Note: Front Cover -- Streams and Ground Waters -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- SECTION ONE: THE PHYSICAL TEMPLATE: HYDROLOGY, HYDRAULICS, AND PHYSICAL STRUCTURE -- Chapter 1. Quantifying Hydrologic Interactions between Streams and Their Subsurface Hyporheic Zones -- I. Introduction -- II. Challenge of Investigating Small-Scale Subsurface Processes That May Have Basin-Scale Consequences -- III. Empirical Approaches to Quantifying Hydrologic Exchange between Streams and Shallow Ground Water -- IV. Using the Stream-Tracer Approach to Characterize the Hyporheic Zone -- V. Paradigm Lost? Limitations of the Stream-Tracer Approach as a Means to Quantify Hyporheic Processes -- VI. Charting New Directions in Hyporheic-Zone Research -- VII. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2. Modeling Surface-Subsurface Hydrologic Interactions -- I. Introduction -- II. Viewing the Interaction from the Stream -- III. Viewing the Interaction from the Stream-Bed Interface -- IV. Viewing the Interaction from the Subsurface -- V. Challenges -- References -- SECTION TWO: BIOGEOCHEMISTRY SUBSYSTEM INTERACTIONS WITH STREAM SURFACE WATER -- Chapter 3. Stream Chemistry and Riparian Zones -- I. Introduction -- II. Riparian Zone Hydrological-Chemical Interactions: An Overview -- III. Riparian Influences on Stream Chemistry -- IV. Riparian Zone Influences on Stream Chemistry in Relation to Watershed Hydrogeology: A Conceptual Framework -- V. Future Research Directions -- References -- Chapter 4. Flood Frequency and Stream-Riparian Linkages in Arid Lands -- I. Introduction -- II. Riparian Zones in Arid Catchments -- III. Hydrological Linkages in Mesic and Arid Catchments -- IV. Conceptual Model -- V. Case Study: Sycamore Creek -- VI. Synthesis -- VII. Conclusions: Intermediate Disturbance and Nutrient Retention -- References. , Chapter 5. The Importance of Ground Water to Stream Ecosystem Function -- I. Introduction -- II. Influence of Ground Water on Stream Functioning -- III. Summary -- References -- Chapter 6. Surface-Subsurface Exchange and Nutrient Spiraling -- I. Introduction -- II. Empirical Studies -- III. A Stream Nutrient Spiraling Model with Subsurface Transient Storage -- IV. Results of Model Experiments -- V. Relevance of Model Experiments -- VI. Future Research Needs -- Reference -- Chapter 7. Emergent Biological Patterns and Surface-Subsurface Interactions at Landscape Scales -- I. Introduction -- II. The Balance of Physical and Chemical Factors on the Geologic Template and Emergent Biological Patterns -- III. Hydrothermal Systems as Models -- IV. Human Implants on Surface-Subsurface Interactions -- V. Synthesis and Recommendations for Future Studies -- References -- SECTION TWO: BIOGEOCHEMISTRY NUTRIENTS AND METABOLISM -- Chapter 8. Nitrogen Biogeochemistry and Surface-Subsurface Exchange in Streams -- I. Introduction -- II. Nitrogen Forms and Transformation Pathways in Fluvial Environments -- III. Nitrogen Sources in Fluvial Environments -- IV. Hydrologic Residence in Pristine Streams -- V. The Redox Environment -- VI. Ammonium Sorption to Hyporheic Sediments -- VII. Linking Nitrogen Transformation to Hydrologic Exchange in Hyporheic Zone Research -- VIII. What These Models Tell Us -- IX. Future Directions for Research -- References -- Chapter 9. Stream and Groundwater Influences on Phosphorus Biogeochemistry -- I. Introduction -- II. Sources and Forms of Phosphorus -- III. Abiotic Phosphorus Retention by Bed Sediments -- IV. Biotic Phosphorus Retention and Release within Bed Sediments -- V. Fluvial Dynamics and Physical Retention Mechanisms -- VI. Phosphorus and Surface-Subsurface Exchange: A Conceptual Model -- VII. Summary and Research Needs -- Reference. , Chapter 10. Surface and Subsurface Dissolved Organic Carbon -- I. Introduction -- II. DOC Concentrations -- III. Processes within the Hyporheic Zone -- References -- Chapter 11. Anoxia, Anaerobic Metabolism, and Biogeochemistry