- 4.2 Uptake and release of gases and other volatile compounds through stomata -- 4.2.1 Volatile nitrogen compounds -- 4.2.2 Volatile sulfur compounds -- 4.3 Uptake of solutes -- 4.3.1 General -- 4.3.2 Structure of the cuticle -- 4.3.3 Nutrient uptake through the cuticle -- 4.3.4 Uptake through stomata -- 4.3.5 Role of external factors -- 4.3.5.1 Environmental effects on the barrier properties during ontogenesis -- 4.3.5.2 Humidity effects on solute concentration and leaf permeability -- 4.3.5.3 Active ingredients and adjuvants -- 4.4 Foliar application of nutrients -- 4.4.1 General -- 4.4.2 Practical importance of foliar application of nutrients. , 4.4.2.1 Low nutrient availability in soils -- 4.4.2.2 Dry topsoil -- 4.4.2.3 Decrease in root activity during the reproductive stage -- 4.4.2.4 Avoiding the occurrence of physiological disorders and improving quality of horticultural crops -- 4.4.2.5 Biofortification -- 4.4.3 Foliar fertilizers for pest and disease control -- 4.4.4 Foliar uptake and irrigation methods -- 4.5 Leaching of elements from leaves -- 4.6 Ecological importance of foliar uptake and leaching -- 4.6.1 Foliar leaching -- 4.6.2 Foliar water absorption -- References -- 5 Mineral nutrition, yield, and source-sink relationships* -- Summary -- 5.1 General -- 5.2 Relationships between nutrient supply and yield -- 5.3 Photosynthetic activity and related processes -- 5.3.1 Photosynthetic energy flow and photophosphorylation -- 5.3.2 Photoinhibition and photooxidation -- 5.3.3 Carbon dioxide assimilation and photorespiration -- 5.3.4 C4 pathway of photosynthesis and Crassulacean acid metabolism -- 5.3.5 Effect of leaf maturation on its sink-source transition -- 5.3.6 Leaf senescence -- 5.3.7 Feedback regulation of photosynthesis by sink demand for carbohydrates -- 5.3.8 Nutrition and photosynthesis -- 5.4 Photosynthetic area -- 5.4.1 Individual leaf area -- 5.4.2 Leaf area per plant -- 5.4.3 Canopy leaf area (leaf area index and leaf area duration) -- 5.5 Respiration and oxidative phosphorylation -- 5.6 Transport of assimilates in phloem and its regulation -- 5.6.1 Phloem loading of assimilates -- 5.6.2 Mechanism of phloem transport of assimilates -- 5.6.3 Phloem unloading -- 5.7 Sink formation -- 5.7.1 Shoot architecture for grain/seed yield formation -- 5.7.2 Flower initiation and development -- 5.7.3 Pollination and seed development -- 5.7.4 Formation of vegetative sink organs -- 5.8 Sink activity -- 5.9 Role of phytohormones in the regulation of the sink-source relationships. , 5.9.1 Structure, sites of biosynthesis, and main effects of phytohormones -- 5.9.2 Phytohormones, signal perception, and signal transduction -- 5.9.3 Effects of nutrition on the endogenous concentrations of phytohormones -- 5.9.4 Phytohormones and sink action -- 5.10 Source and sink limitations on yield -- References -- 6 Functions of macronutrients* -- Summary -- 6.1 Nitrogen -- 6.1.1 Nitrate transport in plants -- 6.1.1.1 Nitrate uptake by roots -- 6.1.1.2 Nitrate efflux from roots -- 6.1.1.3 Radial transport of nitrate across the root and loading into xylem -- 6.1.1.4 Nitrate transport within the cell -- 6.1.1.5 Nitrate transport within the shoot -- 6.1.2 Ammonium transport into and within plants -- 6.1.2.1 Ammonium uptake by roots -- 6.1.2.2 Ammonium in the shoot -- 6.1.3 Organic N uptake -- 6.1.3.1 Amino acid uptake -- 6.1.3.2 Urea uptake and metabolism -- 6.1.4 Nitrogen assimilation -- 6.1.4.1 Nitrate reduction -- 6.1.4.2 Ammonium assimilation -- 6.1.4.3 Low-molecular-weight organic N compounds -- 6.1.5 Nitrogen supply, plant growth, and composition -- 6.1.5.1 Synergy between ammonium and nitrate nutrition -- 6.1.5.2 Ammonium toxicity -- 6.1.5.3 Nitrogen deficiency -- 6.1.5.4 Changes in root system architecture in response to N supply -- 6.1.5.5 Storage proteins -- 6.1.6 Nitrogen-use efficiency -- 6.2 Sulfur -- 6.2.1 General -- 6.2.2 Sulfate uptake, reduction, and assimilation -- 6.2.3 Metabolic functions of S -- 6.2.4 Sulfur supply, plant growth, and plant composition -- 6.3 Phosphorus -- 6.3.1 General -- 6.3.2 Phosphorus as a structural element -- 6.3.3 Role in energy transfer -- 6.3.4 Compartmentation and regulatory role of inorganic phosphate -- 6.3.5 Phosphorus fractions and the role of phytate -- 6.3.6 Phosphorus supply, plant growth, and plant composition -- 6.4 Magnesium -- 6.4.1 General. , 6.4.2 Binding form, compartmentation, and homeostasis -- 6.4.3 Chlorophyll and protein synthesis -- 6.4.4 Enzyme activation, phosphorylation, and photosynthesis -- 6.4.5 Carbohydrate partitioning -- 6.4.6 Magnesium supply, plant growth, and composition -- 6.5 Calcium -- 6.5.1 General -- 6.5.2 Binding form and compartmentation -- 6.5.3 Cell wall stabilization -- 6.5.4 Cell extension and secretory processes -- 6.5.5 Membrane stabilization -- 6.5.6 Cation-anion balance and osmoregulation -- 6.5.7 Calcium as an intracellular second messenger -- 6.5.8 Calcium as a systemic signal -- 6.5.9 Calcium supply, plant growth, and plant composition -- 6.6 Potassium -- 6.6.1 General -- 6.6.2 Compartmentation and cellular concentrations -- 6.6.3 Enzyme activation -- 6.6.4 Protein synthesis -- 6.6.5 Photosynthesis -- 6.6.6 Osmoregulation -- 6.6.6.1 Cell extension -- 6.6.6.2 Stomatal movement -- 6.6.6.3 Photonastic and seismonastic movements -- 6.6.7 Phloem transport -- 6.6.8 Energy transfer -- 6.6.9 Cation-anion balance -- 6.6.10 Stress resistance -- 6.6.11 Potassium supply, plant growth, and plant composition -- References -- 7 Micronutrients -- Summary -- 7.1 Iron -- 7.1.1 General -- 7.1.2 Iron-containing constituents of redox systems -- 7.1.2.1 Heme proteins -- 7.1.2.2 Fe-S proteins -- 7.1.3 Other Fe-requiring enzymes -- 7.1.4 Chloroplast development and photosynthesis -- 7.1.5 Localization and binding state of Fe -- 7.1.6 Root responses to Fe deficiency -- 7.1.7 Iron deficiency and toxicity -- 7.2 Manganese -- 7.2.1 General -- 7.2.2 Mn-containing enzymes -- 7.2.3 The functional role of Mn in photosynthesis -- 7.2.3.1 Manganese at the active site of water oxidation in photosystem II -- 7.2.4 Manganese in superoxide dismutase -- 7.2.5 Manganese in oxalate oxidase -- 7.2.6 Other Mn-dependent enzymes -- 7.2.7 Proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. , 7.2.8 Cell division and extension.