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  • 1
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    Soil inorganic carbon content from great plains of the United States of America and Pampas of Argentina (2020)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-01-30
    Description: This dataset compiles soil carbonate (i.e., soil inorganic carbon or SIC) content (% C) up to 7.8 m depth under natural vegetation (grassland or woodland) and cropland (rain-fed or irrigated). The dataset was collected to examine whether SIC content changes with decades-old agricultural conversion of natural vegetation. SIC represent more than a quarter of the terrestrial carbon pool and are often considered to be relatively stable, with fluxes significant only on geologic timescales. However, given the importance of climatic water balance on SIC accumulation, we tested the hypothesis that increased soil water storage and transport resulting from cultivation may enhance dissolution of SIC, altering their local stock at decadal timescales. We compared SIC storage to 7.3 m depth in eight sites across the Great Plains of the United States of America and the Pampas grasslands of Argentina, each site having paired plots of native vegetation and rain-fed croplands, and half of the sites having additional irrigated cropland plots. We took soil samples down to 8.5 m depth using a direct-push coring rig in the US sites and hand augers at the Argentinean sites. Sampling increments were every 0.3 m in the top 0.61 m of the soil and every 0.61 m thereafter in the US sites, and every 0.2 m to 1 m depth, then every 0.3 m to 4 m depth, and every 0.5 m thereafter in the Argentina sites. Sieved and homogenized soil samples were oven-dried at 60°C for for SIC measurement with a Carlo Erba Elemental Analyzer using the two-temperature combustion method. SIC contents are expressed as %C by weight; we note that this differs from carbonate contents reported by local soil surveys, which are %CaCO3 by weight. Inorganic carbon contents (%C) of the soil and carbonate nodules by depth were multiplied by soil and nodule weights and summed to estimate SIC storage.
    Keywords: Calcium Carbonate; Carbon, inorganic, total; DEPTH, soil; Elemental analyzer, CARLO ERBA; Event label; General-Levalle_soil; Goodwell_soil; Great Plains, United States of America; Hole; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Pampas, Argentina; Parera_soil; Quanah_soil; Riesel_soil; Rio-Bamba_soil; San-Angelo_soil; Site; SOIL; soil carbonates; soil inorganic carbon; Soil profile; Tribune_soil; Vegetation type
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 5256 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Groundwater use and salinization with grassland afforestation (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 10 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Vegetation changes, particularly transitions between tree- and grass-dominated states, can alter ecosystem water balances and soluble salt fluxes. Here we outline a general predictive framework for understanding salinization of afforested grasslands based on biophysical, hydrologic, and edaphic factors. We tested this framework in 20 paired grassland and adjacent afforested plots across ten sites in the Argentine Pampas. Rapid salinization of groundwater and soils in afforested plots was associated with increased evapotranspiration and groundwater consumption by trees, with maximum salinization occurring on intermediately textured soils. Afforested plots (10–100 ha in size) showed 4–19-fold increases in groundwater salinity on silty upland soils but 〈twofold increases on clay loess soils and sand dunes. Two years of salinity and groundwater measurements at a 40 ha Eucalyptus camaldulensis plantation revealed that the plantation reduced groundwater recharge, underwent groundwater discharge on 〉50% of the days, and depressed the water table 38 cm on average compared to the adjacent grassland. Soil cores and vertical electrical soundings indicated that ≈6 kg m−2 of salts accumulated close to the water table and suggested that salinization resulted from the exclusion of fresh groundwater solutes by tree roots. Groundwater use with afforestation in the Pampas and in other regions around the world can enhance primary production and provide a tool for flood control. However, our framework and experimental data also suggest that afforestation can compromise the quality of soils and water resources in predictable ways based on water use, climate, and soil texture.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00806.