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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population genetics of Japanese monkeys: I. Estimation of the effective troop size (1972)
    Springer
    Primates 13 (1972), S. 381-393 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract In order to estimate the genetically effective troop size of Japanese monkeys, we have to know the pattern of distribution of the numbers of gametes contributed by the individual members of the parental population to the next generation. The author inspected the observation records of macaque troops made by a number of socio-ecologists and found that the relationship between sexual rank and sexual activity of adult males could be approximately expressed by the law of geometrical series. Assuming that the genetic contribution of male parents to the next generation was proportional to their sexual activity and that the numbers of gametes contributed by the female parents formed thePoisson distribution, the author derived a formula for estimating effective troop size (N), namely, whereN c was the census number andN m andN f the numbers of male and female parents, respectively, of the troop. Moreover, assumingN m =0.2N c andN f =0.3N c as an average, the effective size could be estimated as 36% or less of the census number.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01793658
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population genetics of Japanese monkeys: II. Blood protein polymorphisms and population structure (1982)
    Springer
    Primates 23 (1982), S. 252-271 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variability in individual troops of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata fuscata) was quantified by the proportion of polymorphic loci and the average heterozygosity per individual from the results of starch-gel electrophoreses of blood proteins controlled by 32 independent genetic loci. The former averaged 9.2% and the latter 1.3%, the values being remarkably lower than those estimated for other animal populations. Geographical distribution of the genetic variations was not uniform in the whole species but the variants occurred only in limited areas. Assuming the selective neutrality of segregating alleles and the two-dimensional stepping-stone model of population structure, the genetic migration rate between the local demes per generation could be estimated to average less than inverse of average effective deme size. Here, the local deme is not a troop itself, but it consists of several troops tightly connected with each other by frequent exchanges of reproductive males. Analyses of correlation between geographic and genetic distances between troops revealed that the gene constitutions of two troops apart more than 100 km on an island could be regarded as practically independent of each other. These results suggest that the population structure of the Japanese macaque species has a tendency to split into a number of local subpopulations in which the effect of random genetic drift is prevailing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381165
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Electrophoretically estimated genetic distance and divergence time between chimpanzee and man (1982)
    Springer
    Primates 23 (1982), S. 432-443 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Amount of genetic differentiation between chimpanzee and man was estimated from the result of comparative electrophoretic screening of blood protein variations at 32 independent genetic loci. TheNei's genetic distance (D) was calculated as 0.4514, and from this value the divergence time between the two species was estimated as 2.26 million years; considering the variation among amino-acid substitution rate in different proteins, the corrected figures were given as genetic distance of 0.5706 and divergence time of 2.85 million years. This genetic difference is considered too small the two species to be allocated in different families, in accordance with the results of the similar kind of analyses byKing andWilson (1975) and Bruce andAyala (1979). Discussions were made for a discrepancy between the divergence times estimated by using and not by using the splitting time recognized by paleoprimatologists as a reference, and for the difference in the estimations made in different laboratories.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02381325
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Average coefficient of relationship within troops of the Japanese monkey and other primate species with reference to the possibility of group selection (1984)
    Springer
    Primates 25 (1984), S. 171-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The average coefficient of relationship within troops of the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata) is .1667±.0433; this corresponds to anF ST between troops of .0935±.0277. The estimate is based on polymorphic variation at 12 blood protein loci in a sample of about 1,500 individuals distributed over 33 troops. The average coefficient of relationship among adult females (the sedentary sex) is .1886±.0670 and that among adult males (immigrants) is .1067±.0382. The difference, though not statistically significant, is in the direction expected from the observed sex asymmetry in dispersal. We give an approximate formula for the coefficient of relationship between specified relatives. The coefficient of relationship in the Japanese monkey is compared with corresponding estimates in five other terrestrial primate species and in tribal man. It is suggested that the best informed guess of the average coefficient of relationship within bands of Pleistocene man may have been about 10 to 15%. This estimate is relevant to the possibility of the evolution of altruism in our ancestors by group selection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382389
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Population genetical study of Japanese macaques,Macaca fuscata, in the shimokita A1 troop, with special reference to genetic variability and relationships to Japanese macaques in other troops (1987)
    Springer
    Primates 28 (1987), S. 507-516 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Japanese macaques ; Electrophoresis ; Population structure ; Polymorphism