of the Stream-water-Groundwater Interface -- I. Introduction -- II. Methods Used in Studies of Anaerobic Metabolism -- III. Controls on the Establishment of Anoxia -- IV. Biogeochemistry and Evidence for Anaerobic Metabolism -- V. Influence of Subsurface Anaerobic Metabolism on Stream Ecosystem Processes -- VI. Conclusions and Future Research Directions -- Reference -- SECTION THREE: ORGANISMAL ECOLOGY -- Chapter 12. Microbial Communities in Hyporheic Sediments -- I. Introduction -- II. Physical and Chemical Environment -- III. The Organisms -- IV. Respiration -- V. Carbon Supply -- VI. Alternate Controls on Hyporheic Bacteria -- VII. Community Composition -- VIII. Conclusions and Research Needs -- References -- Chapter 13. The Ecology of Hyporheic Meiofauna -- I. Introduction -- II. Meiofaunal Taxa and Their Relative Abundance in the Hyporheic Zone -- III. Spatial Distribution and Abundance -- IV. Meiofauna and the Physical Environment -- V. Tolerance to Anoxia, Body Size, and Biomass -- VI. Trophic Roles, Dispersal Dynamics, and Response to Spatial-Temporal Heterogeneity -- VII. Meiofaunal-Microbial Interactions -- VIII. Meiofauna and Ecosystem Ecology -- IX. Conclusions and Future Research Needs -- References -- Chapter 14. The Subsurface Macrofauna -- I. Introduction -- II. Functional Classification of Subsurface Macrofauna -- III. Factors Influencing the Distribution of Subsurface Macrofauna -- IV. The Functional Role of Subsurface Macrofauna -- V. Potential Role as Biomonitors of Deteriorating Groundwater Quality -- VI. Conclusions -- Reference -- Chapter 15. Lotic Macrophytes and Surface-Subsurface Exchange Processes. , I. Introduction -- II. Macrophytes and Aquatic Habitats -- III. Macrophytes as Indicators of Surface and Subsurface Conditions -- IV. Macrophytes and Surface- and Subsurface Water Flow Patterns -- V. Nutrient Uptake from Sediments -- VI. Processes at the Rhizosphere -- VII. Summary and Avenues for Further Study -- Reference -- Chapter 16. Subsurface Influences on Surface Biology -- I. Introduction -- II. Effects on Primary Producers -- III. Effects on Microorganisms and Microbial Processes -- IV. Effects on Invertebrates -- V. Effects on Fish -- VI. Heterogeneity and Scale -- VII. Human Impacts -- VIII. Summary -- Reference -- SECTION FOUR: SUMMARYAND SYNTHESIS -- Chapter 17. Surface-Subsurface Interactions: Past, Present, and Future -- I. Introduction -- II. Growth and Development Trajectories -- III. Flowpaths and Interfaces -- IV. The Spatial Context -- V. Synthetic Models and Future Directions -- References -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Stream Ecosystems in a Changing Environment -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1: Hydrologic Exchange Flows and Their Ecological Consequences in River Corridors -- Introduction -- Origins of a Hydroecological Perspective in River Corridors -- Delineating Hydrologic Exchange Flows (HEFs) -- Ecological Relevance of HEFs -- Fluvial, Geomorphic, and Biological Influences on HEFs -- Physical Drivers of HEFs -- Hyporheic Exchange Flows -- Hydrologic Exchange with Off-Channel Surface Waters -- Bioroughness, Burrowing, and Bio-irrigation -- Temporally Dynamic HEFs -- Flood and ET-Driven Vertical Exchange with Streambed -- Bank Storage Exchange Flows -- River-Floodplain Exchanges -- Watershed Influences -- Understanding Controls and Predicting Consequences Across Scales -- Overview of Modeling Approaches -- Modeling Transport in River Corridors: From Spiraling to Transient Storage -- Water Mass Balance -- Combined Water and Chemical Mass Balance -- Reactive Chemical Transport -- The Spiraling Model -- Modeling Reactive Chemical Transport in Streams with Storage Zones -- Dynamic Reactive Transport Simulated by the Transient Storage Model -- Interpretation of HEF Parameters -- Prediction of HEFs Through Statistical Analysis of Published Data Sets -- Prediction of HEFs Using Physically Based Scaling Equations -- Hydrogeologic Modeling of HEFs -- Modeling Dynamic Exchanges with River Banks and Floodplains -- Incorporating the Multiple Scales of Exchange Flows in River Network Models -- Modeling Cumulative Effects of HEFs in River Networks -- Synthesis: From Challenges Emerge Opportunities -- Conclusions -- Topics to Stimulate Discussion -- References -- Chapter 2: Shaping the Physical Template: Biological, Hydrological, and Geomorphic Connections in Stream Channels -- Introduction. , Range of Variability in Alluvial Channels -- Disturbance-Recovery Regimes -- Water-Sediment-Morphology Interactions -- Vegetation Interactions -- Bio-Hydro-Geomorphic Templates for Stream Ecosystems -- Hydrogeomorphic Template for SW-GW Exchange -- Hydrogeomorphic Template for Light Availability -- Channel Complexity -- Geomorphic Considerations for Environmental Flows -- Geomorphically Effective Environmental Flows -- Environmental Flow Challenges in Intensively Altered River Systems -- Looking Forward and Downstream -- Are Rivers Just Large Streams? -- What Happens When Flow is No Longer Unidirectional? -- How Do Response Times in Stream Ecology Compare to Those in Fluvial Geomorphology? -- Which New Techniques and Technologies Will Allow Us to Answer the Above Questions? -- Discussion Questions -- Should We Restore Channel Complexity? -- How Do We Disentangle the Various Urban Influences on SW-GW Exchanges? -- What Would a Fluvial Geomorphic Model for Channel-Riparian Connections Look Like? -- References -- Chapter 3: Stream Microbial Ecology in a Changing Environment -- Introduction -- Changing Scientific Capacity -- Technological Advances -- Changing Template for SME -- Conclusions -- Future Directions -- Discussion Questions -- References -- Chapter 4: Metabolism of Streams and Rivers: Estimation, Controls, and Application -- Introduction -- Approaches to Measuring Reach-Scale Metabolism -- Balance and Coupling of GPP and ER in Streams -- Primary Controls on Metabolism -- Metabolic Control of Element Cycling in Streams -- From Human Effects on Metabolism to Application -- Looking Ahead -- Discussion Questions -- References -- Chapter 5: Nutrient Spiraling and Transport in Streams -- Introduction -- STOICMOD-A Stream Model Based on Spiraling and Ecological Stoichiometry -- Specific Fluxes -- Downstream Fluxes. , Lateral and Upstream Nutrient Input -- Allochthonous Input -- Leaf Decay by Miners -- Direct Mineralization -- Leaf Decay and Nutrient Uptake by Immobilizers -- Respiration and Indirect Mineralization -- Microbial Death -- Detritus and FBOM Entrainment and Algal Soughing -- Seston Entrainment and Deposition -- Primary Production and Algal Nutrient Uptake -- Algal Mineralization -- Model Parameterization and Programming -- Simulations -- Simulations With Autotrophic Model Components Only -- Simulations With Heterotrophic Model Components Only -- Simulations With Both Autochthonous and Allochthonous Energy Inputs -- Climate Change Experiments -- Results of Elevated Temperature -- Response to Elevated Dissolved Nutrients -- Conclusions -- Discussion Questions -- References -- Chapter 6: Dissolved Organic Matter in Stream Ecosystems: Forms, Functions, and Fluxes of Watershed Tea -- Introduction -- DOM Sources -- Autochthonous Inputs -- Allochthonous Inputs -- Hydrologic Connections -- The Impact of Landscapes and Topography -- Molecular Characterization of DOM -- Quantitative Geochemistry -- Optical Methods -- DOM Composition and Structure -- DOM Chemogeography and Chemodiversity -- DOM Transformations and Fates -- Oxidative Reactivity of DOM -- Bio-Reactivity of DOM -- Conceptual Models of DOM Diagenesis and Substances -- Pathways and Products of Photooxidation -- Interactions Between Photochemistry and Biological Degradation -- Rates of Photooxidation in Waters -- DOM Contributions to Ecosystem Metabolism -- DOM Uptake -- Instream Hydrologic Forcing and DOM Export -- DOM in the Anthropocene -- Altering Ecosystems -- Urbanization -- Impacts of a Changing Environment -- Summary of Impacts of the Anthropocene on DOM Sources and Processing -- Future Research Challenges -- Discussion Topics -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Chapter 7: Stream-Lake Interaction: Understanding Coupled Hydro-Ecological Systems -- Introduction -- Conceptual Frameworks in Stream and Lake Ecology -- The Physical Template of Coupled Stream-Lake Systems -- Implications of Stream-Lake Interactions for Nutrient Spiraling -- Effects of Stream-Lake Interaction on Benthic Invertebrates and Fishes -- Stream-Lake Interactions in a Changing Environment and Future Directions -- Discussion Questions -- References -- Chapter 8: From Headwaters to Rivers to River Networks: Scaling in Stream Ecology -- Introduction -- Problem Addressed in This Chapter/Objectives -- Scaling Defined -- Mathematical Framework -- Scaling Physical Characteristics -- Scaling Chemical Characteristics: The Terrestrial-Aquatic Linkage -- Scaling Biological Characteristics -- Type of Reaction Rate for Broad Scale Modeling -- Reaction Rate Kinetics -- Controls of Reaction Rate Parameters -- New Sources and Coupled Processes -- Scaling Heterogeneity and Connectivity -- Aquatic Ecosystem Heterogeneity and Connectivity in the River Network -- Impacts of a Changing Environment -- Supply -- Discharge -- Concentrations -- Connectivity ( α) -- Demand -- Width, Length, and A s / A -- Uptake -- Forward Looking -- Opportunities -- Hypotheses of Changing Role of River Network in a Changing Environment -- Challenges -- Discussion Topics -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9: Landscape and Regional Stream Ecology -- Introduction -- Historic Context -- Streams as Landscapes -- Gradients and Streams -- Patches and Hierarchies and Streams -- Issues of Scale -- Patch Size, Shape, Composition, Configuration, and Connectivity -- Final Comments on Streams as Landscapes -- Streams in Landscapes -- Streams Across Landscapes -- Regional Frameworks -- Cross-Site Studies -- Conclusion -- Discussion Topics -- References. , Chapter 10: Global Models of River Biogeochemical Functioning -- Introduction -- Challenges in Examining Current and Future Material Fate and Transport Across Regions and Continents -- River Geomorphic Template -- Hydrologic Stationarity -- Land Use Change -- Climate Departure From Normal Conditions to Extremes -- Modeling Approaches and Limitations to Quantifying River Processing and Export Across Regions -- Introduction -- Biogeochemical Simulations in Current Watershed Models -- Hyporheic and Shallow Subsurface Flow -- River-Floodplain Connectivity -- Process-Based Nutrient Cycling and Sediment Transport Models -- Process-Based Nitrogen Cycling and Ecological Stoichiometry -- Recent Progress in Integrative Models -- Summarizing the Challenges -- Final Thoughts -- Future Generation of Models -- Thought Activities and Discussion -- References -- Chapter 11: Human Impacts on Stream Hydrology and Water Quality -- Introduction -- Human Impacts on Stream Environments -- Modes of Modification of the Landscape by Humans -- Physical Modifications -- Changing Soil Surfaces -- Rates of Erosion -- Enhanced Drainage -- Channel Modifications -- Ecological Modification -- Interception -- Transpiration -- Grazing -- Biogeochemical Modifications -- Fertilizers -- Pesticides -- Impacts of Landscape Modifications on the Stream Environment -- Hydrological Impacts -- Physical Impacts -- Water Quality -- Temperature -- Nutrients -- Pesticides -- Habitat and Biodiversity -- Unifying Themes Across Intensively Managed Landscapes -- The "Homogenization" Hypothesis -- Landscape Homogenization -- Homogenization of Hydrologic Response -- Agricultural Streams -- Urban Streams -- Homogenization of Biogeochemical Responses -- Ecological Homogenization -- Time Lags and Legacy -- Physical Legacy -- Nutrient Legacies and Time Lags -- Hydrologic Time Lag. , Biogeochemical Legacy and Time Lag.