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of afforestation on water yield: a global synthesis with implications for policy (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Carbon sequestration programs, including afforestation and reforestation, are gaining attention globally and will alter many ecosystem processes, including water yield. Some previous analyses have addressed deforestation and water yield, while the effects of afforestation on water yield have been considered for some regions. However, to our knowledge no systematic global analysis of the effects of afforestation on water yield has been undertaken. To assess and predict these effects globally, we analyzed 26 catchment data sets with 504 observations, including annual runoff and low flow. We examined changes in the context of several variables, including original vegetation type, plantation species, plantation age, and mean annual precipitation (MAP). All of these variables should be useful for understanding and modeling the effects of afforestation on water yield. We found that annual runoff was reduced on average by 44% (±3%) and 31% (±2%) when grasslands and shrublands were afforested, respectively. Eucalypts had a larger impact than other tree species in afforested grasslands (P=0.002), reducing runoff (90) by 75% (±10%), compared with a 40% (±3%) average decrease with pines. Runoff losses increased significantly with plantation age for at least 20 years after planting, whether expressed as absolute changes (mm) or as a proportion of predicted runoff (%) (P〈0.001). For grasslands, absolute reductions in annual runoff were greatest at wetter sites, but proportional reductions were significantly larger in drier sites (P〈0.01 and P〈0.001, respectively). Afforestation effects on low flow were similar to those on total annual flow, but proportional reductions were even larger for low flow (P〈0.001). These results clearly demonstrate that reductions in runoff can be expected following afforestation of grasslands and shrublands and may be most severe in drier regions. Our results suggest that, in a region where natural runoff is less than 10% of MAP, afforestation should result in a complete loss of runoff; where natural runoff is 30% of precipitation, it will likely be cut by half or more when trees are planted. The possibility that afforestation could cause or intensify water shortages in many locations is a tradeoff that should be explicitly addressed in carbon sequestration programs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01011.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Land-use change and water losses: the case of grassland afforestation across a soil textural gradient in central Argentina (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Vegetation changes, particularly those involving transitions between tree- and grass-dominated covers, often modify evaporative water losses as a result of plant-mediated shifts in moisture access and demand. Massive afforestation of native grasslands, particularly important in the Southern Hemisphere, may have strong yet poorly quantified effects on the hydrological cycle. We explored water use patterns in Eucalyptus grandis plantations and the native humid grasslands that they replace in Central Argentina. In order to uncover the interactive effects that land cover type, soil texture and climate variability may have on evaporative water losses and water use efficiency, we estimated daily evapotranspiration (ET) in 117 tree plantations and grasslands plots across a soil textural gradient (clay-textured Vertisols to sandy-textured Entisols) using radiometric information from seven Landsat scenes, existing timber productions records, and 13C measurements in tree stems. Tree plantations had cooler surface temperatures (−5°C on average) and evaporated more water (+80% on average) than grasslands at all times and across all sites. Absolute ET differences between grasslands and plantations ranged from ∼0.6 to 2 mm day−1 and annual up-scaling suggested values of ∼630 and ∼1150 mm yr−1 for each vegetation type, respectively. The temporal variability of ET was significantly lower in plantations compared with grasslands (coefficient of variation 36% vs. 49%). Daily ET increased as the water balance became more positive (accumulated balance for previous 18 days) with a saturation response in grassland vs. a continuous linear increase in plantations, suggesting lower ecophysiological limits to water loss in tree canopies compared with the native vegetation. Plantation ET was more strongly affected by soil texture than grassland ET and peaked in coarse textured sites followed by medium and fine textured sites. Timber productivity as well as 13C concentration in stems peaked in medium textured sites, indicating lower water use efficiency on extreme textures and suggesting that water limitation was not responsible for productivity declines towards finer and coarser soils. Our study highlighted the key role that vegetation type plays on evapotranspiration and, therefore, in the hydrological cycle. Considering that tree plantations may continue their expansion over grasslands, problematic changes in water management and, perhaps, in local climate can develop from the higher evaporative water losses of tree plantations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00975.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ecosystem carbon loss with woody plant invasion of grasslands (2002)
    [s.l.] : Macmillian Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 418 (2002), S. 623-626 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The invasion of woody vegetation into deserts, grasslands and savannas is generally thought to lead to an increase in the amount of carbon stored in those ecosystems. For this reason, shrub and forest expansion (for example, into grasslands) is also suggested to be a substantial, if uncertain, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature00910
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