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Note: Intro -- About Island Press -- Title Page -- Copyright page -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- PERSPECTIVES ON NATURE'S SERVICES -- INTRODUCTION:WHAT ARE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES? -- ECOSYSTEM SERVICES:A FRAGMENTARY HISTORY -- Part I: Economic Issues of Valuation -- VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES: PHILOSOPHICAL BASES AND EMPIRICAL METHODS -- VALUING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES WITH EFFICIENCY, FAIRNESS, AND SUSTAINABILITY AS GOALS -- Part II: Overarching Services -- THE INTERACTION OF CLIMATE AND LIFE -- BIODIVERSITY AND ECOSYSTEM FUNCTIONING -- ECOSYSTEM SERVICES SUPPLIED BY SOIL -- SERVICES PROVIDED BY POLLINATORS -- NATURAL PEST CONTROL SERVICES AND AGRICULTURE -- Part III: Services Supplied by Major Biomes -- MARINE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES -- FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEM SERVICES -- THE WORLD'S FORESTS AND THEIR ECOSYSTEM SERVICES -- ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN GRASSLANDS -- Part IV: Case Studies -- BIODIVERSITY'S GENETIC LIBRARY -- IMPACTS OF MARINE RESOURCE EXTRACTION ON ECOSYSTEM SERVICES AND SUSTAINABILITY -- ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN SUBSISTENCE ECONOMIES AND CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY -- Ecosystem Services in a Modern Economy: Gunnison County, Colorado -- WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT BY WETLANDS -- SERVICES SUPPLIED BY SOUTH AFRICAN FYNBOS ECOSYSTEMS -- Part V: Conclusions -- VALUING AND SAFEGUARDING EARTH'S LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEMS -- INDEX -- Island Press Board of Directors 1997.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Multi-agent Simulations of Intra-colony Violence in Ants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background: Ant Biology -- 2.1 Individual Life Histories of Atta cephalotes -- 2.2 Distinguishing ``Friend'' From ``Foe'' in Ant Colonies -- 2.3 Intra-Colony Violence -- 3 Theoretical Framework -- 3.1 High-Leverage Points in Complex Systems -- 3.2 Inclusive Fitness and Natural Selection -- 4 A Necessary Caution Against Over-Generalization -- 5 The Basic Model -- 6 The Computational Experiments: Three Scenarios -- 7 Results -- 7.1 Scenario 1: Intra-Colony Violence Without Super-Organism Reproduction -- 7.2 Scenario 2: Intra-Colony Violence with Super-Organism Reproduction -- 7.3 Scenario 3: A Deeper Investigation of the Role of Resource Availability -- 8 Summary and Discussion -- 8.1 Summary of Results -- 8.2 Concerns and Implications for Modeling Human Societies -- References -- Renormalization Group Approach to Cellular Automata-Based Multi-scale Modeling of Traffic Flow -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Traffic Flow Modeling at Distinct Spatial Scales -- 2.2 Modeling Traffic Flow at the `Appropriate' Spatial Scale -- 3 Statistical Mechanics-Inspired Model of Traffic Flow Dynamics -- 3.1 Modified Ising Model for Traffic Flow -- 4 Traffic Flow Modeling Across Multiple Spatial Scales -- 4.1 Renormalization Group Approach Applied to CA-Based Traffic Flow Model -- 4.2 Generalization of Interaction Energy Calculation to Arbitrary Spatial Scales -- 4.3 Numerical Examples -- 5 Conclusion and Results -- References -- The Generation of Meaning and Preservation of Identity in Complex Adaptive Systems the LIPHE4 Criteria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Conceptual Blocks -- 2.1 Holons and Holarchies -- 2.2 The State-Pressure Relation in Dissipative Systems -- 2.3 Aristotelean Causality and Rosen. , 2.4 Propensities, Probabilities, and the Entanglement Between Downward and Upward Causation -- 3 Meaning and Identity in Complex Adaptive Systems: The LIPHE4 Criteria -- 3.1 Meaning and Biosemiotics -- 3.2 Learning