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic variations of 35 individuals of the Shimokita A1 troop of mainland Japanese macaques,Macaca fuscata fuscata, which live at the northern end of the habitat of the species, were investigated using 33 electrophoretically detectable blood protein loci. Among the loci examined, six were polymorphic. The average heterozygosity per individual was calculated as 0.0442. This was the highest value among all troops of Japanese macaques so far investigated. The mainland macaques of the Shimokita A1 troop were more differentiated genetically from other mainland macaque troops than were Yaku macaques, the subspeciesM. f. yakui.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380864
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Book reviews (1984)
    Springer
    Primates 25 (1984), S. 127-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382304
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Hb bali (Macaca) β80 (EF 4) Asn→Lys: The first hemoglobin variant found in the crab-eating monkey (Macaca fascicularis) on Bali Island, Indonesia (1985)
    Springer
    Primates 26 (1985), S. 464-470 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Hemoglobin ; Variant hemoglobin ; Macaca fascicularis ; Hb Bali (Macaca) ; Primates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A variant hemoglobin due to structural change in the β chain was found in the central part of Bali island, Indonesia, during field studies on the genetic variation of the Indonesian crabeating monkey (Macaca fascicularis), and was named Hb Bali (Macaca). Structural analysis yielded the following results. (1) The amino acid sequence of the normal β chain of the crab-eating monkey coincided with that of the Japanese monkey (M. fuscata) and the pig-tailed monkey (M. nemestrina). (2) Asn at the 80th position from the amino terminal of the β chain was substituted by Lys in Hb Bali. This substitution appeared to have little harmful effect on the carrier, since the hematological characteristics of the heterozygous carriers were not different from those of normal individuals.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382460
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Probability of paternity exclusion and the number of loci needed to determine the fathers in a troop of macaques (1986)
    Springer
    Primates 27 (1986), S. 103-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Keywords: Paternity determination ; Probability of paternity exclusion ; Macaques ; Electrophoresis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We calculated the probability of paternity exclusion (P) in 6 troops of rhesus and Japanese macaques housed in open enclosures and 68 wild troops of Japanese, crab-eating, and toque macaques using 33 genetic loci which encoded the blood protein variations detected by electrophoretic techniques. In the open enclosures, especially of rhesus troops, we obtained a fairly high probability of paternity exclusion and succeeded in determining the fathers of offspring. However, we found significant differences between the observed and calculated probabilities in most of the troops. These differences were ascribed to a situation whereby the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium had not been attained in the troops and/or the numbers of variable loci were too small. In the wild troops of Japanese, crab-eating, and toque macaques, the means ofP were 0.2274 (0.0192–0.5017), 0.4635 (0.1676–0.7151), and 0.7382 (0.6266–0.7954), respectively. We also estimated the number of loci needed to determine the fathers of offspring with a probability of 0.8 assuming that ten males were present in the troop. The estimated number was about 13.5 times, 5 times and 1.8 times the number of loci examined on average in the troops of Japanese, crab-eating and toque macaques, respectively. This means that determination of most of the fathers of offspring in wild troops of these macaques, even of toque macaques which have a rather high probability of paternity exclusion, is difficult so long as we employ only electrophoretic techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02382526
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Genetic polymorphisms of blood proteins in the troops of Japanese macaques,Macaca fuscata: VI. Serum transferrin polymorphism (1977)
    Springer
    Primates 18 (1977), S. 291-297 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract As the serum transferrin polymorphism was observed in several macaque species, we considered it as one of the best markers for the study of population genetics of Japanese macaques,Macaca fuscata. In this work the genetic variants of transferrin (Tf) of 1,451 blood samples from 37 troops of this species were tested. The troops showing the variation of Tf were Fukushima, Yugawara T, Ihama, Ryozenyama, Mikata I and II, Takahama, Takahama (Otomi), Arashiyama A, Minoh A and B, Kohchi, Mihara, Shimane, and Tomogashima. The wild-type allele of this species was Tf F, and the variant alleles detected in these troops were E, G−, G, and H′. The alleles E, G and H′ were probably identical with those reported in several macaque species byIshimoto (1972), but the identification of allele G− could not be done.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02383108
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A case of patas-vervet hybrid in captivity (1978)
    Springer
    Primates 19 (1978), S. 785-793 
    Details
    ISSN: 0032-8332
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A female patas monkey (Erythrocebus patas) housed with two males of different species, Hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas), and vervet monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops pigerythrus), gave birth to a female offspring in a semi-open enclosure on June 11, 1975. Karyological analyses and electrophoretic examinations were carried out in order to determine the real father of the hybrid. From the results of these observations it was concluded that the father of the hybrid individual wasCercopithecus aethiops. Additionally, somatometric and hematological investigations were performed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02373646
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