Instances Producing Holarchic Essences: Expected, Established, and Experienced (LIPHE4) -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- On the Formal Incompleteness of Reductive Logic -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Defining a Context for the Question -- 3 Mathematization Defines a Reductive Formal System Model -- 3.1 Theoretical Reduction -- 3.2 Explanatory Reduction -- 3.3 Further Subdivision of Theoretical and Explanatory Reduction -- 3.4 Mathematization and Proof of Formal Reductive Incompleteness -- 4 Further Mathematization -- 5 The RFSM in the Matrix of Multiple Scientific Languages -- 6 Arithmetization of Reductive Logic -- 7 The Self-reference Lemma and Reductive Logic -- 8 The Provability Predicate and Reductive Logic -- 9 Negating the Provability Predicate in Reductive Logic -- 10 Strong and Weak Representation in FR -- 11 Proposition XI: Consistency and the Second Theorem -- 11.1 Proposition XI (Reductive Science Version) -- 12 Implications for the Reductive Scientific Paradigm -- References -- Kinds of Unfinished Description with Implication for Natural Science -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Four Descriptive Deficiencies -- 2 The Modern Reductive Scientific Narrative -- 3 A Thought Experiment -- 3.1 Micro-scale or Multi-scale? the Multi-scale Hypothesis -- 3.2 Bottom-Up or Multi-directional? the Multi-directional Hypothesis -- 3.3 Complete or Incomplete? Reductive Formal Incompleteness -- 3.4 The Synthesis of Symmetry and Self-similarity -- 3.5 Can the Scientific Method Adapt? Meta-Reductive Methodology -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Developing an Ontology for Emergence Using Formal Concept Analysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Emergence Ontology. , 2.1 Features of Emergence -- 2.2 Context Formation -- 2.3 Ontology Development -- 3 Evaluation of Ontology -- 4 Initial Results and Conclusion -- References -- Pandemic Preparation, Consciousness and Complex Adaptive Systems Through the Lens of a Meta-reductive Scientific Paradigm -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Covid-19 in Reductive and Meta-reductive Frameworks -- 2.1 The Reductive Framework -- 2.2 A Meta-reductive Framework -- 2.3 Reductive Incompleteness in Relation to Covid-19 -- 3 Meta-reductive Life Cones and Self-similarity -- 3.1 Self-similarity and Meta-reductive Models -- 3.2 A General Pattern of Evolutionary Self-similarity -- 3.3 The Implication of Generalized Self-similarity -- 4 Adapting Kinds of Reductive 'Unfinished Description' -- 4.1 Micro-scale Evolution Transformed into Multi-scale Co-evolution -- 4.2 Unidirectional Evolution Transformed into Multi-directional Co-evolution -- 4.3 Reductive Logic Transformed into Iterated Meta-reductive Logic -- 4.4 Symmetry and Self-similarity Deployed in the Analysis of Causal Relations -- 5 Meta-reductive Thought During the Covid-19 Pandemic -- References -- Cardiorespiratory Activity in the Auto-Organization of the Hierarchical Order in Crayfish -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Cyborgization of Modern Social-Economic Systems -- 1 Part 1 -- 1.1 Societal Metabolism -- 1.2 Explanatory Resources (Causality) -- 1.3 Relational Characterization of a Societal Node -- 1.4 Society as a Relational Network -- 1.5 Society as an (M, R)-System -- 1.6 Externalization and Cyborgization -- 2 Part 2 -- 2.1 Macroscope -- 2.2 Mesoscope -- 2.3 Microscope -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Trustable Risk Scoring for Non-bank Gateways in Blockchain and DLT Financial Networks -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Method -- 2.1 Coverage -- 2.2 Generative Network Models -- 2.3 Ranking Scores. , 3 Analysis -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- When Econometrics Met Information Theory: A Real-Time Approach to Track Yen Exchange Rate -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Definitions -- 1.2 Revisions -- 1.3 Vintage, Vintage Point and Reference Point -- 1.4 Real-Time Database -- 1.5 Alternative Data -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Input Variables -- 2.2 Econometrics: Dynamic Factor Modeling -- 2.3 Information Theory: Transfer Entropy -- 2.4 System Architecture -- 3 Evaluation -- 3.1 Experimental Setup -- 3.2 Experimental Data -- 3.3 Experimental Results -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- An Economic Model Based on the System of National Accounts and Stock Flow Consistent Theory -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Network Model of the Economy -- 3 Asset Pricing Model -- 4 Simulation -- 4.1 Parameters and Initial Values -- 4.2 Results -- 4.3 Effect of Reducing the Time Step -- 4.4 Effect of Reduced Government Aid -- 4.5 Effect of Income Distribution -- 5 Discussion -- References -- Does Exist Gap-Filling Phenomenon in Stock Markets? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background and Data Source -- 2.1 Gap and Gap-Filling Phenomena -- 2.2 Data Description -- 3 Random Shuffling -- 4 Results of Empirical Statistics on Original Data -- 4.1 The Statistics of Original Data -- 4.2 Statistical on Shuffling Data -- 5 Result of Statistics on No-trend Data -- 5.1 Detrending Processing -- 5.2 Statistical Result on No Trend Data and Shuffling Data -- 6 Conclusions and Discussions -- References -- Empirical Scaling and Dynamical Regimes for GDP: Challenges and Opportunities -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Data -- 3 Rank Tends to Persist -- 4 Causes and Questions -- 5 Discussion -- References -- Process Mining Organization Email Data and National Security Implications -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Methodology -- 2 Results -- 3 Discussion -- 4 Implications and Future Work -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , Efficient Self-organized Feature Maps Through Developmental Learning -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background -- 3 Motivation and General Framework -- 4 The DevSOM Model -- 5 Simulations and Results -- 5.1 Experimental Protocols -- 5.2 Performance Metrics -- 5.3 Results -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Modeling and Simulation Analysis of a Complex Adaptive Systems of Systems Approach to Naval Tactical Warfare -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Highly Complex Tactical Environment -- 3 Complex Adaptive Systems of Systems Approach to Naval Tactical Warfare -- 3.1 Naval Tactical CASoS Adaptive Architecture -- 3.2 Naval Tactical CASoS System of Intelligent Constituent Systems -- 3.3 Naval Tactical CASoS Knowledge Discovery and Predictive Analytics -- 4 Modeling and Simulation Approach -- 4.1 Baseline (Non-CASoS Approach) -- 4.2 CASoS Alternative -- 5 Modeling and Simulation Analysis Results -- 5.1 M& -- S Analysis #1-Comparison of the Current (Baseline) Approach with a CASoS Approach -- 5.2 M& -- S Analysis #2-Effects of Increasing the Complexity of the Scenario Environment -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Deterministic Chaos Constraints for Control of Massive Swarms -- 1 Problem: Scaling in Spatially Distributed Large Dynamic Networks -- 1.1 Large Ad-Hoc Network Routing Issues and a Possible Path to a Solution -- 1.2 From Chaos to Iterative Order: Applying Fractals and the Iterated Function System (IFS) -- 1.3 A Proposed Solution: Apply NPPR to Solve the Ad-Hoc Routing Problem -- 2 Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- Complex Systems and Classical Military Theory -- 1 First Section -- 1.1 The Ancient Military Classics -- 1.2 Theories of War During the Enlightenment -- 1.3 A Modern Diagnosis of the Old Debates -- References -- On the Middleware Design, Cyber-Security, Self-monitoring and Self-healing for the Next-Generation IoT. , 1 Introduction: Future of Internet-of-Things.